FILED
NOT FOR PUBLICATION NOV 24 2009
MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS U .S. C O U R T OF APPE ALS
FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
RICHARD STANFORD, No. 08-56101
individually and on behalf of all
other persons similarly situated and on D.C. No. CV-08-56101-LAB
behalf of the general public,
Plaintiff-Appellant, MEMORANDUM *
v.
HOME DEPOT USA, INC.,
a Delaware corporation,
Defendant-Appellee.
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Southern District of California
Larry A. Burns, District Judge, Presiding
Argued and Submitted November 5, 2009
Pasadena, California
Before: GOULD and BEA, Circuit Judges, and HART, District Judge.**
*
This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
**
The Honorable William T. Hart, District Judge for the Northern
District of Illinois, sitting by designation.
Plaintiff Richard Stanford alleges that he purchased a hot water heater at a
retail store of defendant Home Depot U.S.A., Inc. located in California. He asserts
that he contracted with and paid defendant to have the heater installed and
appropriate permits obtained, but that defendant failed to obtain the necessary
permit and, contrary to the parties' contract, charged him more for the permit than
the local municipality actually charged. Plaintiff brought his action on behalf of a
putative class of similarly situated California residents. After removing this case
from state court, defendant raised a question of whether plaintiff lacked standing,
which the district court resolved on summary judgment. On summary judgment,
there was no genuine factual dispute that the alleged excess permit charge was
refunded on the day after the purchase and that a permit was issued a few months
after the installation and prior to plaintiff filing his lawsuit. Holding there was no
evidence of any injury caused to plaintiff by a delay, the district court dismissed the
case without prejudice for lack of standing.
On appeal, plaintiff contends his individual claim still existed because the
inspection necessary to complete the permit process had not occurred. Plaintiff also
contends that the permit was not issued until after he sent defendant notice of a state
consumer law violation and that defendant may not "pick off" the named plaintiff of
a putative class action by providing relief only to that person. It is further
2
contended that the district court violated Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(f) by not allowing
plaintiff an opportunity for discovery prior to ruling on summary judgment.
Alternatively, plaintiff contends the district court should have permitted discovery
as to contact information for putative class members so that a new named plaintiff
could have been substituted for plaintiff.
A district court's summary judgment ruling is reviewed de novo. Sprint PCS
Assets, L.L.C. v. City of Palos Verdes Estates, 583 F.3d 716, 720 (9th Cir. 2009).
As to the Rule 56(f) issue, "[d]istrict courts have wide latitude in controlling
discovery, and decisions not to permit further discovery in response to motions
made pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56(f) are reviewed for abuse of
discretion." United States v. Johnson Controls, Inc., 457 F.3d 1009, 1023 (9th Cir.
2006).
Article III standing goes to a court's subject matter jurisdiction. Cetacean
Cmty. v. Bush, 386 F.3d 1169, 1174 (9th Cir. 2004). Article III requires that a
plaintiff "show that (1) it has suffered an 'injury in fact' that is (a) concrete and
particularized and (b) actual or imminent, not conjectural or hypothetical; (2) the
injury is fairly traceable to the challenged action of the defendant; and (3) it is
likely, as opposed to merely speculative, that the injury will be redressed by a
3
favorable decision." Id. (quoting Friends of the Earth, Inc. v. Laidlaw Envtl. Serv.
(TOC), Inc., 528 U.S. 167, 180-81 (2000)).
Plaintiff contends he was still suffering an injury at the time he brought this
action on October 12, 2007 because his permit was not legally complete.
Uncontested evidence established that a "no-plan permit" was required for
plaintiff's hot water heater. It was not required that a plan be "reviewed" before
construction, but municipal rules provided the water heater installation still had to
be inspected after completion and "[t]he project is not legally complete until it
passes the final inspection." That inspection, however, need only be completed
prior to the expiration of the permit. Undisputed evidence establishes the water
heater was installed on May 30, 2007, a permit issued September 13, 2007 before
suit was filed, and the permit did not expire until September 7, 2008. It is also
undisputed that, by no later than January 2008, plaintiff learned a permit had been
issued. There is no contention that the City's rules or the parties' contract required
that defendant's installer schedule or be present for the inspection--plaintiff was
responsible for scheduling the inspection at his residence. Any delay in informing
plaintiff that a permit had been issued did not cause a "legal completeness" injury.
When this action was filed, when it was removed to federal court, and when
plaintiff learned of a permit in January 2008, he still had months to schedule and
4
complete the required inspection.1 Plaintiff did not satisfy his burden of
establishing the existence of an actual injury at the time this action was brought.
Although there was no existing injury when this case was brought, plaintiff
contends it was nevertheless improper to "pick him off" by applying for the permit
after he had sent the notice required for one of his state law claims. See Cal. Civ.
Code § 1782(a); see also id. §§ 1782(b)-(c). But even if state law provides a
litigant in plaintiff's situation has statutory standing to continue to act as a private
attorney general in state court, in federal court he must also satisfy Article III
standing requirements. Lee v. American Nat'l Ins. Co., 260 F.3d 997, 1001-02
(9th Cir. 2001); Hangarter v. Provident Life & Accident Ins. Co., 373 F.3d 998,
1021-22 (9th Cir. 2004); Cattie v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 504 F. Supp. 2d 939, 942
(S.D. Cal. 2007). Since he had no injury when this action was brought, plaintiff did
not satisfy Article III standing requirements. Also, since plaintiff had no live claim
and therefore no standing when the case was first brought, this is not a situation in
1
At oral argument, for the first time, plaintiff contended he was also injured
because he was potentially subject to being fined for having the water heater
installed prior to the issuance of a permit. That contention is waived for failure to
raise it earlier. In any event, while City rules do permit a fine for such conduct,
there was no evidence submitted supporting that, as of the filing of this action or
any other time, any actual and imminent threat of being fined existed. See
generally Stormans, Inc. v. Selecky, ___ F.3d ___, ___, 2009 WL 3448435 *12
(9th Cir. Oct. 28, 2009); Thomas v. Anchorage Equal Rights Comm'n, 220 F.3d
1134, 1140-41 (9th Cir. 2000).
5
which the case can continue with a putative class member substituted as the named
plaintiff. Lierboe v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 350 F.3d 1018, 1022-23 (9th
Cir. 2003); Blackwell v. SkyWest Airlines, Inc., 245 F.R.D. 453, 463 (S.D. Cal.
2007); Charles Alan Wright, Arthur R. Miller, & Mary Kay Kane, Fed. Prac. &
Proc. Civil 3d § 1785.1 at 418 & n.44. (2005). Compare Sosna v. Iowa, 419 U.S.
393 (1975) (named plaintiff's individual claim became moot after action was
commenced); Employers-Teamsters Local Nos. 175 & 505 Pension Trust Fund v.
Anchor Capital Advisors, 498 F.3d 920, 924-25 (9th Cir. 2007) (same); Fed. Prac.
& Proc. Civil 3d § 1785.1 at 405-15, 427-28 (same).
In order to prevail on the Rule 56(f) issue, plaintiff must establish on appeal
that the denial of a continuance to engage in discovery resulted in "actual and
substantial prejudice." See Martel v. County of Los Angeles, 56 F.3d 993, 995
(9th Cir. 1995) (en banc). See also Burlington N. Santa Fe R.R. v. Assiniboine &
Sioux Tribes, 323 F.3d 767, 774 (9th Cir. 2003) (district court did not err when it
refused to grant additional discovery under Rule 56(f) since additional discovery
would be futile). A remand could only be appropriate if plaintiff was improperly
denied the opportunity to obtain discovery that potentially would have enabled him
to avoid dismissal by showing that he suffered and continued to suffer an injury
6
that would have supported standing. The facts plaintiff was required to establish
were facts that generally are within the knowledge of the plaintiff, not the
defendant. The additional briefing that was ordered in the district court concerned
"discrete issues uniquely within the knowledge of plaintiff or easily ascertainable
by him." To the extent plaintiff could not establish claimed injuries through his
own declaration or obtain other competent support, he should have been capable of
both describing his injuries and the additional discovery he would need in order to
submit competent proof. On appeal, however, plaintiff does not point to any
material facts favorable to him that would potentially have been provable by
additional discovery, so it cannot be held that it was reversible error to have denied
further discovery. See Nicholas v. Wallenstein, 266 F.3d 1083, 1088-89 (9th Cir.
2001); id. at 1089 (Tashima, J., concurring); Applied Info. Sci. Corp. v. eBAY, Inc.,
511 F.3d 966, 969 n.1 (9th Cir. 2007) (plaintiff did not make clear on appeal how
additional time to file its brief opposing summary judgment would have precluded
summary judgment).
Last, plaintiff contends he should have been permitted discovery as to contact
information for putative class members. However, since plaintiff lacked standing
when the case was first brought, dismissal could not have been avoided by
7
substituting a different named plaintiff. It was not error to deny such discovery.
See Lierboe, 350 F.3d at 1023; Blackwell, 245 F.R.D. at 463.
AFFIRMED.
8