United States Court of Appeals
FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
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No. 08-2899
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United States of America, *
*
Appellee, *
* Appeal from the United States
v. * District Court for the
* Western District of Missouri.
William Robert Bender, *
*
Appellant. *
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Submitted: March 13, 2009
Filed: June 2, 2009
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Before SMITH, GRUENDER, and BENTON, Circuit Judges.
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BENTON, Circuit Judge.
William Robert Bender violated the conditions of his supervised release by
viewing pornography on a computer at a public library. The district court imposed an
18-month sentence, and special conditions on a 10-year supervised release term.
Bender appeals the special conditions, claiming they are improper. Jurisdiction being
proper under 28 U.S.C. § 1291 and 18 U.S.C. § 3742(a), this court reverses and
remands for resentencing.
I.
In 2004, Bender arranged on-line to meet a female who represented herself to
be of legal age. He traveled from Missouri to Texas to have sexual relations with her.
In Texas, Bender learned she was a minor. He nevertheless traveled with her to New
Orleans; they had sexual intercourse en route. Bender was convicted of traveling with
intent to engage in illicit sexual conduct in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2423(b). He was
sentenced to 51 months imprisonment and 5 years supervised release.
While on supervised release, Bender entered a public library and used a
computer to access pornographic websites. At the revocation hearing, the district
court imposed the following special conditions of supervised release:
Special Condition 4: “The defendant shall not possess or use a computer
for any reason and shall not possess or use a computer or any device with
access to any on-line computer services at any location without the prior
approval of the United States Probation Officer.”
Special Condition 5: “The defendant shall follow all other lifestyle
restrictions or treatment requirements imposed by the therapist.”
Special Condition 6: “The defendant shall refrain from purchasing,
possessing, or using any sexually stimulating or sexually oriented
materials including, but not limited to: pornographic books, magazines,
photographs, films, videos, DVDs, computer programs, or any other
media portrayal of the same.”
Special Condition 7: “The defendant shall not enter a public or private
library facility at any location.”
Special Condition 9: “The defendant shall not reside in or frequent
places where minors are known to frequent without the prior approval of
the Probation Officer and then only in the presence and supervision of
a responsible adult.”
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II.
Terms and conditions of supervised release are reviewed for abuse of discretion.
United States v. Heidebur, 417 F.3d 1002, 1007 (8th Cir. 2005). A district court has
broad discretion to order special conditions of supervised release if each condition:
1) “is reasonably related to the sentencing factors set forth in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)”;
2) “involves no greater deprivation of liberty than is reasonably necessary for the
purposes set forth in § 3553(a)”; and 3) “is consistent with any pertinent policy
statements issued by the Sentencing Commission.” United States v. Mark, 425 F.3d
505, 507 (8th Cir. 2005), citing 18 U.S.C. § 3583; United States v. Boston, 494 F.3d
660, 667 (8th Cir. 2007). A condition is reasonably related if tailored to “the nature
and circumstances of the offense, the defendant’s history and characteristics, the
deterrence of criminal conduct, the protection of the public from further crimes of the
defendant, and the defendant’s educational, vocational, medicinal or other correctional
needs.” United States v. Crume, 422 F.3d 728, 733 (8th Cir. 2005).
A.
Bender claims that Special Condition 4's ban on computers and internet access
is not reasonably related to the purposes of supervised release. Limits on Bender’s use
of computers and the internet are related to the circumstances of his previous offenses
– illicit sexual conduct with a minor and viewing pornography on a public computer.
See United States v. Fields, 324 F.3d 1025, 1027 (8th Cir. 2003). The condition is
reasonably calculated to deter him from repeating his illegal activity, protect the
public from similar conduct, and serve his correctional needs.
Bender argues that the ban is a greater deprivation of his rights than is
reasonably necessary. This court has upheld such bans when “the defendant used his
computer to do more than merely possess child pornography, particularly if the
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prohibition on computer usage is not absolute.” Boston, 494 F.3d at 668. This court
affirmed computer and internet restrictions where the defendant sold, transferred,
produced, or attempted to arrange sexual relations with minors. See Fields, 324 F.3d
at 1027 (selling subscriptions of pornographic images); United States v. Ristine, 335
F.3d 692, 696 (8th Cir. 2003) (exchanging images and attempting to arrange sexual
relations with underage girls); Boston, 494 F.3d at 668 (producing visual depictions
of a minor engaged in sexually explicit conduct). This court, however, struck down
a ban on computer and internet use where the defendant was solely convicted of
knowingly receiving and possessing child pornography. United States v. Crume, 422
F.3d 728, 733 (8th Cir. 2005).
In this case, Bender arranged on-line to meet a woman for sexual relations, and
pursued a sexual relationship despite discovering that she was a minor. The ban
allows Bender to use a computer and internet with the permission of his probation
officer. The district court did not impose a greater deprivation than is reasonably
necessary.
Bender also asserts that the computer and internet ban is vague. To the
contrary, this court approved a similar ban including “computers” and “internet
service,” finding “nothing vague about the conditions imposed by the district court.”
Fields, 324 F.3d at 1027.
The district court did not abuse its discretion with respect to Special Condition
4.
B.
Bender argues that Special Condition 5, which requires him to submit to
“lifestyle restrictions” imposed by a therapist, was an improper delegation of judicial
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authority. The district court can delegate limited authority to non-judicial officials “so
long as the delegating judicial officer retains and exercises ultimate responsibility.”
United States v. Mickelson, 433 F.3d 1050, 1056 (8th Cir. 2006), discussing United
States v. Kent, 209 F.3d 1073, 1079 (8th Cir. 2000). In this case, the district court
“gave no indication that it would not retain ultimate authority over all of the
conditions of [Bender’s] supervised release.” Mickelson, 433 F.3d at 1057; see also
United States v. Kerr, 472 F.3d 517, 524 (8th Cir. 2006) (rejecting impermissible
delegation argument because “the district court made no such statements indicating
it was relinquishing final authority or granting the probation officer carte blanche over
[the defendant’s] treatment”). The district court did not abuse its discretion with
respect to Special Condition 5.
C.
Bender asserts that Special Condition 6's ban on sexually stimulating materials
was overly broad, vague, and not reasonably related to the sentencing factors. The
district court is required to consider the “nature and circumstances of the offense and
the history and characteristics of the defendant” when crafting a special condition of
supervised release. 18 U.S.C. §§ 3553(a)(1), 3583(d)(1). The proper “inquiry must
take place on an individualized basis; a court may not impose a special condition on
all those found guilty of a particular offense.” United States v. Davis, 452 F.3d 991,
995 (8th Cir. 2006).
In response to Bender’s objection to Condition 6, the district court stated:
“I think that sex offenders need to have a very tight rein.
....
I think a sex offender doesn’t have any business looking at Playboy
magazine.
....
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I don’t think he or any other person that has propensity towards these
sort of offenses – this is just my – I don’t think they’ve got any business
reading a Playboy magazine.”
Considering Bender as part of a class, the district court’s findings are not
sufficiently particularized to the defendant. See id. (“The district court’s failure to
look at the specific facts at hand when gauging the propriety of the condition was
therefore clear error.”). This court vacates Special Condition 6, and remands for
additional findings of fact and resentencing.1
D.
Bender challenges Special Condition 7, which states in total: “The defendant
shall not enter a public or private library facility at any location.” He concedes that
the ban is related to the facts of the case, but argues that it is overly broad.
This is a matter of first impression. The government argues that, because
Bender violated his supervised release using a library computer, a more severe
restriction is required to deter similar conduct. This court is “particularly reluctant to
uphold sweeping restrictions on important constitutional rights.” Crume, 422 F.3d
at 733. Although Bender improperly used library resources, libraries are essential for
research and learning. See generally Bounds v. Smith, 430 U.S. 817, 828 (1977)
(“We hold, therefore, that the fundamental constitutional right of access to the courts
requires . . . providing prisoners with adequate law libraries or adequate assistance
from persons trained in the law.”). The district court imposed an absolute ban on
Bender’s access to libraries – such bans are disfavored. See Fields, 422 F.3d at 1027
1
This court need not reach the question whether the ban is overly broad or
vague. See Ristine, 335 F.3d at 695, citing United States v. Loy, 237 F.3d 251, 261,
266 (3d Cir. 2001), United States v. Phipps, 319 F.3d 177, 192-93 (5th Cir. 2003).
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(upholding a ban because “the conditions do not constitute a total ban on his use of
computers or the internet”); accord Crume, 422 F.3d at 734 (holding that the district
court did not abuse its discretion because “[t]he challenged condition, moreover, does
not completely prohibit Mr. Crume from interacting with his children”). This court
concludes that the district court abused it discretion, and can formulate a more tailored
restriction. Special Condition 7 is vacated, and remanded for resentencing.
E.
Bender challenges Special Condition 9's provision barring him from
“frequent[ing] places where minors are known to frequent without the prior approval
of the Probation Officer and then only in the presence and supervision of a
responsible adult.” (emphasis added). In Crume, the district court imposed a
movement restriction which barred the defendant “from places where minor children
under the age of 18 congregate such as residences, parks, beaches, pools, daycare
centers, playgrounds, and schools without prior written consent of his probation
officer.” 422 F.3d at 734. The defendant argued that the restriction “bars him from
much of the common space of the community and . . . restricts him from all
residences, whether or not minor children live there.” Id. This court concluded that
the movement restriction was “sensible” and “not overbroad” by applying a
reasonableness requirement – the defendant’s presence was prohibited “only at those
residences, parks . . . where children under the age of 18 actually congregate.” Id.,
quoting Ristine, 335 F.3d at 696-97.
In a separate line of “contact” cases, this court has approved special conditions
that restrict the defendant “from contact with children under the age of 18 unless the
probation officer has given prior written permission.” Heidebur, 417 F.3d at 1005-06
(upholding condition requiring prior approval for contact with minors where the
defendant was convicted of sexual exploitation); see also Mark, 425 F.3d at 507-08
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(“Requiring [the defendant] to obtain prior approval is a reasonable mechanism to
promote compliance and to ensure that [his] contact with minors is reasonably limited
to appropriate situations.”).
In the Davis case, this court struck down a condition barring the defendant from
any “unsupervised” contact with minors as applied to his child. 452 F.3d at 994-95.
There is mixed law on this issue in other circuits. See United States v. Voelker, 489
F.3d 139, 154-55 (3d Cir. 2007) (reversing, on plain error review, a condition
prohibiting defendant from associating with minors without the presence of an adult
where “the ban included the defendant’s own family”); United States v. Smyth, 213
Fed. Appx. 102, 106 (3d Cir. 2007) (unpublished) (striking down condition
prohibiting the defendant from contact with children without a supervisor as
“overbroad and vague”). But see United States v. Rodriguez, 558 F.3d 408, 417-48
(5th Cir. 2009) (distinguishing Davis and upholding a condition prohibiting the
defendant from associating with minors, including his own children); United States
v. Loy, 237 F.3d 251, 267-70 (3d Cir. 2001) (affirming condition prohibiting
unsupervised contact with minors as applied to persons other than the defendant’s
family); United States v. Proctor, 281 Fed. Appx. 72, 74-74 (3d Cir. 2008)
(unpublished) (upholding, on plain error, a restriction that the defendant “refrain from
associating with children except under the supervision” of approved persons); United
States v. Shavie, No. 95-1033, 1995 WL 447983, at *2 (7th Cir. July 28, 1995)
(unpublished) (upholding “a prohibition against unsupervised contact with juveniles
. . . unless in the company of a responsible adult”).
Special Condition 9 provides that, even if Bender received approval to visit a
site where minors are present, he must bring an adult supervisor. Unlike Ristine and
Crume, where the court was interpreting a list of sites that the defendant could not
visit, Special Condition 9 requires that the defendant be chaperoned by a (responsible)
supervisor. Special Condition 9 is not supported by Heidebur and Mark, which
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address the requirement of prior approval in order to have contact with minors. More
importantly, the case law on contact conditions is distinguishable from movement
restrictions. See Crume, 422 F.3d at 734 (discussing, separately, defendant’s
challenge of the condition barring him “from places where minor children . . .
congregate,” and the condition prohibiting him “from contact with children under the
age of eighteen”). And, parental rights are not an issue in this case.
Special Condition 9 imposes a greater deprivation of liberty than is reasonably
necessary, as there is no basis for a movement restriction requiring a supervisor. This
court vacates Special Condition 9, and remands for additional findings of fact and
resentencing.
III.
This court affirms Special Conditions 4 and 5, vacates Conditions 6, 7, and 9,
and remands to the district court for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
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