In The
Court of Appeals
Seventh District of Texas at Amarillo
No. 07-14-00126-CR
CON MANH PHAM, APPELLANT
V.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, APPELLEE
On Appeal from the 251st District Court
Potter County, Texas
Trial Court No. 62,289-C, Honorable Ana Estevez, Presiding
May 14, 2015
OPINION
Before CAMPBELL and HANCOCK and PIRTLE, JJ.
Appellant, Con Manh Pham, appeals the trial court’s judgment by which he was
convicted of murder and sentenced to thirty years’ imprisonment.1 On appeal, he
challenges the legal and factual sufficiency of the jury’s rejection of his insanity defense
and the qualification of the State-sponsored psychiatric expert. We will affirm.
1
See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 19.02(b) (West 2011).
Factual and Procedural History
The Day of the Murder
On the morning of September 10, 2010, Dinh Pham2 came to his church, Our
Lady of Vietnam Church, to continue his volunteer work of painting areas of the church.
Between 10:00 and 11:00 that morning, appellant, also a member of the congregation,
came to the office of the church’s pastor, Father John Tran Tinh, and asked for his
prayers due to appellant’s failing health. Appellant and Father John talked for about ten
minutes; the two had what Father John described as a “very normal conversation.”
At the suggestion of Father John, appellant joined Dinh in the church basement
where Dinh was painting the children’s Sunday school rooms. For some time, it seems,
the two may have been painting together. However, at some point, the collaboration
turned deadly. While the two men were in the basement together, appellant stabbed
Dinh several times, sliced his throat, and placed his body on a piece of cardboard in a
spread eagle-type pose. Then, appellant called 911 at approximately 1:30 in the
afternoon.
Through a translator, the 911 operator was able to understand that there had
been a stabbing at the Our Lady of Vietnam Church. The caller, identified as appellant,
reported that another man had stabbed him and that he had stabbed that man in return.
Police were immediately dispatched to the church.
2
The record indicates that appellant and Dinh Pham were unrelated. Because appellant and the
victim share the same surname, though, we will refer to Dinh Pham as “Dinh” to avoid the possibility of
confusion. Likewise, we later refer to appellant’s brother by his first name, “Cang.”
2
First to arrive was Corporal Darrell Roberts, who encountered appellant as he
came out the side door of the church. Appellant was in a “distraught” state, flailing
about and falling to the ground as he held his leg, which showed to have a small
amount of blood on it. Roberts communicated as best he could with appellant for a
moment, and appellant gestured to him in such a way as to direct Roberts’s attention
inside the church. Thinking that he was going inside to search for the suspect and that
appellant was the apparent victim of the reported stabbing, Roberts went inside the
church, joined by another officer who arrived shortly after Roberts. The officers
searched each ground level room only to find no one. Then, they discovered Dinh’s
body lying on the floor in the basement. Roberts radioed upstairs to the several other
officers who had, by then, responded to the location, indicating that appellant was now
the suspect and should be detained.
Sergeant Raquel Saunders, who was staying with appellant upstairs in the
church’s dining hall, was unable to decipher the garbled radio transmission from the
basement. She continued her interaction with appellant, still the apparent victim, whose
behavior and mannerisms were, by Saunders’s account, somewhat “odd” considering
that his wounds were far from severe. Saunders explained that, during much of her
interaction with appellant, appellant remained lying flat on his back and would
sometimes only lift up his head to speak or gesture to her. She described him as
cooperative, however, and noted that he made no attempt to flee.
Ultimately, the wounds to appellant’s leg were minor, but, at the time, he was
transported to the hospital, where he was interviewed by Sergeant Paul Buckles of the
Potter County Sheriff’s Department, a member of the Criminal Investigation Division.
3
Appellant repeatedly reported to Buckles that Dinh had stabbed him, so appellant
stabbed him back. During the time immediately after the murder, appellant never
wavered from this self-defense scenario to describe the interaction between appellant
and Dinh leading up to Dinh’s death.
Appellant’s Behavior Leading up to the Murder
From the record, we learn that appellant has had a rather long history of suffering
from mental illness. For many years, he was under the care of a doctor and was
prescribed medications that would greatly improve his mental and physical well-being.
We learn, too, that appellant stopped taking his medication in the months leading up to
the murder and that, at the moment he stopped taking them, his mental and physical
health began to deteriorate, a fact that family members noted.
Appellant’s mother, Tran Dao, testified that her son lived with his wife and child
nearby, but she saw him on a daily basis and he would sometimes stay at her house.
He stayed at her house rather frequently during the summer of 2010, in the months
preceding the murder. He would stay for a few days and then return to his home for a
while. During the times appellant would stay at his mother’s house, she noted that he
was not well and observed his increasingly erratic behavior. Dao described an incident
during which appellant destroyed her couch with a hammer after explaining that he did
not like it any longer and, consequently, had to destroy it. She described him as looking
very strange during that episode. She also described an incident during which appellant
cut down a tree in her front yard despite her protests and despite the fact that there was
nothing apparently wrong with the tree. She explained that both she and another of her
4
sons tried unsuccessfully to dissuade him from doing so. She also explained that
appellant was afraid of something and, out of fear, covered over all the windows of her
house with newspaper. Appellant told her that he was afraid someone would see him
and do him harm. Appellant also installed a security camera in her home, but, when he
suspected someone had tampered with it, he destroyed the camera by throwing it on
the floor. Dao also testified as to appellant’s obsession with washing his clothes
repeatedly and his growing suspicion that someone—perhaps his brother and/or his
wife—was poisoning his food. He would often refuse to eat and, as a result, grew
thinner and weaker throughout the summer. Dao explained that when appellant was
taking his medication, he looked healthier and acted normally, but, when he did not, he
looked “very weird” and could not work.
On the morning of the murder, appellant came to Dao’s house to drop off his son
for her to watch while he went somewhere. Dao described him as looking “very sick
and very weak” that morning. His behavior was “abnormal,” and he told her he was
going to go to the doctor. She encouraged him to begin taking his medication again.
Appellant’s brother, Cang Pham, also testified that, when appellant would cease
taking his medication, he would become ill and would often stay at the house with him
and their mother. He, too, described appellant as “weak” and not doing well in the
weeks before the murder. Cang testified that, at times, appellant would sit alone and
simply smile to himself. He also described how appellant covered all the windows in
newspaper. In fact, appellant’s appearance and demeanor became so worrisome that
Cang called the police to seek help in how to get appellant back on his medication.
Either the police or another source directed Cang to application paperwork that would
5
initiate a commitment proceeding by which appellant might be hospitalized. Shortly
before the murder, Cang got the application, but, because of a language barrier, was
unable to complete that application before the murder occurred. Cang also urged
appellant to go back to his doctor who had been treating appellant’s mental illness for
years, but appellant refused. A month or two before the murder, Cang scheduled an
appointment for appellant with a new doctor, but, again, appellant refused to go.
Appellant’s wife, Minh Nguyen, also testified about appellant’s behavior in the
months preceding the murder. She testified that, after working at his job for over ten
years, he quit in March 2010 but returned to that job in August 2010, weeks before the
murder. His return to work served to accelerate his physical and mental deterioration,
according to Nguyen. She testified that he slept very, very little, and, when he did
sleep, he would wake up in the night to wash his feet, telling her that he feels like there
was something inside them causing him to itch.
Much like appellant’s mother, Nguyen reported a distinct difference between
appellant’s behavior and appearance when he was properly medicated and when he
was not. She testified that he would wear scarves during the hot summer months
before the murder. On a whim, he also took a trip to France in July 2010. Nguyen also
noticed that appellant would repeatedly wash his clothes. Appellant would frequently
hear people inside the house, which caused him a great deal of fear. He also voiced his
suspicion to her that their next-door neighbors were hiding dead bodies in their garage.
She testified, too, that appellant treated her meanly during the months preceding
the murder, having become both verbally and physically abusive. She described a time
6
when appellant, displeased with something related to their son’s clothing, gave her a
black eye by striking her in the face so hard that it knocked her to the ground. After he
struck her, he went to lie down for about fifteen minutes, and then he came and
apologized to her. Prior to that incident, appellant had never struck her and had not
been violent toward anyone else in the years that she had known him. Nguyen called
the police that day to try to get help in getting appellant back on his medication. Nguyen
testified that appellant believed at times that she was poisoning his food; he would often
refuse to eat and lost a lot of weight. The morning of the murder, appellant spoke with
Nguyen about the poisoning and discussed divorce. Nguyen made clear that she
thought her husband was mentally ill, characterizing him as “a sick man.”
Expert Testimony on Appellant’s State of Mind, Sanity
The trial court appointed Steven C. Schneider, Ph.D., a neuropsychologist, to
conduct an examination on appellant to determine whether appellant was sane or
insane at the time of the offense. Schneider examined appellant a little over a year after
the incident, after appellant had been medicated. Schineider’s testing revealed that
appellant had “a significant executive function impairment” as evidenced by imaging of
his brain’s frontal lobe activity, an impairment which would result in him having less self-
control. Based on this “severe frontal lobe impairment,” Schneider testified that,
unmedicated, appellant would likely experience “some tremendous confusion and
distortion.” Citing appellant’s paranoid schizophrenia, his frontal lobe impairment, and
appellant’s explanation that he believed that Dinh was a demonic cannibal, Schneider
concluded that, at the time of the offense, appellant was not able to distinguish right
from wrong and was, therefore, legally insane. Schneider testified that appellant
7
believed that Dinh was going to eat him and stabbed Dinh to prevent him from doing so.
In an anachronistic narrative, appellant explained to Schneider why he thought Dinh
was a cannibal: appellant saw Dinh the day after the murder when Dinh threw
something—perhaps something resembling human remains—in the garbage can while
drinking a beer. Schneider explained that, during the examination, the more lucid
appellant, who did express remorse for the murder during the evaluation, was aware
that his thoughts at the time were confused and disjointed.
Schneider discounted appellant’s initial reports that he killed Dinh in self-
defense—and his attendant silence regarding his suspicions that Dinh was a cannibal—
as appellant’s attempts to adjust his behavior and thought pattern to society’s norms, to
avoid a negative reaction to his suspicions. Schneider expressed a reluctance to
interpret appellant’s story immediately after the murder as indicative of appellant’s ability
to distinguish right from wrong. Schneider also declined the invitation to take
appellant’s apology for striking his wife days before the murder as indicative of
appellant’s ability to distinguish right from wrong at the time of the murder; Schneider
explained that a person suffering from mental illness will, at times, do appropriate
things, often depending on their state of mind and level of psychological arousal at the
time. Schneider also described some of appellant’s bizarre behavior immediately after
the incident as atypical for someone who felt guilt about his action, suggesting that
appellant was not aware that killing Dinh was wrong.
The State hired its own expert: Dr. James Avery Rush IV, M.D., a psychiatrist,
who agreed with Schneider that appellant was suffering from a mental illness, but
expressly disagreed that appellant was unable to distinguish right from wrong. Unlike
8
Schneider, Rush cited appellant’s fabricated self-defense story and some of appellant’s
behavior prior to the murder as evidence that appellant knew that killing Dinh was
wrong. Rush’s conclusion, after reviewing the records, reports, and interviews and his
examination of appellant approximately two and one-half years after the incident, was
that appellant was sane at the time of the murder.
Rush testified that appellant reported to him that he killed Dinh because he
thought Dinh was a cannibal and was going to kill children. Rush noted that nowhere,
prior to his examination by Dr. Schneider, did appellant mention killing Dinh to prevent
Dinh from cannibalizing anyone. Rush also explained that the fact that appellant called
911 after the killing demonstrated that he knew “something was wrong with what he had
just done.” In Rush’s experience, had appellant been experiencing at the time of the
murder the later-reported hallucinations that Dinh was a cannibal who was about to eat
appellant, some manifestation of appellant’s abnormal thinking and hallucinations of
Dinh’s possession and cannibalism would have been revealed the day of the murder or
soon thereafter, indicating that an acutely psychotic person experiencing such thought
patterns or hallucinations would not be able to suppress them for a sustained period in
that situation. Rush also testified that appellant’s apology to his wife for striking her
days before the murder indicated that, at that time, he was able to distinguish right from
wrong; appellant knew that punching his wife was wrong. Ultimately, Rush agreed with
Schneider that appellant was suffering from an active mental disease the day of the
murder but disagreed that, as a result of that mental disease, appellant was unable to
distinguish right from wrong.
9
By its guilty verdict, the jury rejected appellant’s plea of insanity and, consistent
with Rush’s conclusions, impliedly found that appellant was sane at the time of the
offense. Appellant now complains on appeal from the trial court’s judgment that (1) the
trial court abused its discretion by admitting Rush’s testimony when Rush did not qualify
under the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure as an expert who could be appointed by
the trial court to conduct sanity examinations, (2) the evidence was legally insufficient to
support the jury’s finding that appellant was sane at the time he killed Dinh, and (3) the
evidence was factually insufficient to support that same finding. We will address these
issues in turn.3
Admission of Rush’s Testimony
Appellant contends that, because Rush did not qualify for appointment by the trial
court to conduct an examination of appellant’s sanity, the trial court abused its discretion
by admitting his testimony. From the record, it appears that Rush did not meet a
number of the qualifications outlined in the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure for a
court-appointed expert to conduct sanity examinations. The issue we must address is
whether he had to meet those qualifications in this context.
Standard of Review
We review the trial court’s decision to exclude or admit evidence for an abuse of
discretion. See Montgomery v. State, 810 S.W.2d 372, 379 (Tex. Crim. App. 1990) (en
3
The procedural considerations and the relationship of the issues presented to this Court make it
more logical to address the admission of Rush’s testimony first although appellant’s challenge to the legal
sufficiency of the evidence would provide the greatest relief and, therefore, ordinarily would be addressed
first. See Chaney v. State, 314 S.W.3d 561, 565 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 2010, pet. ref’d) (citing TEX. R.
APP. P. 43.3 and Bradley’s Elec., Inc. v. Cigna Lloyds Ins. Co., 995 S.W.2d 675, 677 (Tex. 1999) (per
curiam)).
10
banc) (citing Marras v. State, 741 S.W.2d 395, 404 (Tex. Crim. App. 1987) (en banc)).
The test for abuse of discretion is whether the trial court acted without reference to any
guiding rules and principles. Id. at 380. We will uphold the trial court’s ruling “so long
as the result is not reached in an arbitrary or capricious manner.” Id. Further, we will
sustain the trial court’s decision if that decision is correct on any theory of law applicable
to the case. Romero v. State, 800 S.W.2d 539, 543 (Tex. Crim. App. 1990) (en banc).
Applicable Law
The Texas Code of Criminal Procedure authorizes the trial court, on its own
motion or a motion by either party, to appoint a psychiatrist or psychologist to examine
the defendant with regard to the insanity defense and testify as to the defendant’s
sanity, provided the psychiatrist or psychologist meet the code’s several specific
qualifications:
(a) The court may appoint qualified psychiatrists or psychologists as
experts under this chapter. To qualify for appointment under this
subchapter as an expert, a psychiatrist or psychologist must:
(1) as appropriate, be a physician licensed in this state or be a
psychologist licensed in this state who has a doctoral degree in
psychology; and
(2) have the following certification or experience or training:
(A) as appropriate, certification by:
(i) the American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology
with added or special qualifications in forensic
psychiatry; or
(ii) the American Board of Professional Psychology in
forensic psychology; or
(B) experience or training consisting of:
11
(i) at least 24 hours of specialized forensic training
relating to incompetency or insanity evaluations;
(ii) at least five years of experience in performing
criminal forensic evaluations for courts; and
(iii) eight or more hours of continuing education
relating to forensic evaluations, completed in the 12
months preceding the appointment and documented
with the court.
(b) In addition to meeting qualifications required by Subsection (a), to be
appointed as an expert a psychiatrist or psychologist must have
completed six hours of required continuing education in courses in
forensic psychiatry or psychology, as appropriate, in the 24 months
preceding the appointment.
(c) A court may appoint as an expert a psychiatrist or psychologist who
does not meet the requirements of Subsections (a) and (b) only if exigent
circumstances require the court to base the appointment on professional
training or experience of the expert that directly provides the expert with a
specialized expertise to examine the defendant that would not ordinarily
be possessed by a psychiatrist or psychologist who meets the
requirements of Subsections (a) and (b).
TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 46C.102 (West 2006). A psychiatrist or psychologist
appointed by the trial court is not considered an expert witness for either party; rather,
he or she is treated as “the court’s disinterested witness.” See De Freece v. State, 848
S.W.2d 150, 154 (Tex. Crim. App. 1993) (en banc); see also Granviel v. State, 552
S.W.2d 107, 115 (Tex. Crim. App. 1976) (characterizing court-appointed psychiatrist as
“the court’s disinterested expert”). The Texas Code of Criminal Procedure
contemplates that a defendant may also wish to be examined by his own expert: “If a
defendant wishes to be examined by an expert of the defendant’s own choice, the court
on timely request shall provide the examiner with reasonable opportunity to examine the
defendant.” TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 46C.107 (West 2006). Neither Article
12
46C.107 itself nor any other provision in the code appears to apply Article 46C.102’s
specific qualifications to an expert of the defendant’s own choice.
Analysis
Appellant cites Owens v. State, 437 S.W.3d 584 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2014)
pet. granted, No. PD-0967-14, 2014 Tex. Crim. App. LEXIS 1391 (Tex. Crim. App.
2014),4 as support for his position that, even though Rush was not a court-appointed
expert, he must meet Article 46C.102’s qualification requirements before his testimony
is admissible as expert testimony. Appellant seizes on language from Owens, which he
cites as support that any State-sponsored expert—regardless of whether that expert
was appointed by the trial court—must meet the educational, training, and practical
requirements of Article 46C.102: “A person who testifies as an expert regarding a
defendant’s competence to stand trial must be a licensed psychiatrist or psychologist
and must satisfy a precise list of requirements.” See id. at 586 (dealing with expert
qualification under Articles 46B.021 and 46B.022, analogous provisions governing
competency to stand trial but which, notably, make appointment mandatory upon “a
determination that evidence exists to support a finding of incompetency”). For a number
of reasons, we are not persuaded by appellant’s reliance on Owens in support of his
contention.
4
The Owens court concluded that the court-appointed expert on the appellant’s competency in
that case did not qualify for appointment under Article 46B.022(a)(2)(B). See Owens, 437 S.W.3d at 589.
The court reversed the trial court’s judgment and remanded the cause for a new trial. See id. The Texas
Court of Criminal Appeals granted the State’s petition for discretionary review on only one of the State’s
grounds: “Whether the appellate court erred in reversing the conviction in lieu of abating the appeal and
ordering a retrospective competency trial.” That said, the Texarkana Court’s conclusions relating to the
qualification issue and its analysis on that issue will not be addressed by the Texas Court of Criminal
Appeals.
13
First, we note that the procedural history of and legal issues raised in Owens are
clearly distinguishable from those in the case at bar; in Owens, the expert on
competence was, in fact, court-appointed and, by the State’s own admission, did not
meet the qualifications of Article 46B.022 for appointment. See id. at 585, 587; see also
TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 46B.022 (West Supp. 2014). Additionally, as has been
noted, Owens dealt with incompetency rather than insanity, and, while the two issues
share some similar considerations, they remain two distinct legal concepts with
distinctive definitions, procedures, and consequences. See Arnold v. State, 873 S.W.2d
27, 35 (Tex. Crim. App. 1993) (citing Manning v. State, 730 S.W.2d 744, 747 (Tex.
Crim. App. 1987) (en banc)).
Secondly, even reading the cited, competency-related language in Owens as
somewhat supportive of such a position in the insanity context, the plain language of
Article 46C.102 itself suggests that it applies only to court-appointed experts: “To qualify
for appointment under this subchapter as an expert . . . .” See TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC.
ANN. art. 46C.102(a). “Under the canons of statutory construction, we are to construe a
statute according to its plain language, unless the language is ambiguous or the
interpretation would lead to absurd results that the legislature could not have intended.”
Tapps v. State, 294 S.W.3d 175, 177 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009) (quoting Williams v. State,
253 S.W.3d 673, 677 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008)). “In an attempt to discern the fair,
objective meaning of the text at the time of its enactment, ‘[w]e assume that every word
has been used for a purpose and that each word, phrase, clause, and sentence should
be given effect if reasonably possible.’” Id. (quoting Campbell v. State, 49 S.W.3d 874,
876 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001) (en banc)). Ordinarily, it is not for the courts to add or
14
subtract from the plain language of a statute when that statute is clear and
unambiguous. See id. (citing Coit v. State, 808 S.W.2d 473, 475 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991)
(en banc)). While the result of the application of the plain language of Article 46C.102
may mean that a court-appointed expert may have to meet the specific qualifications of
that provision while an expert for the State or for the defense may not have to meet
such rigorous qualification requirements, we see such a result as arguably undesirable
by the adverse party, but it does not seem—nor does either party contend on appeal
that it is—an “absurd” result. In the absence of an absurd result, we will construe Article
46C.102 in accordance with its plain language, as applicable to court-appointed experts
on the insanity issue. See Tapps, 294 S.W.3d at 177.
Finally, though there appears to be no authority directly on point, the authority
that does exist is contrary to appellant’s position. When dealing with Article 46C.102’s
predecessors, the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals confirmed the distinction between
court-appointed experts and those experts independently hired by either party and
rejected a contention that predecessor provisions, Articles 46.02 and 46.03, composed
the exclusive method by which a defendant could be examined on the issue of insanity:
We held [in Patterson v. State] that Art. 46.02(2)(f)(1), V.A.C.C.P. did not
provide the exclusive procedure for examining the defendant, and
consequently the State’s rebuttal testimony was proper even though [its
expert] was not court-appointed and had examined the defendant solely at
the State’s request. Similarly, in this case appellant was entitled to call his
own expert witnesses to testify that he was insane at the time of the
commission of the offense and the State was entitled to rebut that
testimony with its own expert witnesses. These witnesses need not be
court-appointed and are not subject to the above-mentioned specific
provisions of [Articles 46.02 and 46.03] that court-appointed psychiatrists
are subject to.
15
Brandon v. State, 599 S.W.2d 567, 576 (Tex. Crim. App. 1979) (discussing the court’s
previous rejection of such a contention in Patterson v. State, 509 S.W.2d 857, 862 (Tex.
Crim. App. 1974)), vacated on other grounds, 453 U.S. 902, 101 S. Ct. 3134, 69 L. Ed.
2d 988 (1981). Former Article 46.03 and the current provision in Article 46C.102 do
vary a great deal in terms of the specific requirements imposed on an expert who is
appointed by the trial court to conduct a sanity examination. Nonetheless, Brandon’s
and Patterson’s positions are instructive here, and, in this particular context and in light
of the plain language of Article 46C.102, their application is intuitive: Article 46C.102
applies only to court-appointed experts.5
That said, Rush, hired as an expert by the State, need not qualify under Article
46C.102 in order for his testimony to be admitted as expert testimony on appellant’s
sanity at the time of the murder. Instead, precisely as the trial court concluded, the
admission of Rush’s testimony was governed by the more general Rule 702. See TEX.
R. EVID. 702. Rule 702 provides as follows:
A witness who is qualified as an expert by knowledge, skill, experience,
training, or education may testify in the form of an opinion or otherwise if
the expert’s scientific, technical, or other specialized knowledge will help
the trier of fact to understand the evidence or to determine a fact in issue.
Appellant does not contend that Rush does not qualify as an expert under Rule 702.
And, based on Rush’s knowledge, skill, experience, training, and education in the field
of psychiatry, the trial court did not abuse its discretion by concluding that Rush
qualified as an expert under Rule 702 and admitting his testimony as such. We overrule
5
Our holding to this effect is in no way intended to constrain or otherwise impact an indigent
defendant’s constitutional right of access to a psychiatric expert who may be appointed under the
principles set forth in Ake v. Oklahoma, 470 U. S. 68, 105 S. Ct. 1087, 84 L. Ed. 2d 53 (1985).
16
appellant’s contention. We now turn to appellant’s challenge to the sufficiency of the
evidence.
Sufficiency of the Evidence
Appellant challenges the legal and factual sufficiency of the evidence to support
the jury’s rejection of his insanity defense, implied by its guilty verdict.
Applicable Law
The Texas Penal Code outlines generally the affirmative defense of insanity:
(a) It is an affirmative defense to prosecution that, at the time of the
conduct charged, the actor, as a result of severe mental disease or defect,
did not know that his conduct was wrong.
(b) The term “mental disease or defect” does not include an abnormality
manifested only by repeated criminal or otherwise antisocial conduct.
TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 8.01 (West 2011).
Texas law excuses a defendant from criminal responsibility if he proves, by a
preponderance of the evidence, the affirmative defense of insanity. Ruffin v. State, 270
S.W.3d 586, 592 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008). The insanity defense focuses on whether the
accused understood the nature of his action and whether he knew he should not do it.
See Bigby v. State, 892 S.W.2d 864, 878 (Tex. Crim. App. 1994) (en banc). The
insanity defense excuses the person from criminal responsibility even though the State
has proved every element of the offense, including the mens rea, beyond a reasonable
doubt. Ruffin, 270 S.W.3d at 592. “The test for determining insanity is whether, at the
time of the conduct charged, the defendant—as a result of a severe mental disease or
defect—did not know that his conduct was ‘wrong.’” Id. Under Texas law, “wrong” in
17
this context means “illegal.” Id. (citing Bigby, 892 S.W.2d at 878). Thus, the question
for deciding insanity becomes as follows: Does the defendant factually know that
society considers this conduct against the law, even though the defendant, due to his
mental disease or defect, may think that the conduct is morally justified? Id. If the
accused knows that his conduct is “illegal” by societal standards, then he understands
that his conduct is wrong, even if, due to a mental disease or defect, he thinks his
conduct is morally justified. See id.
“There is a general presumption of sanity and the defendant bears the burden of
proving, by a preponderance of the evidence, his insanity at the time of the conduct
charged.” Martinez v. State, 867 S.W.2d 30, 33 (Tex. Crim. App. 1993) (en banc) (citing
Riley v. State, 830 S.W.2d 584, 585 (Tex. Crim. App. 1992) (en banc)). At trial, a
defendant bears both the burden of production of evidence and the burden of
persuasion for his affirmative defense of insanity. See Bigby, 892 S.W.2d at 875.
Ultimately, whether the defense of insanity was proved is a decision that lies within the
province of the trier of fact, not only as to the credibility of witnesses and the weight of
the evidence, but also as to the limits of the defense. See id. at 878 (quoting Graham v.
State, 566 S.W.2d 941, 952 (Tex. Crim. App. 1978) (en banc)).
Standards of review
Appellant challenges the legal and factual sufficiency of the evidence to support
the jury’s implied rejection of his affirmative defense of insanity. Judge Cochran of the
Texas Court of Criminal Appeals has observed that the court has properly adopted the
civil standards of legal and factual sufficiency for “those few instances in criminal cases
18
in which the burden of proof is a preponderance of the evidence,” such as affirmative
defenses. See Brooks v. State, 323 S.W.3d 893, 924 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010) (Cochran,
J., concurring).
Legal Sufficiency
When an appellant asserts that there is no evidence to support an adverse
finding on which he had the burden of proof, we construe the issue as an assertion that
the contrary was established as a matter of law. Matlock v. State, 392 S.W.3d 662, 669
(Tex. Crim. App. 2013) (citing the civil standard of review for legal sufficiency in City of
Keller v. Wilson, 168 S.W.3d 802, 827 (Tex. 2005), and quoting One Ford Mustang, VIN
1FAFP40471F207859 v. State, 231 S.W.3d 445, 449 (Tex. App.—Waco 2007, no pet.)).
We first search the record for evidence favorable to the finding, disregarding all contrary
evidence unless a reasonable factfinder could not. Id. If we find no evidence
supporting the finding, we then determine whether the contrary was established as a
matter of law. Id. If there was some evidence, then the reviewing court must reject
appellant’s legal sufficiency claim. Id. (citing Sterner v. Marathon Oil Co., 767 S.W.2d
686, 690 (Tex. 1989)).
Factual Sufficiency
In reviewing the factual sufficiency of the jury’s rejection of an affirmative
defense, “an appellate court views the entirety of the evidence in a neutral light, but it
may not usurp the function of the jury by substituting its judgment in place of the jury’s
assessment of the weight and credibility of the witnesses’ testimony.” Id. at 671 (citing
Meraz v. State, 785 S.W.2d 146, 154 (Tex. Crim. App. 1990) (en banc)). Therefore, an
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appellate court may sustain a defendant’s claim of factual insufficiency only if, after
setting out the relevant evidence and explaining precisely how the contrary evidence
greatly outweighs the evidence supporting the verdict, the court clearly states why the
verdict is so much against the great weight of the evidence as to be manifestly unjust,
conscience-shocking, or clearly biased. Id. (citing Meraz, 785 S.W.2d at 154 n.2).
Analysis
Both experts agreed that appellant was suffering from a severe mental disease
or defect at the time of the murder. The evidence certainly supports such a conclusion
as well. Neither party challenges that aspect of the evidence. Resolution of appellant’s
issues will turn on evaluation of the evidence regarding appellant’s ability, at the time of
the murder, to distinguish right from wrong. One expert concluded that appellant was
not able to make such a distinction as a result of his mental disease or defect; the other
expert concluded that he was able to do so.
Having searched the record for evidence favorable to the jury’s rejection of
appellant’s claim of insanity, we note Dr. Rush’s testimony that certain behaviors
preceding the murder and immediately after the murder, appellant’s 911 call, his
fabricated self-defense story, and his steadfast adherence to that story in the time
immediately after the murder all suggest that, at the time he murdered Dinh, appellant
was able to distinguish right from wrong. See id. at 669. Having found some evidence
to support the jury’s implied finding that appellant was sane at the time of the murder,
we must reject appellant’s challenge to the legal sufficiency of the jury’s finding. See id.
We overrule appellant’s contention.
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We next review the factual sufficiency of the evidence to support the jury’s finding
by evaluating the entirety of the evidence in a neutral light. See id. at 671. We have
previously outlined in detail both doctors’ bases for their conflicting conclusions
regarding appellant’s sanity at the time of the murder and note that the jury had before it
the testimony of both doctors. Again, the determination of whether the insanity defense
was proved lies within the province of the trier of fact. See Bigby, 892 S.W.2d at 878.
Remaining mindful that we are not to “usurp the function of the jury by substituting our
judgment in place of the jury’s assessment of the weight and credibility of the witnesses’
testimony,” we cannot state, based on the record before us, that the evidence contrary
to the jury’s finding so greatly outweighs the evidence supporting the verdict that the
verdict is manifestly unjust, conscience-shocking, or clearly biased. See Matlock, 392
S.W.3d at 671; Meraz, 785 S.W.2d at 154. We overrule appellant’s contention that the
evidence supporting the jury’s verdict was factually insufficient.
Conclusion
Having overruled all three of appellant’s issues, we affirm the trial court’s
judgment of conviction. See TEX. R. APP. P. 43.2(a).
Mackey K. Hancock
Justice
Publish.
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