NOS. 12-12-00227-CR
12-12-00228-CR
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS
TWELFTH COURT OF APPEALS DISTRICT
TYLER, TEXAS
PATRICK R. WARTHSAW, § APPEALS FROM THE 114TH
APPELLANT
V. § JUDICIAL DISTRICT COURT
THE STATE OF TEXAS,
APPELLEE § SMITH COUNTY, TEXAS
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Patrick R. Warthsaw appeals his conviction for the felony offenses of aggravated robbery and
engaging in organized criminal activity. In two issues, Appellant challenges the sufficiency of the
evidence to support the trial court’s assessment of court costs in both cases. We modify and affirm
as modified.
BACKGROUND
In November 2011, the victim received a call from a female acquaintance, asking him to visit
her at her home. When the victim arrived, he entered the residence and the female began asking him
for money. After replying that he had none, two males, including Appellant, entered the room and
demanded money. When the victim continued to deny having any money, Appellant and the other
male began to viciously beat the victim, at times with a metal pole, until the victim lost consciousness.
He was transported to a car wash, where he was later discovered in one of the wash bays with
significant injuries.
Appellant was arrested and indicted for the offenses of aggravated robbery and engaging in
organized criminal activity. Appellant entered a plea of “guilty” without an agreement as to
punishment. After finding him guilty, the trial court held a hearing on punishment. The trial court
assessed Appellant’s punishment at fifty years of imprisonment for each offense, to be served
concurrently.
In its formal pronouncement, the trial court stated, “Court costs are waived.” In the written
judgments of conviction, the trial court ordered the payment of $574.00 in court costs for each case.
At that time, the certified bill of costs was not in the record. After Appellant filed his notice of
appeal, the State filed a motion to supplement the appellate record, which was granted by this court.
The supplemental record contains a certified copy of the bill of costs.
COURT COSTS
In his first issue, Appellant contends that the “written judgment of the trial court incorrectly
reflects that costs of court were ordered.” In an alternative second issue, Appellant argues that the
trial court erred by “imposing court costs not supported by the . . . bill of costs and by ordering that the
same be withdrawn from [his] inmate trust account.” He argues that because we cannot determine
from the record the basis of the court costs imposed, we “should modify the trial court’s judgment to
delete any unsupported costs.” We construe Appellant’s argument as a challenge to the sufficiency of
the evidence.
Standard of Review
A challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence supporting court costs is reviewable on direct
appeal in a criminal case. Armstrong v. State, 340 S.W.3d 759, 767 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011). We
measure sufficiency by reviewing the record in the light most favorable to the award. Mayer v.
State, 309 S.W.3d 552, 557 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010); Johnson v. State, No. 12-12-00289-CR, 2013
WL 3054994, at *2 (Tex. App.—Tyler June 19, 2013, no pet. h.) (not yet released for publication).
Applicable Law
A judgment shall “adjudge the costs against the defendant, and order collection thereof. . . .”
See TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 42.16 (West 2006). If a criminal action is appealed, “an
officer of the court shall certify and sign a bill of costs stating the costs that have accrued and send the
bill of costs to the court to which the action or proceeding is transferred or appealed.” Id. art.
103.006 (West 2006). The code of criminal procedure does not require that a certified bill of costs be
2
filed at the time the trial court signs the judgment of conviction or before a criminal case is appealed.
See id. arts. 103.006, 103.001 (West 2006). However, “[a] cost is not payable by the person charged
with the cost until a written bill is produced or is ready to be produced, containing the items of cost,
signed by the officer who charged the cost or the officer who is entitled to receive payment for the
cost.” Id. art. 103.001.
Requiring a convicted defendant to pay court costs does not alter the range of punishment and
is authorized by statute. See id.; Weir v. State, 278 S.W.3d 364, 367 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009).
Moreover, court costs do not have to be included in the oral pronouncement of sentence in this case as
a precondition to their inclusion in the trial court’s written judgment. Weir, 278 S.W.3d at 367.
The rules of appellate procedure permit supplementation of the clerk’s record “[i]f a relevant
item has been omitted. . . .” See TEX. R. APP. P. 34.5(c)(1). Furthermore, when a trial court’s
assessment of costs is challenged on appeal and no bill of costs is in the record, it is appropriate to
supplement the record pursuant to Rule 34.5(c) because a bill of costs is required by Article 103.006.
See TEX. R. APP. P. 34.5(c); TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 103.006. Supplementation is
permissible because a bill of costs is a governmental record that is “merely a documentation of what
occurred during . . . the trial.” See Johnson, 2013 WL 3054994, at *1.
In certain circumstances, a trial court has the authority to assess attorney’s fees against a
criminal defendant who received court-appointed counsel. See TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art.
26.05(g) (West Supp. 2012). But once a criminal defendant has been determined to be indigent, he
“is presumed to remain indigent for the remainder of the proceedings unless a material change in his
financial circumstances occurs.” Id. art. 26.04(p) (West Supp. 2012). Thus, the trial court must
determine that the defendant has financial resources which enable him to offset in part or in whole the
costs of the legal services provided, and that determination must be supported by some factual basis in
the record before attorney’s fees are imposed. See Johnson, 2013 WL 3054994, at *3. If the record
does not show that the defendant’s financial circumstances materially changed after the previous
determination that he was indigent, the evidence will be insufficient to support the imposition of
attorney’s fees. See id. (citing Mayer, 309 S.W.3d at 553). Unlike other court costs,
supplementation of the record to provide evidence of Appellant’s ability to pay attorney’s fees is not
appropriate. See Johnson, 2013 WL 3054994, at *2 (citing Mayer, 309 S.W.3d at 557).
3
Waiver of Court Costs
When the trial court orally pronounced Appellant’s sentences, the trial court stated that court
costs are “waived.” However, the judgment of conviction in each case reflects that the trial court
assessed $574.00 as court costs. Appellant contends that the judgment incorrectly reflects the trial
court’s finding that costs were waived during the pronouncement of sentence. The trial court’s
written documents generally control over oral pronouncements—except for the oral pronouncement
of a defendant’s sentence. See Johnson v. State, 370 S.W.3d 100, 105 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth
2012, no pet.). In relying on the rule that when the court’s oral pronouncement of sentence conflicts
with the written judgment, the oral pronouncement controls, Appellant implicitly presumes that the
assessment of costs is part of his sentence.
As we have stated, court costs are not punishment, are not required to be orally pronounced,
and may appear for the first time in the written judgment. See Weir, 278 S.W.3d at 367. Since costs
are not part of the sentence, the trial court may fail to award costs or orally pronounce that they are
waived, but nevertheless properly include them in the written judgment. See id. In such a case,
costs will be enforceable against a defendant. See id.
Appellant also contends that the trial court acted under Texas Code of Criminal Procedure
Article 43.091, which provides the trial court with the discretion to “waive payment of a . . . court cost
imposed on a defendant.” See TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art 43.091 (West Supp. 2012).
However, Appellant misconstrues that statute. See id. By its own terms, the statute applies only
after costs are initially assessed against the defendant and he fails to pay them. See id. (“A court may
waive payment of a fine or cost imposed on a defendant who defaults in payment if the court
determines that: (1) the defendant is indigent; and (2) each alternative method of discharging the fine
or cost under Article 43.09 would impose an undue hardship on the defendant.”). The statute allows
the trial court to excuse the nonpayment of costs during the enforcement phase of the case, provided it
makes certain findings regarding the defendant’s inability to pay. See id. That is not the situation
here. Appellant cites no authority demonstrating that the trial court is bound by its pronouncement
that it waived costs.
Appellant’s first issue is overruled.
Sufficiency of the Evidence to Support Court Costs
Here, the judgment of conviction in each case reflects that the trial court assessed $574.00 as
4
court costs. Each judgment of conviction also includes a document identified as “Attachment A
Order to Withdraw Funds.” The attachments state that Appellant has incurred “[c]ourt costs, fees
and/or fines and/or restitution” in the amount of $574.00.
Appellant argues that his due process rights were violated because the district clerk did not
prepare a written bill of costs before the costs were “taxed against” him. Because the record was
properly supplemented to include a certified bill of costs, we need not discuss the alleged due process
violation. See id., at *2 n.3; see also TEX. R. APP. P. 47.1.
Appellant next contends that portions of the costs assessed are unsupported by the evidence.
The bill of costs itemizes the costs and fees assessed against Appellant in each case. The attorney’s
fees total $300.00, and the remaining fees total $274.00. The court costs set out in the trial court’s
judgment are the same as those shown in the clerk’s certified bill of costs. We have verified that
each fee listed in the bill of costs is authorized by statute.1 Appellant is required to pay all of these
costs, except the attorney’s fees, regardless of his indigence. See TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. arts.
26.05(g), 42.16; see also Johnson v. State, No. 12-12-00263-CR, 2013 WL 2286077, at *2 (Tex.
App.—Tyler May 22, 2013, no pet. h.) (mem. op., not designated for publication) (“[T]he legislature
has not preconditioned the collection of court costs or fines on an inmate’s ability to pay.”).
Therefore, the evidence is sufficient to support the trial court’s assessment of $274.00 in court costs
against Appellant.
There is no evidence in the record, however, that Appellant’s financial circumstances
materially changed after the trial court determined that he was indigent. See TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC.
ANN. art. 26.04(p). The record shows that the trial court made two separate findings of Appellant’s
indigence—by appointing counsel to represent Appellant before his guilty plea and by appointing
appellate counsel after it found him guilty and assessed his punishment. The trial court made no
finding that Appellant has financial resources which enable him to offset in whole or in part the costs
of the legal services he was provided. Consequently, the evidence is insufficient to support the
1
The bill of costs lists attorney’s fees, jury service fee, clerk’s fee, records management, records management
and preservation fee—DC, warrant fee, bond fee, arrest fee (commit and release), courthouse security, consolidated court
fees, judiciary fund county, judiciary fund state, and indigent defense court cost. All of these fees are authorized by
statute. See TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 26.05(g); TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 102.0045(a) (West Supp.
2012); TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 102.005(a), (f) (West 2006); TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 102.011(a)(2),
(5), (6) (West Supp. 2012); TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 102.017(a) (West Supp. 2012); TEX. LOCAL GOV’T CODE
ANN. § 133.102(a)(1) (West Supp. 2012); TEX. LOCAL GOV’T CODE ANN. § 133.105(a), (b) (West 2008); TEX. LOCAL
GOV’T CODE ANN. § 133.107(a) (West Supp. 2012).
5
imposition of attorney’s fees as court costs. See id. art. 26.04(p), 26.05(g); see also Johnson, 2013
WL 3054994, at *4.
Appellant’s second issue on appeal is sustained in part.
DISPOSITION
We have overruled Appellant’s first issue, but have sustained his second issue in part. We
therefore modify the trial court’s judgments to reflect that the amount of court costs is $274.00. See
TEX. R. APP. P. 43.2(b). We also modify Attachment A to delete the assessment of $300.00 in
attorney’s fees and to state that the total amount of “court costs, fees and/or fines and/or restitution” is
$274.00. See, e.g., Reyes v. State, 324 S.W.3d 865, 868 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 2010, no pet.). We
affirm the judgments of the trial court as modified. See TEX. R APP. P. 43.2(b).
JAMES T. WORTHEN
Chief Justice
Opinion delivered June 25, 2013.
Panel consisted of Worthen, C.J., Griffith, J., and Hoyle, J.
(DO NOT PUBLISH)
6
COURT OF APPEALS
TWELFTH COURT OF APPEALS DISTRICT OF TEXAS
JUDGMENT
JUNE 25, 2013
NOS. 12-12-00227-CR
12-12-00228-CR
PATRICK R. WARTHSAW,
Appellant
V.
THE STATE OF TEXAS,
Appellee
_____________________________________________________________________________
Appeals from the 114th Judicial District Court
of Smith County, Texas. (Tr.Ct.Nos. 114-0116-12; 114-0117-12)
_____________________________________________________________________________
THESE CAUSES came on to be heard on the appellate record and the briefs
filed herein; and the same being inspected, it is the opinion of the Court that the trial court’s
judgment below should be modified and, as modified, affirmed.
It is therefore ORDERED, ADJUDGED and DECREED that the trial
court’s judgment below be modified to reflect that the amount of court costs is $274.00. We also
modify Attachment A to delete the assessment of $300.00 in attorney’s fees and to state that the
total amount of “court costs, fees and/or fines and/or restitution” is $274.00; and as modified, the
trial court’s order of dismissal is affirmed; and that this decision be certified to the trial court
below for observance.
James T. Worthen, Chief Justice.
Panel consisted of Worthen, C.J., Griffith, J., and Hoyle, J.
7