In The
Court of Appeals
Sixth Appellate District of Texas at Texarkana
_________________________
No. 06-11-00099-CR
______________________________
LIDIO BARRIOS, Appellant
V.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee
On Appeal from the 124th Judicial District Court
Gregg County, Texas
Trial Court No. 39191-B
Before Morriss, C.J., Carter and Moseley, JJ.
Opinion by Chief Justice Morriss
OPINION
An evening in January 2010 proved, again, that gang affiliation, alcohol, and firearms can
be a deadly combination. That evening, Lidio Barrios shot and killed Jorge Rivera, reportedly in
the process of trying to defend Barrios‘ cousin Juan from Rivera‘s attack. Barrios appeals from
his resulting murder conviction and his sentence of thirty years‘ imprisonment. We affirm the
trial court‘s judgment, contrary to Barrios‘ assertions on appeal, because we hold that (1) Barrios
was not entitled to a jury submission on self-defense, (2) failure to submit a jury issue on defense
of a third person was harmless error, and (3) Barrios was not entitled to jury issues on the lesser-
included offenses.
According to Officer Lannie Smith, Jr., members of the Barrios family are affiliated with
the Puro Carnales (PC) gang. Their rivals are members of the Corona family, who are known to
have gang affiliations with Sur 13, also known as the Sur Treces gang. Both gangs wear blue to
signify membership. As explained by known PC gang member Juan Barrios,1 he has issues with
the Coronas, and they have issues with him. These issues would lead to arguments, throwing of
projectiles, and display of gang signs.2
On the day of the incident, Juan had driven his navy blue Lincoln, carrying his father,
Leonardo, and friend, Frank Arias, to his uncle Roberto‘s home to cook out, drink, and shoot
1
Smith testified Juan admitted gang affiliation in an interview in front of his father, Leonardo. Leonardo testified
Smith ―pushes and pushes and pushes [Juan] to tell him that he‘s in PC.‖ At trial, Juan denied PC membership,
although Smith testified that graffiti on the Barrios property, Juan‘s possession of blue bandanas, and a five-point
star sticker on his car signified PC gang membership. Juan later admitted that he associates with PC gang members.
2
While Rivera and Barrios‘ family members had gang affiliations, Smith could not confirm whether Rivera or
Barrios were members of a gang.
2
weapons that included a Model 88 twelve-gauge shotgun manufactured by Maverick Firearms.
On their return trip home, Juan drove the car, Leonardo sat behind him, Arias sat in the front
passenger seat, and Barrios sat behind Arias. The unloaded shotgun was located on the
floorboard in the back, along with a box of unused shotgun shells manufactured by Winchester in
East Alton, Illinois. They detoured to pick up more beer and found themselves on the street
where known Sur Treces gang member Antonio Corona lived.3
Reportedly, Juan was unaware that Hector Corona and his brother, Juan Martin Corona
Flores,4 had been called into action earlier that day by their cousin, Rivera, who claimed that the
Barrioses hurt him and ―threw something [at] the car‖ Rivera was driving. The trio climbed into
Rivera‘s red Lincoln and drove to the Barrios home. Because no one answered the door, Hector,
Martin, and Rivera had decided to return to Hector‘s apartment when they ―ran into [the
Barrioses] head-on‖ by Antonio‘s home. The red Lincoln pulled in front of Juan‘s blue Lincoln
in the middle of the road, blocking the Barrioses‘ path. Martin testified, ―[W]e stopped, they
stopped.‖
The encounter began when Rivera exited his car holding a twenty-four-inch long metal
breaker bar to talk to the Barrioses, with Martin and Hector in tow. There was testimony,
including Martin‘s, that the breaker bar was capable of being used as a deadly weapon. Martin
explained that, ―in that moment, we‘re -- we‘re angry.‖ Arias testified he was scared, and
3
Antonio testified that Juan‘s vehicle drove down his street three or four times, implying that the Barrioses were
looking for trouble.
4
For the sake of clarity, we refer to Juan Martin Corona Flores as Martin. In this opinion, the name Juan refers to
Juan Barrios.
3
Barrios said, ―[A]t that moment I spooked, I -- because I didn‘t know what was happening.‖
Rivera went to the driver‘s side of the Barrios car towards Juan; Hector walked to the rear,
driver‘s side passenger window where Leonardo sat; and Martin placed himself outside of the
front passenger window close to Arias. The positioning of each person involved in the incident
is indicated below:
Leonardo stepped out of the car to talk to Rivera and Hector in an attempt to calm them
down.5 Leonardo testified that Rivera was angry, was holding the breaker bar up with both
hands ―[l]ike he was going to hit the car,‖ and said ―that we had thrown some bottles at his car.‖
Leonardo did not know if the upset Rivera ―wanted to hit my son Juan or my car.‖ He told
Leonardo that he could ―go ahead and break the window in our car if you want.‖ Rivera was
attempting to open Juan‘s door, but was unsuccessful.
During this time, Martin said he asked Arias ―[w]hy they were hurting my cousin,‖ while
Arias testified Martin ―came and said what was my problem,‖ while looking angry. Arias
believed ―[b]ecause [Martin] came to my side, . . . I thought he was going to do something to
5
Martin testified that Juan, Arias, and Leonardo exited their vehicle while Barrios remained inside.
4
me.‖ He claimed, ―[I]n his tone he was trying to . . . I guess he was trying to fight me or
something.‖ Martin ―put his hand in the car and unlocked the doors‖ and opened Arias‘ door.
Barrios took the stand and testified:
I only saw when [Rivera] wanted to open Juan‘s door, but he wasn‘t able to open
it. And that‘s when Leonardo asked him why he was so angry. And he said that
something has been thrown to him. And Leonardo said, ―If you‘re sure that we
have thrown something,‖ for him to break a window. He said no, that he wanted
Juan.6 And in that, he opened the door. He wanted to get him out. And when I
saw he was wanting to get him out, I remembered that I had the -- the weapon. I
picked it up from bottom. It was empty, so I -- I slid it.
Barrios believed that Rivera, Hector, and Martin would run when they saw him loading the
weapon. But when the car doors were unlocked by Martin, Rivera opened Juan‘s driver‘s side
door all the way and stood in between Juan and the door. Barrios testified Rivera called out to
Martin to bring Rivera‘s weapon.
Then Barrios, who testified he had consumed twelve to fourteen beers, decided to react.7
He placed ―four or maybe three‖ shells into the gun and told Rivera ―to leave, that we didn‘t
want any problem. And he -- he said no, that he had a problem from the past Friday.‖8 Juan
testified he leaned into Arias‘ seat because Rivera lifted the metal breaker bar as if to hit him.
Leonardo stated it ―seems like he threw it,‖ and Barrios also believed Rivera was going to hit
6
Martin and Barrios testified that Juan gave the order for Barrios to retrieve the shotgun.
7
Juan testified Barrios had been continuously drinking that day.
8
Frank testified Barrios did not say anything during the shooting.
5
Juan with the bar.9 Barrios stated, Rivera ―bends down, looking at Juan . . . . It—and the same
time he wants to hit Juan, he looked over to see me. And that‘s when I pulled it.‖ Rivera was
shot in the face. Barrios testified that he was aiming to hit Rivera in the hand, but missed when
Rivera bent down.10
Martin, Juan, and Leonardo all testified that there was no reason for Barrios to shoot
Rivera. Barrios told the jury that he did not know Rivera, had no intent to kill him, and was
sorry that he had died. Barrios explained that he was only trying to protect Juan.
After the first shot, Juan bolted from the driver‘s seat, stepped over the fallen Rivera, and
ran. Frank exited the passenger seat and ran. Barrios yelled to Leonardo to grab the gun so he
would not ―do anything else.‖ Leonardo testified, ―One time I got the weapon, but I wasn‘t able
to take it away from him,‖ so he ran from the scene as well. This prompted a scuffle for the
weapon. Barrios testified he shot another round into the air after Hector tackled him inside of the
car. Neighbors, including Antonio, approached from their houses to investigate.
A baseball bat was also in the backseat of Juan‘s vehicle. Barrios said Martin and Hector
forced him out of the car and beat him with the baseball bat. Martin explained, ―[W]e were
trying to take the pistol away from him, and he was still shooting at my brother here like to the
back; and he was still shooting people.‖ Antonio testified, ―I saw people running, and I got
close. That‘s when I saw my cousin grabbing the weapon from him. And my other cousin was
9
Martin stated, ―We were speaking with them, with all of them. Then with -- all of a sudden, without a motive,
[Barrios] shot.‖ However, when asked whether Rivera swung the breaker bar at anyone, Martin replied, ―No one
resulted hurt with that.‖
10
While Martin and Juan testified that Rivera was standing up when he was shot, the physical evidence suggests that
Rivera was bent down.
6
trying to take the -- the pistol.‖ After the shotgun was retrieved, Antonio, Hector, and Juan
detained Barrios while police were called.
Officer Brandon Thornton responded to the 9-1-1 call. He ―noticed a Hispanic male was
lying on the ground . . . at the driver‘s door, . . . and he looked like he had a gunshot wound to
his head or to his facial area.‖ Officer Christopher Sheain observed that Rivera was lying next to
a metal breaker bar and that no part of his body was in the car. The breaker bar was underneath
―the front left door of the driver‘s door.‖
Thornton heard a ―disturbance‖ and saw ―several people holding down another Hispanic
male. All I remember hearing was, ‗He‘s the shooter. He‘s the shooter. He shot the other guy.‘‖
Officer James Bettis testified, ―Antonio Corona came up to me, holding the shotgun, and advised
that this was the weapon that was used, and I took possession of it.‖ Detective Jimmy Redmon
retrieved the baseball bat which was ―laying out in the front yard‖ of Antonio‘s neighbor‘s home.
Specks of blood were located around the bushes. Officers noticed that Barrios, when taken into
custody, was bleeding from wounds suffered to his head. Detective Chris Taylor testified that
Barrios had ―some small abrasions to his leg, shoulder, back and head. The laceration on the
back of his head was shedding blood,‖ and he had bruises all over his body.
Barrios was transported to the emergency room. He told nurse Hector Hernandez ―he
had been beaten by -- with a baseball bat; he couldn‘t tell me who did it.‖ Barrios had ―a lot of
bruising and lacerations to his head[,] . . . [a]nd he did complain of a major headache and also
some flank pain, the right side. And I think -- his right leg, he was complaining.‖ Staples were
used to repair the laceration on Barrios‘ head. Hernandez testified that Barrios ―did definitely
7
smell of alcohol.‖ Barrios told Hernandez that he had consumed ―24 beers to drink that day,‖
although he claimed at trial that he consumed only twelve to fourteen beers. Officer Eric Hewitt
opined that Barrios was intoxicated to the degree that he could not stand without assistance, but
testified that his condition could also have been caused by the beating he endured and pain
medication administered at the hospital.
According to Redmon‘s investigation, ―it appeared the victim was standing in the ‗V‘ of
the open front and rear door on the left side of the vehicle with his head lower than the level of
the top of the vehicle when he was shot.‖ Redmon concluded that Rivera must have been bent
over due to his height. Rivera was wearing the number ―13‖ on his belt buckle, signifying
affiliation with Sur 13 or Sur Treces.
On appeal, Barrios argues that—given his claim that he shot Rivera because Rivera was
threatening to hit Barrios‘ cousin Juan with a breaker bar—the trial court erred when it found
that he was not entitled to jury charges on self-defense and defense of a third person.
Apparently, that ruling was made because Barrios was an illegal immigrant in possession of a
firearm and ammunition that affected interstate commerce, an asserted violation of federal law.
See 18 U.S.C.A. § 922(g)(5) (2005). Barrios also argues that the jury charge should have
contained the lesser-included offenses of aggravated assault and deadly conduct. We affirm the
trial court‘s judgment because we hold that (1) Barrios was not entitled to a jury issue on self-
defense, (2) failure to submit the issue of defense of third person was harmless error, and
(3) Barrios was not entitled to submission of the lesser-included offenses.
8
Based on Rivera‘s apparent gang membership, his initiation of the confrontation,
possession of the breaker bar, testimony of his demeanor, and physical evidence suggesting he
was bent over the open driver‘s side of Juan‘s car, the defense employed a strategy of self-
defense and defense of a third person. Section 9.32 of the Texas Penal Code addresses the use of
deadly force in self-defense:
The actor‘s belief . . . that the deadly force was immediately necessary . . . is
presumed to be reasonable [only] if the actor: . . . was not otherwise engaged in
criminal activity, other than a Class C misdemeanor that is a violation of a law or
ordinance regulating traffic at the time the force was used.
TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 9.32(b)(3) (West 2011). The United States Code contains the
following provision:
It shall be unlawful for any person . . . (5) who, being an alien -- (A) is illegally or
unlawfully in the United States; . . . to ship or transport in interstate or foreign
commerce, or possess in or affecting commerce, any firearm or ammunition; or to
receive any firearm or ammunition which has been shipped or transported in
interstate or foreign commerce.
18 U.S.C.A. § 922(g)(5).
Outside the presence of the jury, the State sought a motion in limine related to
presentation of evidence that Barrios acted in self-defense based on 18 U.S.C.A. § 922(g)(5).
The State reasoned that, because Barrios was an illegal immigrant11 in possession of a firearm,
he was no longer entitled to assert self-defense. Defense counsel argued that the State‘s
suggestion that self-defense was not available was a violation of the Constitution because ―under
11
The defense stipulated that Barrios was in the country illegally.
9
no circumstances can an illegal alien have the right of self-defense if the illegal alien happens to
grab for or possess‖ a firearm. The trial court ruled:
At this time I‘m going to grant the motion in limine and prevent -- preclude any
testimony or statements concerning self-defense at this time unless there is
something brought before the Court‘s attention that would change that. But again,
you have to approach the Bench before trying to go into that. Because I think,
under the current state of the law, even though I understand that a Texas court has
not actually addressed that issue, looking at the facts of this case, and the Barron
case -- or the ―Ba-rone‖12 case, I think is how it would be pronounced, and the
intent of the legislature, I don‘t think it was their intent to allow that loophole for
an illegal alien who -- to possess a firearm; therefore, I‘m going to grant the
State‘s motion in limine at this time.
To establish that Barrios was possessing ―in or affecting commerce‖ a firearm or
ammunition, or had received ―any firearm or ammunition which has been shipped or transported
in interstate or foreign commerce,‖ the State called forensic scientist Stacey Phetteplace to
testify.13 Phetteplace identified the firearm as a Maverick Model 88 that contained the engraving
―Maverick by Mossberg.‖ She stated, ―Maverick Arms was started in 1988, in Eagle Pass,
Texas. It‘s named after the county, Maverick County, which is where Eagle Pass is. They have -
- they also established a firearm -- a parts factory.‖ Petteplace added that ―Mossberg Firearms is
based in New Haven, Connecticut‖ and she had taken a personal tour of the Connecticut factory.
Based on her ―personal tour of the Mossberg factory and . . . the Mossberg history book,‖ she
testified that, while the gun was made in the United States, ―the parts are made in Mexico, at one
12
The court was referring to Barron v. State, No. 05-08-00637-CR, 2010 WL 1294078 (Tex. App.—Dallas Apr. 6,
2010, pet. ref‘d) (mem. op., not designated for publication). That case declined to ―consider whether the [trial court]
improperly considered appellant‘s illegal immigrant status‖ because he was not entitled to a self-defense instruction
since the evidence established ―as a matter of law that appellant sought an explanation or discussion with [the
victim] about their differences while illegally carrying a handgun,‖ a violation of Section 9.31(b)(5)(A). Id. at *3.
13
Juan testified Barrios wanted to purchase the weapon from Leonardo, while Leonardo and Barrios denied the
same.
10
particular factory, and all of the parts are shipped to the Maverick factory in Eagle Pass.‖ She
conditioned her statement by testifying that she could not provide personal knowledge where the
specific weapon used by Barrios was manufactured, but could testify generally that all Mossberg
―parts are made from a single factory in Mexico.‖ Detective Redmon testified that the shotgun
shells were manufactured by Winchester, and the stamp on the shells read ―East Alton, Illinois.‖
After the evidence was presented, defense counsel objected to the charge by espousing
belief that ―the Charge should charge on self-defense; and . . . defense of a third person, 9.33;
and 9.32, deadly force in defense of a third person.‖ Counsel also ―object[ed] to the Charge
because it does not include the lesser-included offense of aggravated assault and the offense of
deadly conduct.‖ The court overruled these objections, reasoning:
Under the issue of self-defense, the Court finds, under section 9.32(b)(3), that the
defendant, as it has been stipulated and agreed by the parties, at the time of this
offense was not—was in this country illegally; therefore, under United States
Code Section 992—or 18 U.S.—United States Code 922 Subsection (5), he was
not allowed to possess a weapon, a firearm or ammunition that was in interstate
commerce or that affected interstate—or that affected commerce.
There has been testimony on the record from—from an expert, and then
also from an officer who has knowledge, that the firearm, while that it was
manufactured in the United States—I mean, in the state of Texas, the parts that
went into that came from Mexico. That affects foreign commerce.
In addition, the ammunition used, the defendant admitted he was in
possession not only of that firearm, but also ammunition which is Winchester
brand, which is manufactured in the state of Illinois. Therefore, both of those
affect commerce and interstate commerce; therefore, he was in violation of 18,
922 Subsection (5) of the United States Code. That is a felony offense, because it
is punishable by up to 120 months in federal prison; therefore, that is greater than
a Class C misdemeanor; therefore, under Section 9.32 of the Penal Code, he is not
entitled to a charge on self-defense.
11
On appeal, Barrios complains that the failure to include self-defense, defense of a third
person, aggravated assault, and deadly conduct resulted in jury charge error. He does not contest
the finding that the federal statute was violated.
Our review of alleged jury charge error involves a two-step process. Abdnor v. State, 871
S.W.2d 726, 731 (Tex. Crim. App. 1994); see Sakil v. State, 287 S.W.3d 23, 25–26 (Tex. Crim.
App. 2009); Ngo v. State, 175 S.W.3d 738, 743 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005). Initially, we determine
whether an error occurred, and then ―determine whether sufficient harm resulted from the error
to require reversal.‖ Abdnor, 871 S.W.2d at 731–32; Almanza v. State, 686 S.W.2d 157, 171
(Tex. Crim. App. 1984) (op. on reh‘g), reaffirmed by Middleton v. State, 125 S.W.3d 450, 453
(Tex. Crim. App. 2003).
The trial court shall ―deliver to the jury . . . a written charge distinctly setting forth the
law applicable to the case [and] not expressing any opinion as to the weight of the evidence. . . .‖
TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 36.14 (West 2007). The trial court is required to instruct the
jury on statutory defenses, affirmative defenses, and justifications when they are raised by the
evidence. Walters v. State, 247 S.W.3d 204, 208–09 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007). ―A trial court‘s
decision to deny a defensive issue in a jury charge is reviewed for an abuse of discretion.‖
Gaspar v. State, 327 S.W.3d 349, 355 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2010, no pet.) (citing Wesbrook v.
State, 29 S.W.3d 103, 122 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000)). When reviewing a trial court‘s decision to
deny a requested defensive instruction, ―we view the evidence in the light most favorable to the
defendant‘s requested submission.‖ Bufkin v. State, 207 S.W.3d 779, 782 (Tex. Crim. App.
2006).
12
We also review the trial court‘s decision regarding a lesser-included offense charge under
an abuse-of-discretion standard. Threadgill v. State, 146 S.W.3d 654, 666 (Tex. Crim. App.
2004); Dobbins v. State, 228 S.W.3d 761, 768 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2007, pet.
dism‘d). An abuse of discretion occurs when a trial court acts arbitrarily, unreasonably, or
without reference to any guiding rules and principles. Id. (citing Montgomery v. State, 810
S.W.2d 372, 380 (Tex. Crim. App. 1990)).
(1) Barrios Was Not Entitled to a Jury Submission on Self-Defense
Barrios argues that the court erred in failing to submit self-defense and defense of third
person instructions because:
Penal Code § 9.31(a)(3) provides that use of force is presumed to be reasonable if
the actor was not otherwise engaged in ―criminal activity.‖. . . . The trial court
erroneously found that a federal law forbidding illegal aliens to possess firearms
in interstate commerce provided the necessary criminal activity to provide the
disqualification provided in Penal Code 9 [sic]. . . . Given the multiplicity of
federal crimes, it is inconceivable to think that the Texas Legislature intended the
right of self-defense, so dear to the heart of Texans, would depend on the
legislative whims of the federal government.
No authority is cited to support this argument. The argument also reveals what appears to us to
be a general misunderstanding of the parties at trial concerning the effect of Section 9.31(a)(3)
when other criminal activity is involved. When the accused is engaged in other criminal activity,
the statute does not disqualify the accused from defending his or her use of force, it simply
removes the presumption that his or her use of force was reasonable—a significant difference.
Our conclusions on these defensive matters—that Barrios was not entitled to an issue on self-
defense, but should have received one on defense of a third party—are controlled, not by Section
13
9.31(a)(3), but by what the evidence raised. But, to get there, we will start with our discussion of
Section 9.31(a)(3).
Criminal activity as it is used in Chapter 9 of the Texas Penal Code is undefined.
Therefore, we give effect to the plain meaning of statutory language as ―the best indicator of
legislative intent.‖ Shipp v. State, 331 S.W.3d 433, 437 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011). Section 1.05 of
the Texas Penal Code states, ―The rule that a penal statute is to be strictly construed does not
apply to this code. The provisions of this code shall be construed according to the fair import of
their terms, to promote justice and effect the objectives of the code.‖ TEX. PENAL CODE ANN.
§ 1.05 (West 2011). Thus, criminal activity can be broadly construed to comport with the
generally understood concept that it would encompass any activity that constitutes a crime.
Section 1.03 states that ―[c]onduct does not constitute an offense unless it is defined as an
offense by statute, . . . or rule authorized by and lawfully adopted under a statute.‖ TEX. PENAL
CODE ANN. § 1.03 (West 2011). Because 18 U.S.C.A. § 922 is a statute which defines criminal
offenses, and there is no argument that it was not authorized or unlawfully adopted, we find that
criminal activity as used in Section 9.31 includes activity that would constitute a crime under 18
U.S.C.A. § 922(g)(5).
The Texas Penal Code requires that a presumption that favors the defendant be submitted
to the jury ―if there is sufficient evidence of the facts that give rise to the presumption . . . unless
the court is satisfied that the evidence as a whole clearly precludes a finding beyond a reasonable
doubt of the presumed fact.‖ Morales v. State, 357 S.W.3d 1, 7 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011).
Barrios‘ use of deadly force would be presumed reasonable if he ―was not otherwise engaged in
14
criminal activity, other than a Class C misdemeanor that is a violation of the law or ordinance
regulating traffic at the time the force was used.‖ TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 9.32(b)(3). Here,
the trial court was satisfied that the presumption was precluded due to Barrios‘ status as an
illegal immigrant who was in possession of a firearm or ammunition, which the court believed
violated 18 U.S.C.A. § 922(g)(5).
This finding merely removed the need to instruct the jury that Barrios‘ belief that force
was immediately necessary was reasonable, but it did not obviate the need to submit to the jury
the question of whether Barrios‘ belief was reasonable. In other words, commission of a crime
under Section 9.31(a)(3) removes the presumption of reasonableness, whereas commission of
acts under Section 9.31(b) renders the use of force against another unjustified. TEX. PENAL
CODE ANN. § 9.31 (West 2011).
A ―reasonable belief‖ is one held by an ordinary and prudent person in the same
circumstance as the actor. TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 1.07(42) (West Supp. 2012). Whether a
defendant was prompted to act by a reasonable belief is ordinarily an issue for the trier of fact.
Brazelton v. State, 947 S.W.2d 644, 648 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 1997, no pet.). Therefore, we
next examine whether the trial court was required to submit the issues of self-defense and
defense of third person to the jury. See Morales, 357 S.W.3d at 7–8.
―A defendant is entitled to an instruction on self-defense if the issue is raised by the
evidence, whether that evidence is strong or weak, unimpeached or contradicted, and regardless
of what the trial court may think about the credibility of the defense.‖ Gaspar, 327 S.W.3d at
356 (citing Ferrel v. State, 55 S.W.3d 586, 591 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001); Guilbeau v. State, 193
15
S.W.3d 156, 159 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2006, pet. ref‘d)); see Hayes v. State, 728
S.W.2d 804, 807 (Tex. Crim. App. 1987). There must be some evidence, when viewed in the
light most favorable to the defendant, that will support the claim. Id. (citing Ferrel, 55 S.W.3d at
591; Hill v. State, 99 S.W.3d 248, 251 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2003, pet. ref‘d)). ―[A] defense
is supported (or raised) by the evidence if there is some evidence, from any source, on each
element of the defense that, if believed by the jury, would support a rational inference that that
element is true.‖ Id. (quoting Shaw v. State, 243 S.W.3d 647, 657 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007)).
However, ―if the evidence, viewed in the light most favorable to the defendant, does not establish
self-defense, the defendant is not entitled to an instruction on the issue.‖ Id. (quoting Ferrel, 55
S.W.3d at 591).
Under Section 9.32, Barrios would be justified in using deadly force against Rivera:
(1) if he would be justified in using force against Rivera under Section 9.31; and (2) when and to
the degree Barrios reasonably believed the deadly force was immediately necessary to protect
himself from Rivera‘s use of unlawful deadly force. See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 9.32(a)(1),
(2).
The State contends that there was no evidence showing that Barrios feared for his own
safety. It is correct.14 Although Barrios testified that he was ―spooked‖ when he saw the red
Lincoln, because he did not know what was happening, he did not testify that he feared for his
14
The State also argued that Barrios was not entitled to a defensive instruction because he did not testify that he
intended to kill Rivera. However, as explained below, Barrios testified he intended to shoot Rivera in the hand,
meeting the requirements of murder as charged under paragraph two of the indictment, which tracked Section
19.02(b)(2)‘s language specifying that a person commits murder if he intends to cause serious bodily injury and
commits an act clearly dangerous to human life that causes the death of an individual.
16
own safety at the time the weapon was discharged. Instead, he testified that he shot the weapon
to protect Juan. We conclude that Barrios was not entitled to a jury submission on self-defense.
This point of error is overruled.
(2) Failure to Submit a Jury Issue on Defense of a Third Person Was Harmless Error
Barrios was justified in using deadly force against Rivera to protect Juan if, under the
circumstances as he reasonably believed them to be, Barrios reasonably believed that
intervention in the form of deadly force was immediately necessary to protect Juan against
Rivera‘s use or attempted use of unlawful deadly force. 15 See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. §§ 9.31–
.33 (West 2011).
Here, the jury heard evidence that the Coronas and the Barrioses were affiliated with rival
gangs. A car driven by the Coronas blocked the car driven by Juan. An angry Rivera, wearing a
belt buckle signifying gang affiliation, exited his vehicle with cousins Hector and Martin. They
surrounded the Barrios car and exchanged words. Rivera attempted to open Juan‘s driver‘s side
door while brandishing a twenty-four-inch metal breaker bar. He was eventually successful in
this endeavor, prompting Barrios to engage the gun. There is testimony in the record suggesting
that Rivera bent down below the hood of the car and swung the breaker bar at Juan, inducing
Barrios to shoot. Rivera‘s body was found beside the breaker bar, and forensic evidence
suggests that he had bent down close to the driver at the time of the shooting.
15
―[T]he focus of the defense-of-third persons defense is upon what the actor reasonably believes concerning the
situation of the third person.‖ Morales, 357 S.W.3d at 8. However, a reasonable belief in defense of third person
cases is a belief that an ordinary and prudent person would have held in the same circumstances as the defendant.
TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 1.07(42); Pattern Jury Charges, State Bar of Tex., Texas Criminal Pattern Jury Charges-
Defenses PJC B17.3 (2010).
17
When viewed in the light most favorable to Barrios, we find that the evidence raised the
issue of whether Barrios reasonably believed deadly force was immediately necessary to protect
Juan from Rivera‘s use or attempted use of unlawful deadly force. Therefore, we find that the
trial court was required to submit the issue of defense of third person to the jury. Failure to do so
was error.
The level of harm an appellant must demonstrate as having resulted from the erroneous
jury instruction depends on whether the appellant properly objected to the error. Abdnor, 871
S.W.2d at 732. Here, because proper objections were made at trial,16 reversal is required if the
error is ―calculated to injure the rights of defendant, or unless it appears from the record that the
defendant has not had a fair and impartial trial.‖ Id.; see TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 36.19
16
The State argues that error was not preserved because ―[t]he defense did not provide the language for [the self-
defense] instruction, either in writing or by dictating to the court reporter as required by‖ Article 36.15 of the Texas
Code of Criminal Procedure. TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 36.15 (West 2006). A general objection that the
charge fails to charge the jury on the issue of self-defense does not preserve error absent a written instruction or
dictation as to the instruction sought. This is because a self-defense instruction could refer to instruction under
Section 9.31, 9.32, or 9.33, all of which have several options or theories available which could be submitted to the
jury. Texas courts have held that, absent a written instruction or dictation, a general request does not specify the
particular instruction desired because a trial court may be left wondering what sections or subsections to apply.
Bennett v. State, 235 S.W.3d 241, 243 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007) (objection on failure to submit self-defense ―as it
applies to this case‖ was insufficient to preserve the issue of submission of defense of third person even where
evidence raised defense of third person) (citing Posey v. State, 966 S.W.2d 57, 61 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998));
Hutcheson v. State, 899 S.W.2d 39, 41–42 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 1995, pet. ref‘d); Reece v. State, 683 S.W.2d 873,
874–75 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1984, no pet.).
Barrios‘ objection was not a general objection, and this is not a situation involving an objection to the
absence of an instruction; rather, it was a request that a specific type of instruction be given. Although it would be
clearer if a specific proposed instruction was either read into the record or provided to the court in writing, we look
to the ―record for statement by the trial court that reflect what its understanding was, the general theme of defense
evidence, the various defensive theories presented at the trial, and anything else that may shed light on whether the
trial court understood the objection.‖ Jackson v. State, 288 S.W.3d 60, 63 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2009,
pet. ref‘d); see Rogers v. State, 105 S.W.3d 630, 640 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003). Here, counsel stated that ―the Charge
should charge on self-defense; and . . . defense of a third person, 9.33; and 9.32, deadly force in defense of a third
person.‖ In considering the record as a whole, we find that counsel preserved his points of error for our review and
that the trial court understood the objections as requesting instructions under Sections 9.31(a), 9.32(a), and 9.33. See
Gaspar, 327 S.W.3d at 355 (objection followed by discussion demonstrates that trial court understood request for
self-defense instruction preserved error relating to jury charge despite failure to present proposed charge in writing
or dictate it into record).
18
(West 2006). In other words, on appeal, Barrios needs to demonstrate only ―some harm.‖
Abdnor, 871 S.W.2d at 732; see Almanza, 686 S.W.2d at 171.
In this case, the State argues the lack of harm because the trial court submitted the
defense of necessity,17 instructing the jury: ―You have heard evidence that, when the defendant
shot a firearm at or in the direction of Jorge Rivera, he believed that his conduct was necessary to
avoid imminent harm, to wit, death or serious bodily injury to himself or a third person, Juan
Barrios.‖ The charge further instructed, ―The burden is on the state to prove, beyond a
reasonable doubt, that the defendant did not act out of necessity,‖ defined reasonable belief and
deadly force, and applied the law of necessity to the facts in the following manner:
To decide issue of necessity, you must determine whether the state has proved,
beyond a reasonable doubt, one of the following:
1. The defendant did not reasonably believe the conduct was
immediately necessary to avoid an imminent harm, in this case
death or serious bodily injury to himself or a third person, Juan
Barrios; or
2. The desirability and urgency of avoiding death or serious
bodily injury to himself or a third person, Juan Barrios did not
clearly outweigh, according to ordinary standards of
reasonableness, the harm sought to be prevented by the law
prohibiting murder or manslaughter.
If you find that the state has failed to prove, beyond a reasonable doubt, at
least one of these matters, you must find the defendant ―not guilty.‖
17
Necessity requires proof that the actor reasonably believed the conduct in question was ―immediately necessary‖ to
avoid ―imminent harm‖ and that the desirability and urgency of avoiding the harm clearly outweighed, according to
ordinary standards of reasonableness, the harm sought to be prevented by the law proscribing the conduct. TEX.
PENAL CODE ANN. § 9.22(1) (West 2011).
19
If you all agree the state has proved, beyond a reasonable doubt, each of
the elements of the offense of murder or manslaughter, and you believe, beyond a
reasonable doubt, that the defendant did not act out of necessity, you must find the
defendant ―guilty.‖18
Though Barrios preserved error by objecting to the trial court‘s failure to give an
instruction on the defense of a third party, he did not present a requested instruction on that issue.
So, we do not know the precise form such an issue would have taken. Also, neither party
argues—in more than a passing or conclusory manner—whether the lack of such an instruction
was harmful. Nonetheless, having found error, we are charged with the responsibility of
assessing whether Barrios was harmed from not getting the third-party-defense instruction.
In evaluating whether there was some harm from jury charge error, we should consider
―the entire jury charge, the state of the evidence, including the contested issues and weight of
probative evidence, the argument of counsel and any other relevant information revealed by the
record of the trial as a whole.‖ Barron v. State, 353 S.W.3d 879, 883 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011)
(quoting Almanza, 686 S.W.2d at 171). In our analysis, neither party has a burden to show harm.
Warner v. State, 245 S.W.3d 458, 462, 464 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008).
―[T]he presence of any harm, regardless of degree, which results from preserved charging
error, is sufficient to require a reversal of the conviction. Cases involving preserved charging
error will be affirmed only if no harm has occurred.‖ Arline v. State, 721 S.W.2d 348, 351 (Tex.
Crim. App. 1986); see Durden v. State, 290 S.W.3d 413, 420 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2009, no
pet.). Yet, there must be actual, as opposed to possible, harm. Medina v. State, 7 S.W.3d 633,
18
This charge on necessity was formulated from Pattern Jury Charges, State Bar of Tex., Texas Criminal Pattern
Jury Charges-Defenses PJC B11.3 (2010).
20
643 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999); Durden, 290 S.W.3d at 420 (citing Almanza, 686 S.W.2d at 174).
Significant evidence militating against a defense-requested instruction or finding can render an
error harmless. Medina, 7 S.W.3d at 642–43.
The record includes the fact that the trial court gave the necessity instruction rather than a
third-party-defense instruction. Does the jury‘s rejection of the necessity defense provide us
with an assurance that Barrios suffered no harm? We think it does.
We start by comparing the necessity instruction Barrios received with the instruction he
should have received, defense of third party.
Necessity Defense of Third Party
1. Barrios reasonably believed 1. Barrios reasonably believed
his action his action
was immediately necessary was immediately necessary
to avoid an imminent harm (death or serious to protect Juan from the use or attempted use
bodily injury to Juan); of unlawful deadly force;
and and
2. the desirability and urgency of avoiding 2. under the circumstances as reasonably
death or serious bodily injury to Juan clearly believed by Barrios, Barrios would have been
outweighed, according to ordinary standards of authorized to use the deadly force to defend
reasonableness, the harm sought to be himself from the use or attempted use of
prevented by the law prohibiting murder or unlawful deadly force he reasonably believed
manslaughter. threatened Juan.
If the State disproved, beyond a reasonable doubt, either prong one or prong two of
whichever defense had been charged, the defense would have been rejected, resulting in the
verdict of guilt. Barrios‘ jury necessarily found that the State disproved at least one prong of the
necessity defense. Does that suggest they would have also found that the State disproved at least
one prong of the third-party defense, had that been given? We think so.
21
Given the circumstances before us, we cannot, practically, see this jury finding
differently on the first prongs of the two instructions. Therefore, we focus our harm analysis,
particularly, on (1) whether the jury might have rejected either defense based on a finding on
only prong two and, if so, (2) whether the jury might have decided differently faced with prong
two of the third-party-defense instruction.
Might the jury have rejected the defense based on just prong two? From our review of
the record, we find no evidence pointed at just prong two of either defense. Closing arguments
focused almost entirely on prong one and addressed the necessity defense only to a very limited
extent. Also, the minimal mention of prong two in the closing argument was tangential at best,
and even that was not particularly telling. The record does not suggest to us that the jury‘s
rejection of the necessity defense was based on a finding under prong two.
Even if the jury were to reject either defense based on just prong two, nothing suggests to
us that the jury might have decided the two second prongs differently. Neither prong two is
particularly easy to understand. Prong two of the necessity instruction is a weighing test based
on competing societal benefits and detriments. Did the harm Barrios sought to prevent to Juan
clearly outweigh the harm to be prevented by the laws against murder or manslaughter? While
the formulation is admittedly different for prong two of the third-party-defense instruction, it also
asks the jury to weigh competing factors, the reasonableness of the defensive force used to avoid
the feared harm compared to the force threatened that triggered the defense. While we could,
esoterically, speculate that a jury might answer the two versions of prong two differently,
nothing in this record suggests that it would have happened here.
22
We find nothing indicating that any harm resulted to Barrios in not receiving the defense-
of-third-party instruction. Thus, we fail to see how Barrios was harmed by the failure to include
a defense of third person instruction. We find no actual, rather than theoretical, harm. See
Flores v. State, No. 13-08-00539-CR, 2009 WL 3136163, at *4 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi
Oct. 1, 2009, pet. ref‘d) (mem. op., not designated for publication); Banks v. State, 955 S.W.2d
116, 119 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 1997, no pet.)19 (although trial court erred in failing to submit
self-defense, no harm due to jury‘s rejection of defense of necessity).20 Accordingly, we
overrule this point of error.
(3) Barrios Was Not Entitled to Jury Issues on the Lesser-Included Offenses
In points of error three and four, Barrios complains that the jury should have been
charged with lesser-included offenses of aggravated assault and deadly conduct. We disagree.
We employ a two-pronged test to determine if a defendant is entitled to a lesser-included
offense instruction. Sweed v. State, 351 S.W.3d 63, 67 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011); Yzaguirre v.
State, 367 S.W.3d 927, 929 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2012, pet. granted) (citing Hall v. State, 158
S.W.3d 470, 473 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005)). First, the lesser-included offense must be included
within the proof necessary to establish the offense charged. Yzaguirre, 367 S.W.3d 927 (citing
Hall, 158 S.W.3d at 473; Hampton v. State, 109 S.W.3d 437, 440 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003),
abrogated on other grounds by Grey v. State, 298 S.W.3d 644 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009)); Lofton
v. State, 45 S.W.3d 649, 651 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001); Bignall v. State, 887 S.W.2d 21, 23 (Tex.
19
Banks discusses prior versions of Chapter 9 defenses which contained the duty to retreat.
20
Although this unpublished case has no precedential value, we may take guidance from it ―as an aid in developing
reasoning that may be employed.‖ Carrillo v. State, 98 S.W.3d 789, 794 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 2003, pet. ref‘d).
23
Crim. App. 1994). ―We must compare the statutory elements and any descriptive averments in
the indictment for the greater offense with the statutory elements of the lesser offense.‖ Sweed,
351 S.W.3d at 68 (citing Ex parte Amador, 326 S.W.3d 202, 206 n.5 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010);
Ex parte Watson, 306 S.W.3d 259, 263 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009)).
Here, the State‘s indictment contained three separate paragraphs. The first alleged that
Barrios intentionally and knowingly caused Rivera‘s death by shooting a firearm.21 The second
alleged that Barrios, ―with intent to cause serious bodily injury . . . commit[ted] an act clearly
dangerous to human life that caused the death of said Jorge Rivera, by shooting Jorge Rivera
with a firearm.‖ The last paragraph alleged Barrios intentionally or knowingly committed an act
clearly dangerous to human life causing Rivera‘s death while in the commission of deadly
conduct. Thus, Barrios was charged with murder under Section 19.02(b)(1), (2), and (3) of the
Texas Penal Code. TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 19.02(b) (West 2011).
A person commits an offense if the person commits assault and causes serious bodily
injury or uses or exhibits a deadly weapon during the commission of the assault. TEX. PENAL
CODE ANN. § 22.02(a) (West 2011). Because all of the elements of aggravated assault were
required to prove murder in this case, aggravated assault is a lesser-included offense of murder as
alleged in the State‘s indictment. See Dowden v. State, 758 S.W.2d 264, 269 (Tex. Crim. App.
1988); see also Forest v. State, 989 S.W.2d 365, 367–68 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999).
Likewise, a person commits the offense of deadly conduct if he or she knowingly
discharges a firearm at or in the direction of one or more individuals. TEX. PENAL CODE ANN.
21
The jury was instructed that a firearm is a deadly weapon.
24
§ 22.05(b) (West 2011). Because all of the elements of deadly conduct would be required to be
presented to prove murder as alleged in the State‘s indictment, deadly conduct was also a lesser-
included offense of murder. See Daniels v. State, 313 S.W.3d 429, 432 (Tex. App.—Waco 2010,
pet. ref‘d); Miles v. State, 259 S.W.3d 240, 247 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2008, pet. ref‘d).
However, the second part of the test requires some evidence in the record that would
permit a jury to rationally find that if Barrios is guilty, he is guilty only of the lesser-included
offense. Sweed, 351 S.W.3d at 68; Yzaguirre, 367 S.W.3d at 930 (citing Hall, 158 S.W.3d at
473). Barrios would qualify for a lesser-included offense instruction if the record contains
evidence that, if believed by the jury, negates or refutes an element of the greater offense while
providing a rational alternative finding on any associated element of the lesser offense, or is
subject to different interpretations by the jury. Cavazos v. State, No. PD-1675-10, 2012
WL 5348046 (Tex. Crim. App. Oct. 31, 2012); Yzaguirre, 367 S.W.3d at 930 (citing Saunders v.
State, 840 S.W.2d 390, 391–92 (Tex. Crim. App. 1992) (per curiam)). In applying the second
prong, we must ―examine the entire record instead of plucking certain evidence from the record
and examining it in a vacuum.‖ Yzaguirre, 367 S.W.3d at 930 (citing Ramos v. State, 865
S.W.2d 463, 465 (Tex. Crim. App. 1993)). Anything more than a scintilla of evidence is
sufficient to entitle a defendant to a lesser charge. Id. (citing Ferrel, 55 S.W.3d at 589). In
making this decision, courts do not consider whether the evidence is credible, controverted, or in
conflict with other evidence. Id. (citing Hall, 158 S.W.3d at 473).
Here, Barrios believes that his testimony ―that he did not mean to kill Rivera and only
shot at his hand containing the tire tool that he was swinging at Juan‖ raised more than a scintilla
25
of evidence which would permit a rational jury to find that he was guilty only of aggravated
assault or deadly conduct. However, a similar argument has been rejected by the Texas Court of
Criminal Appeals. In Forest, the court determined that the defendant‘s testimony that he did not
intend to kill that victim, but only intended to shoot the victim ―in the butt‖ during a brawl
because he was afraid, did not entitle him to an instruction on aggravated assault because ―[b]y
his own testimony, appellant intended to cause serious bodily injury to the victim,‖ and the
discharge of a firearm was clearly dangerous to human life. Forest, 989 S.W.2d at 368. In other
words, the defendant‘s own testimony established ―him, at the least, to be guilty of murder under
Texas Penal Code § 19.02(b)(2).‖ Id.; see Harrell v. State, 659 S.W.2d 825, 827 (Tex. Crim.
App. 1983) (defendant not entitled to aggravated assault instruction given his testimony that he
intended to shoot victim in arm, but not to kill, given that such testimony showed him guilty
under Section 19.02(a)(2), now Section 19.02(b)(2)).
Here, Barrios testified he intended to shoot Rivera in the hand. The defense stipulated
that Rivera was the victim and that ―his death was caused by being shot with a firearm.‖ There
was no evidence that any other person discharged a firearm. As in Forest, at the very least,
Barrios‘ testimony established that: (1) he intended to cause seriously bodily injury to Rivera by
shooting him in the hand; (2) that he fired a gun in Rivera‘s direction, an act clearly dangerous to
human life; and (3) that he caused Rivera‘s death. Thus, because Barrios‘ own testimony
established he was guilty of murder under Section 19.02(b), ―there was no evidence that
appellant was guilty only of anything less than some form of murder.‖ Forest, 989 S.W.2d at
368.
26
Accordingly, Barrios was not entitled to the lesser-included offense instructions of
aggravated assault or deadly conduct. We overrule Barrios‘ points of error related to the lesser-
included offenses.
We affirm the trial court‘s judgment.
Josh R. Morriss, III
Chief Justice
Date Submitted: September 26, 2012
Date Decided: December 14, 2012
Publish
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