IN THE
TENTH COURT OF APPEALS
No. 10-11-00108-CR
No. 10-11-00109-CR
No. 10-11-00110-CR
THE STATE OF TEXAS,
Appellant
v.
JAVARI EDWARD POLICE,
Appellee
From the County Court at Law No. 2
Ellis County, Texas
Trial Court Nos. 1010773CR; 1010774CR; and 1010775CR
OPINION
The State is appealing from an order granting Javari Edward Police’s motions to
suppress evidence in each of three causes based on a lack of reasonable suspicion to
initiate a traffic stop by the arresting officer. The State complains that the trial court
erred by finding that the traffic stop was unlawful because no actual criminal offense
was observed by the officer and by finding that the other facts surrounding the traffic
stop did not create reasonable suspicion. We affirm the orders of the trial court.
Appellee’s Brief
Initially, we must address Police’s failure to file a brief in this matter. The
appellee’s brief was due on August 31, 2011. On September 6, 2011, after not receiving
a brief, this Court sent a letter instructing Police to file a brief or a request for extension
within 14 days or to notify the Court that no brief will be filed. Police filed a motion for
extension on September 21, 2011, which was granted until September 30, 2011. A letter
was sent to Police on October 13, 2011 advising him that we would proceed to
disposition with or without the appellee’s brief. No brief has been filed, and Police has
not requested any additional time to file a brief.
There is no rule specifically addressing the effect of the appellee’s failure to file a
brief in response to an appellant’s brief in a criminal appeal. We recently addressed this
issue in State v. Fielder, No. 10-11-00162, 2011 Tex. App. LEXIS 10101 (Tex. App.—Waco
Dec. 21, 2011, no pet. h.). In that decision, we determined that the appellee’s failure to
file a brief constitutes a confession of error. Id. (citing Siverand v. State, 89 S.W.3d 216,
220 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 2002, no pet.); Hawkins v. State, 278 S.W.3d 396, 399
(Tex. App.—Eastland 2008, no pet.)). This confession of error is not conclusive. Saldano
v. State, 70 S.W.3d 873, 884 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002); Siverand v. State, 89 S.W.3d at 220.
We must make an independent examination of the merits of the issues presented for
review. State v. Fielder, 2011 Tex. App. LEXIS 10101 at *3 (citing Siverand v. State, 89
S.W.3d at 220). In that review we are limited to the arguments advanced by the
State v. Police Page 2
appellee in the trial court so that we do not advance new arguments on behalf of the
appellee. Id. (citing Saldano v. State, 70 S.W.3d at 884; Hawkins v. State, 278 S.W.3d at 399;
Siverand v. State, 89 S.W.3d at 220).
Motion to Suppress
A hearing was conducted pursuant to a pre-trial motion to suppress evidence
where Police complained that the officer who initiated the traffic stop on Police’s
vehicle did not have reasonable suspicion to stop him for any reason, either for a traffic
violation or any potentially suspicious circumstances surrounding the traffic stop. The
State argued that Police did indeed violate section 544.010 of the Transportation Code;
however, the State contended that even if the officer was incorrect in his understanding
of that statute, there were other independent reasons for the stop which created
reasonable suspicion to stop Police’s vehicle. The officer was the sole witness in the
hearing, and the trial court granted the motion to suppress. The trial court entered
findings of fact and conclusions of law. The State appealed the judgment.
Standard of Review
We review a trial court’s ruling on a motion to suppress evidence under a
bifurcated standard of review. Amador v. State, 221 S.W.3d 666, 673 (Tex. Crim. App.
2007). In reviewing the trial court’s decision, we do not engage in our own factual
review. Romero v. State, 800 S.W.2d 539, 543 (Tex. Crim. App. 1990). The trial judge is
the sole trier of fact and judge of the credibility of the witnesses and the weight to be
State v. Police Page 3
given to their testimony. Wiede v. State, 214 S.W.3d 17, 24-25 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007).
Therefore, we give almost total deference to the trial court’s rulings on (1) questions of
historical fact, even if the trial court’s determination of those facts was not based on an
evaluation of credibility and demeanor; and (2) application-of-law-to-fact questions that
turn on an evaluation of credibility and demeanor. Amador, 221 S.W.3d at 673; Montanez
v. State, 195 S.W.3d 101, 108-09 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006); Johnson v. State, 68 S.W.3d 644,
652-53 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002). But when application-of-law-to-fact questions do not
turn on the credibility and demeanor of the witnesses, we review the trial court’s ruling
on those questions de novo. Amador, 221 S.W.3d at 673; Johnson, 68 S.W.3d at 652-53.
When reviewing the trial court’s ruling on a motion to suppress, we must view
the evidence in the light most favorable to the trial court’s ruling. Wiede, 214 S.W.3d at
24; State v. Kelly, 204 S.W.3d 808, 818 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006). When the trial court
makes explicit fact findings, we determine whether the evidence, when viewed in the
light most favorable to the trial court’s ruling, supports those fact findings. Kelly, 204
S.W.3d at 818-19. We then review the trial court’s legal ruling de novo unless its explicit
findings that are supported by the record are also dispositive of the legal ruling. Id. at
819.
Burden of Proof
In a hearing on a motion to suppress evidence based on an alleged Fourth
Amendment violation, the initial burden of producing evidence that rebuts the
State v. Police Page 4
presumption of proper police conduct is on the defendant. Ford v. State, 158 S.W.3d 488,
492 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005). This burden may be met by establishing that a search or
seizure occurred without a warrant. Id. After this showing is made by the defendant,
the burden of proof shifts to the State, at which time the State is required to establish
that the search or seizure was conducted pursuant to a warrant or was reasonable. Id.
In this proceeding, the State stipulated that the stop was made without a warrant and
assumed the burden of proof regarding whether reasonable suspicion for the stop
existed.
Reasonable Suspicion
An officer conducts a lawful temporary detention when he has reasonable
suspicion to believe that an individual is violating the law. Ford v. State, 158 S.W.3d 488,
492 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005); Woods v. State, 956 S.W.2d 33, 35 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997)
(citing Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 29, 88 S. Ct. 1868, 20 L. Ed.2d 889 (1968)). Reasonable
suspicion exists if the officer has specific, articulable facts that, when combined with
rational inferences from those facts, would lead him to reasonably conclude that a
particular person actually is, has been, or soon will be engaged in criminal activity.
Castro v. State, 227 S.W.3d 737, 741 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007). Otherwise stated, those
specific, articulable facts must show unusual activity, some evidence that connects the
detained individual to the unusual activity, and some indication that the unusual
activity is related to crime. Derichsweiler v. State, 348 S.W.3d 906, 916 (Tex. Crim. App.
State v. Police Page 5
2011). This is an objective standard that disregards any subjective intent of the officer
making the stop and looks solely to whether an objective basis for the stop exists. Ford,
158 S.W.3d at 492. A reasonable suspicion determination is made by considering the
totality of the circumstances. Curtis v. State, 238 S.W.3d 376, 379 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007).
A traffic stop is justified when the officer has reasonable suspicion to believe that
a traffic violation has occurred. See Goudeau v. State, 209 S.W.3d 713, 715-16 (Tex.
App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2006, no pet.). The State bears the burden of demonstrating
the reasonableness of the stop. See id. at 716. The State satisfies its burden upon a
showing of an objective basis for the stop. See Garcia v. State, 43 S.W.3d 527, 530 (Tex.
Crim. App. 2001). We must ask whether a person of reasonable caution, looking at the
facts available to the officer at the moment of the investigation, would believe that a
traffic violation occurred. Goudeau, 209 S.W.3d at 716.
The fact that the officer made the stop for a reason other than the occurrence of
the traffic violation is irrelevant as long as a traffic violation that would have objectively
justified the stop occurred. See Whren v. United States, 517 U.S. 806, 813, 116 S. Ct. 1769,
135 L. Ed. 2d 89 (1996); Crittenden v. State, 899 S.W.2d 668, 674 (Tex. Crim. App. 1995).
An officer’s mistaken, though honest, misunderstanding of the traffic law, however,
will not justify a stop. United States v. Lopez-Valdez, 178 F.3d 282, 288 (5th Cir. 1999);
Goudeau, 209 S.W.3d at 716; see also Fowler v. State, 266 S.W.3d 498, 504-05 (Tex. App.—
Fort Worth 2008, pet. ref’d).
State v. Police Page 6
The Facts
The facts that led to the officer’s traffic stop of Police are as follows: at around
midnight, an officer observed a vehicle he did not recognize driving through his patrol
area which he had patrolled for several years. He followed the vehicle and got directly
behind it so he could run a license check. Police was the driver of the vehicle. Police
almost immediately turned right in front of the officer into a neighborhood known for
burglaries and narcotics transactions. The officer did not observe any traffic violations
in this turn. The street onto which Police turned was in essence a horseshoe shape. The
officer did not follow Police onto that street, but waited for him to come out, which
Police did in less than a minute and a half. Police approached the intersection which
had a stop sign, but no crosswalk or stop line. Police’s vehicle came to a complete stop
at a point past the stop sign but did not enter the intersection.
The officer believed that Police had committed a traffic violation by stopping at a
point past the stop sign, citing section 544.010 of the Transportation Code. Because of
this, the officer initiated a traffic stop which ultimately resulted in the discovery of a
weapon, marijuana, and some other controlled substance, and Police was arrested for
those offenses. Additionally, in the suppression hearing the officer indicated that his
reasons for the stop were also because he did not recognize the vehicle, the lateness of
the hour, the fact that Police turned right almost immediately after the officer got
behind him, the reputation of the neighborhood into which Police turned for burglaries
State v. Police Page 7
and narcotics, and the short time that Police was in the neighborhood. However, the
officer testified that he did not feel that he could initiate a traffic stop until the alleged
traffic violation occurred.
Transportation Code Section 544.010
Section 544.010(c) of the Transportation Code provides three different stop sign
requirements: (1) if a crosswalk exists, the driver shall stop before entering the
crosswalk; (2) if no crosswalk exists, the driver shall stop at a clearly marked stop line;
and (3) if no stop line exists, the driver shall stop “at the place nearest the intersecting
roadway where the operator has a view of approaching traffic on the intersecting
roadway.” TEX. TRANSP. CODE ANN. § 544.010(c) (Vernon 1999). The State contends that
this statute requires that an individual stop behind the stop sign if that person has a
view of approaching traffic. At the hearing, Police argued that the stop sign is not
determinative of where the stop must occur and that since Police did not enter the
intersection, no traffic violation occurred.
Statutory Construction
Because statutory construction is a question of law, our review is de novo.
Spence v. State, 325 S.W.3d 646, 650 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010). We focus on the literal text
to determine the objective meaning of that text when it was enacted. Id.; Mahaffey v.
State, 316 S.W.3d 633, 637 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010). We are guided by the text itself
because “the text of the statute is the law,” “the text is the only definitive evidence of
State v. Police Page 8
what the legislators . . . had in mind when the statute was enacted into law,” and “the
[L]egislature is constitutionally entitled to expect that the judiciary will faithfully follow
the specific text that was adopted.” Id. (quoting Boykin v. State, 818 S.W.2d 782, 785
(Tex. Crim. App. 1991)). When the meaning of the statutory text should have been plain
to the legislators who voted on it, we give effect to that plain meaning unless
“application of a statute’s plain language would lead to absurd consequences” or “the
language is not plain but rather ambiguous.” Id. We presume that each word in the
statute has a purpose and that the words not defined in the statute are used in their
ordinary and common sense. Prudholm v. State, 333 S.W.3d 590, 594 (Tex. Crim. App.
2011); see TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 3.01 (West 2005) (“All words, phrases and
terms used in this Code are to be taken and understood in their usual acceptation in
common language, except where specially defined.”); see also TEX. GOV’T CODE ANN. §§
311.002 (addressing applicability of Code Construction Act), 311.011(a) (West 2005)
(“Words and phrases shall be read in context and construed according to the rules of
grammar and common usage.”).
The plain language of the statute does not refer to a stop sign as an indicator of
anything other than a signal that a stop is required prior to entering the intersection.
Certainly, if a requirement to stop behind a stop sign was intended when the statute
was enacted it could have been specifically articulated in that section. However, the
Legislature chose to require that the stop take place “at the place nearest the intersecting
State v. Police Page 9
roadway where the operator has a view of approaching traffic on the intersecting
roadway.” TEX. TRANSP. CODE ANN. § 544.010(c). We find that the plain language of the
statute indicates that a stop must be made exactly where it states, which may or may
not be behind a stop sign. The trial court determined that Police came to a complete
stop at a point past the stop sign but not in the intersection, which the trial court
determined as a matter of law did not constitute a traffic violation of section 544.010.
The State did not argue before the trial court or in its brief to this Court that any other
traffic violation occurred.
The trial court’s finding of fact that Police stopped his vehicle at the place nearest
the roadway where he had a view of approaching traffic is supported by the evidence.
Therefore, there was no traffic violation. The officer’s honest, but mistaken belief about
the law does not justify the stop.1 See United States v. Lopez-Valdez, 178 F.3d 282, 288 (5th
Cir. 1999); Goudeau v. State, 209 S.W.3d 713, 716 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2006,
no pet.); see also Fowler v. State, 266 S.W.3d 498, 504-05 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2008, pet.
ref’d). Because there was no traffic violation, we must determine whether reasonable
suspicion otherwise existed to justify the traffic stop.
Other Factors
The trial court’s findings of fact and conclusions of law state that prior to Police’s
1This holding may be in conflict with this Court’s holding in Joubert v. State, and to the extent that there is
a conflict, that holding is expressly overruled. See Joubert v. State, 129 S.W.3d 686 (Tex. App.—Waco 2004,
no pet.).
State v. Police Page 10
alleged traffic violation, “the credible evidence indicates there were no articulable facts
to justify the detention of the Defendant.” Further, those findings state that “*a+lthough
the officer suggested there may have been other facts and factors that could be
considered to support his stop of the Defendant’s vehicle the Court was not persuaded
to believe that other facts were actually relied upon by the officer in initiating the stop.
The Court was not presented with or persuaded by credible evidence to believe that
sufficient facts existed in this instance to justify the detention of the Defendant.”
However, because the standard is objective rather than subjective, to the degree that the
trial court’s conclusions are based on the officer’s actual intent, we disregard those
conclusions. See Ford v. State, 158 S.W.3d 488, 492 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005).
At the suppression hearing and in his supporting brief to the trial court, Police
relied on the recent decision of the Court of Criminal Appeals in Crain v. State to
establish that the additional factors relied upon by the officer were insufficient to
constitute reasonable suspicion. Crain v. State, 315 S.W.3d 43 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010).
The facts in Crain leading up to the officer’s contact with Crain were that Crain was
walking late at night in a residential area in which burglaries occurred mostly after
midnight and when Crain saw the police officer’s vehicle drive past him, he “grabbed at
his waist.” Crain, 315 S.W.3d at 53. The officer acknowledged that he did not have a
reason to arrest Crain at that time. There was no evidence regarding a specific crime or
burglary that had occurred or that Crain was engaged in illegal behavior. The Court of
State v. Police Page 11
Criminal Appeals stated that “*n+either time of day nor level of criminal activity in an
area are suspicious in and of themselves; the two are merely factors to be considered in
making a determination of reasonable suspicion.” Id. The court further held that those
factors did not constitute reasonable suspicion. Id.
The State does not respond to this contention; rather, the State argues that the
officer was not required to pinpoint a particular crime, citing Derichsweiler v. State, 348
S.W.3d 906, 916 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011). In Derichsweiler, the Court of Criminal Appeals
determined that reasonable suspicion existed in an “admittedly close case” that
involved otherwise innocent behavior. See Derichsweiler, 348 S.W.3d at 917 (Tex. Crim.
App. 2011). Derichsweiler, though, is distinguishable from this case. In Derichsweiler,
noncriminal behavior—repeatedly stopping near, staring, and smiling in a strange
manner at other people and vehicles in public parking lots—was held sufficient to allow
a reasonable person to conclude “that criminal activity is afoot.” Id. at 915. The court
characterized Derichsweiler’s conduct as “bizarre to say the least.” Id. at 917. The court
emphasized Derichsweiler’s conduct involved “the repetition of similar, apparently
scrutinizing behavior” and was “persistent, if admittedly noncriminal.” Id. In other
words, the conduct in Derichsweiler involved a pattern of bizarre behavior.
This is not the situation the officer in this case faced. The facts before the officer
were: (1) it was around midnight; (2) Police’s car was unfamiliar to him; (3) when he
pulled behind Police’s vehicle to run a license check, Police almost immediately turned
State v. Police Page 12
right onto a street that curved in a horseshoe shape; (4) rather than follow Police, the
officer waited for Police to exit the neighborhood; (5) the officer did not believe that
Police resided in that neighborhood, having patrolled that area for approximately four
years; (6) the neighborhood had a reputation for burglaries and narcotics transactions;
(7) Police emerged on the other end of the street in less than ninety seconds; (8) Police
pulled up past the stop sign at that intersection but not in the intersecting roadway; (9)
Police turned onto the original roadway and the officer initiated the traffic stop. The
trial court’s findings of fact also included that “*t+he officer did not observe any traffic
violations, irregularities, dangerous, hazardous or reckless behavior of the Defendant
before, during or immediately after turning right” at the first turn. Further, the findings
stated that “*t+he officer did not observe any illegal, hazardous or reckless driving
behaviors as the vehicle traveled on the roadway back to the original roadway.” These
findings are supported by the record.
With these facts, Police’s behavior was not bizarre and nothing suggests a
pattern or repetition of unusual behavior as was found in Derichsweiler. The
noncriminal, not terribly unusual, nonrepetitive behavior observed in this case was
insufficient to objectively support a belief that criminal activity was or soon would be
afoot. The only behavior of Police’s that could be construed as suspicious was his
making the first turn, although the trial court’s fact finding was that it was not irregular,
dangerous, hazardous, or reckless is supported by the record. See State v. Kelly, 204
State v. Police Page 13
S.W.3d 808, 818-19 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006). There was no evidence that Police made any
furtive or otherwise suspicious gestures nor was he known to the officer as having any
criminal background or association with known criminals or drug users; he simply
made a legal turn in front of an officer into a neighborhood where criminal activity
occurred previously. Additionally, the facts present in Derichsweiler presented a “close
call” but ultimately the stop was found to be reasonable, in part “if only by *the police’s+
presence to avert an inchoate offense.” Derichsweiler, 348 S.W.3d at 917. This was also
not the case here. The circumstances known to the officer at the time of the stop were
not sufficient to establish reasonable suspicion to justify the traffic stop. We overrule
the State’s sole issue.
Conclusion
Having overruled the State’s sole issue, we affirm the orders of the trial court.
TOM GRAY
Chief Justice
Before Chief Justice Gray,
Justice Davis, and
Justice Scoggins
(Justice Davis concurs with a note)*
Affirmed
Opinion delivered and filed January 4, 2012
Publish
[CR25]
*(“I don’t agree that Joubert v. State should be overruled.”)
State v. Police Page 14