In The
Court of Appeals
Sixth Appellate District of Texas at Texarkana
______________________________
No. 06-10-00062-CR
______________________________
JESSE WAYNE TURLEY, Appellant
V.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee
On Appeal from the 273rd Judicial District Court
Sabine County, Texas
Trial Court No. 6529
Before Morriss, C.J., Carter and Moseley, JJ.
Memorandum Opinion by Justice Moseley
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Jesse Wayne Turley was sentenced to ninety-nine years‘ imprisonment and ordered to pay
a $10,000.00 fine after a Sabine County jury1 found him guilty of aggravated sexual assault of a
child. Turley appeals his conviction on grounds that: (1) the evidence was legally and factually
insufficient; (2) the trial court erred in finding the child victim competent to testify; (3) the trial
court erred in finding Turley‘s confession was the product of noncustodial interrogation; and
(4) his counsel was ineffective. We find the evidence to have been legally and factually sufficient
to support the trial court‘s finding that Turley committed aggravated sexual assault. We also
conclude: (1) that Turley failed to preserve his second point of error (in which he maintained that
the victim was not competent to testify); (2) that Turley‘s confessional statement to police was
admissible because Turley was not in custody when he gave his confession; and (3) that Turley‘s
counsel did not provide ineffective representation. Accordingly, we affirm the trial court‘s
judgment.
I. The Evidence Is Legally and Factually Sufficient to Support Turley’s Conviction
In considering legal sufficiency, we review the evidence, both properly and improperly
admitted, supporting Turley‘s conviction in the light most favorable to the jury‘s verdict to
determine whether any rational jury could have found the essential elements of aggravated sexual
1
Originally appealed to the Twelfth Court of Appeals, this case was transferred to this Court by the Texas Supreme
Court pursuant to its docket equalization efforts. See TEX. GOV‘T CODE ANN. § 73.001 (Vernon 2005). We are
unaware of any conflict between precedent of the Twelfth Court of Appeals and that of this Court on any relevant
issue. See TEX. R. APP. P. 41.3.
2
assault beyond a reasonable doubt. Sanders v. State, 119 S.W.3d 818, 820 (Tex. Crim. App.
2003); Hartsfield v. State, 305 S.W.3d 859, 863 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2010, pet. filed) (citing
Clayton v. State, 235 S.W.3d 772, 778 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007)). We must give deference to the
responsibility of the jury ―to fairly resolve conflicts in testimony, to weigh the evidence, and to
draw reasonable inferences from basic facts to ultimate facts.‖ Hooper v. State, 214 S.W.3d 9, 13
(Tex. Crim. App. 2007) (citing Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 318–19 (1979)).
In conducting a factual sufficiency review, we consider the evidence in a neutral light.
Watson v. State, 204 S.W.3d 404, 414 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006). The verdict will be set aside only
if (1) it is so contrary to the overwhelming weight of the evidence as to be clearly wrong and
manifestly unjust, or (2) it is against the great weight and preponderance of the evidence. Id. at
414–15 (citing Johnson v. State, 23 S.W.3d 1, 11 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000)).
Both legal and factual sufficiency are measured by the elements of the offense as defined
by a hypothetically-correct jury charge. Malik v. State, 953 S.W.2d 234, 240 (Tex. Crim. App.
1997); see also Grotti v. State, 273 S.W.3d 273, 280 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008). Under a
hypothetically-correct jury charge, Turley committed the offense of aggravated sexual assault of
D.S. if he intentionally or knowingly caused the penetration of the mouth of D.S. by his sexual
organ and D.S. was younger than fourteen years of age at the time. TEX. PENAL CODE ANN.
§ 22.021(a)(1)(B)(ii), (2)(B) (Vernon Supp. 2009). A person acts intentionally with respect to the
nature of his conduct when it is his conscious objective or desire to engage in the conduct; a person
3
acts knowingly with respect to the nature of his conduct when he is aware of the nature of his
conduct. TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 6.03 (Vernon 2003).
―The testimony of a child sexual abuse victim alone is sufficient to support a conviction for
aggravated sexual assault.‖2 Ozuna v. State, 199 S.W.3d 601, 606 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi
2006, no pet.) (citing TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 38.07 (Vernon 2005); Garcia v. State, 563
S.W.2d 925, 928 (Tex. Crim. App. 1978)). D.S. took the stand and testified Turley made her
―[s]uck his private.‖ Exhibits demonstrate that D.S. defined Turley‘s private as his penis. D.S.
was in the second grade at the time of her testimony. Intent to commit sexual assault can be
inferred from acts done. Cook v. State, 99 S.W.3d 310, 316 (Tex. App.—Eastland 2003, no pet.).
D.S. said the incident lasted ―[a]bout thirty minutes‖ and ended when something ―white . . . .
[went] into my mouth and I had to spit it out.‖ We determine that a rational jury hearing this
evidence could have found beyond a reasonable doubt that Turley intentionally or knowingly
caused the penetration of the child‘s mouth by his sexual organ.
Turley‘s arguments related to factual sufficiency posit that ―there was no actual physical
evidence whatsoever of the alleged crime,‖ and that D.S.‘s statements were unclear as to the time
the incident occurred and also varied from her mother‘s statements, which elaborated on additional
accusations of sexual abuse. Physical evidence of the aggravated sexual assault is not needed to
satisfy the State‘s burden of proof. Ozuna, 199 S.W.3d 601; Villalon v. State, 791 S.W.2d 130,
2
D.S.‘s mother also testified about several other incidents of sexual abuse in addition to D.S.‘s outcry that ―[Turley]
also had her suck his private, made her lick him.‖ We may also consider Turley‘s confession when determining
sufficiency of the evidence. The written confession is addressed in the third point of error.
4
133 (Tex. Crim. App. 1990). Further, we do not believe Turley‘s contentions demonstrate that
the jury‘s verdict was clearly wrong, manifestly unjust, or against the great weight and
preponderance of the evidence.
Because we find the evidence legally and factually sufficient, we overrule Turley‘s first
point of error.
II. Argument that D.S. Was Incompetent to Testify Was Not Preserved
The Texas Rules of Evidence state that every person is competent to be a witness except
―[c]hildren or other persons who, after being examined by the court, appear not to possess
sufficient intellect to relate transactions with respect to which they are interrogated.‖ TEX. R.
EVID. 601(a)(2). This rule creates a presumption that a person is competent to testify. Reyna v.
State, 797 S.W.2d 189, 191 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 1990, no pet.); Rodriguez v. State, 772
S.W.2d 167, 170 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1989, pet. ref‘d). Thus, an objection is
required to preserve error in the admission of testimony before we can address the issue of whether
the witness was competent to testify. Montoya v. State, 811 S.W.2d 671, 673 (Tex.
App.—Corpus Christi 1991, no pet.) (citing Carr v. State, 475 S.W.2d 755, 757 (Tex. Crim. App.
1972)).
Additionally, the Texas Rules of Appellate Procedure mandate that the record show a
complaint as to D.S.‘s competence was made to the trial court by a timely request, objection, or
motion, with sufficient specificity. TEX. R. APP. P. 33.1(a)(1). D.S. was examined outside the
5
presence of the jury. When asked to elaborate on the difference between the truth and a lie, the
child said, ―when you tell a lie, it‘s like when you hurt somebody and you don‘t tell the truth say:
No, I didn‘t. You‘re telling a truth if you tell the truth, you say: Yes, I did it.‖ The trial court
found the child competent to testify. Turley failed to object to the trial court‘s finding, and D.S.
began her testimony without complaint.
―Usually, the competence of a witness is waived when she is permitted to testify without
objection.‖ Carr, 475 S.W.2d at 757; see also McGinn v. State, 961 S.W.2d 161, 166 (Tex. Crim.
App. 1998). Unless D.S.‘s testimony shows on its face that she was incompetent to testify,
―complaint as to her incompetency raised for the first time on motion for new trial3 or on appeal
comes too late.‖ Id. Turley argues D.S. was incompetent because she could not recollect her
outcry to her mother, could not remember what she related to a caseworker during an interview,
did not have ―a clear time reference‖ in which the events and interviews occurred, and did not
remember the exact location of this particular assault. Our review of D.S.‘s testimony referenced
above, which demonstrated her ability to observe intelligently the sexual assault by Turley, recall
the event, and narrate it, leads us to conclude that the record does not establish, on its face, that
D.S. was incompetent to testify.
Therefore, we find that Turley failed to preserve this issue for our review. This second
point of error is overruled.
3
No motion for new trial was filed in this case.
6
III. Trial Court Did Not Err in Admitting Turley’s Confession
Turley filed a motion to suppress his confession alleging that his waiver of Miranda4
rights was involuntary because he had a sixth-grade education and could not read or write. ―No
written statement made by an accused as a result of custodial interrogation is admissible as
evidence against him in any criminal proceeding unless‖ the accused ―knowingly, intelligently and
voluntarily5 waived the rights‖ defined in Article 38.22, Section 2 of the Texas Code of Criminal
Procedure. 6 TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 38.22, § 2(a)(b) (Vernon 2005). Where
voluntariness of a custodial statement is challenged, the trial court must make a finding outside of
the jury‘s presence, and ―the court must enter an order stating its conclusion as to whether or not
the statement was voluntarily made, along with the specific finding of facts upon which the
conclusion was based, which order shall be filed among the papers of the cause.‖ TEX. CODE
CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 38.22, § 6 (Vernon 2005). However, the article does not preclude
admission of statements that do not stem from custodial interrogation. TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC.
ANN. art. 38.22, § 5 (Vernon 2005); see Crivello v. State, 4 S.W.3d 792, 803 (Tex.
App.—Texarkana 1999, no pet.).
4
Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966).
5
Nowhere does Turley argue that his waiver of rights was unknowing and unintelligent. The mere fact that he could
not read or write does not make his oral statement involuntary where it was reduced to writing, read back to him, and
agreed to by him after acknowledgement that he understood and waived his rights.
6
Article 38.22 of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure ―requires a slightly more elaborate set of warnings than
Miranda.‖ Wilkerson v. State, 173 S.W.3d 521, 527 n.14 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005).
7
Turley‘s point of error on appeal involves evidence given of an interrogation during an
interview; Turley claims that there was no explicit finding that the interview was noncustodial,7
and therefore, that the court erred in failing to provide a written order as to its finding that the
statement was voluntarily made. When a trial court denies a motion to suppress and does not
enter findings of fact, the evidence is viewed ―in the light most favorable to the trial court‘s ruling‖
and we ―assume that the trial court made implicit findings of fact that support its ruling as long as
those findings are supported by the record.‖ Herrera v. State, 241 S.W.3d 520, 527 (Tex. Crim.
App. 2007). The determination of whether Turley‘s interrogation was custodial presents a
mixed question of law and fact. Id. at 526. We afford almost total deference to a ―custody‖
determination when questions of historical fact turn on credibility and demeanor, but will review
application to the law de novo. Id. at 526–27.
Turley was ―in ‗custody‘ only if, under the circumstances, a reasonable person would
believe that his freedom of movement was restrained to the degree associated with a formal
arrest.‖ Dowthitt v. State, 931 S.W.2d 244, 254 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996) (citing Stansbury v.
California, 511 U.S. 318 (1994)). Just because police question someone at a police station does
not necessarily constitute proof in and of itself that the person being questioned is in custody at that
7
Turley‘s point of error alleges that the trial court erred in failing to determine whether the interrogation was custodial
or noncustodial. Because the statement was admitted without entry of an order, we imply the finding that the
statement was noncustodial. Had the court found the interrogation was custodial, it would be required to enter a
written order complying with the mandatory requirements of Article 38.22 ―regardless of whether or not defendant
objects to failure to do so.‖ Lacca v. State, 696 S.W.2d 645 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1985, pet. ref‘d)
(remedy of trial court‘s error is abatement of appeal and order to trial court to make required findings).
8
time. There are four general situations in which custody may have occurred: (1) if Turley was
physically deprived of his freedom of action in any significant way, (2) if law enforcement officers
told Turley that he could not leave, (3) if law enforcement officers created a situation that would
lead a reasonable person to believe that freedom of movement was significantly restricted, and
(4) if there was probable cause to arrest and law enforcement officers did not tell Turley that he
was free to leave. Id. at 255. With regard to the first three situations, ―restriction upon freedom
of movement must amount to the degree associated with an arrest as opposed to an investigative
detention.‖ Id. With regard to the last of the four situations, ―the police must manifest the
information to the suspect, so that a reasonable person would believe he or she is under restraint to
the degree associated with an arrest.‖ Martinez v. State, 171 S.W.3d 422, 430 (Tex.
App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2005, no pet.); State v. Rodriguez, 986 S.W.2d 326, 330 (Tex.
App.—El Paso 1999, pet. ref‘d).
Officer George Griffith initially met with Turley on September 10, 2009, and obtained a
statement denying sexual assault, the admission of which was not challenged. On September 30,
Turley voluntarily went to the police station and submitted to a polygraph examination. After that
examination had been completed, Griffith was advised that Turley wanted to speak with him.
Turley was read his Miranda rights and submitted to an interview.8 The warnings, which Turley
initialed after they were read to him, included his right to remain silent, right to have a lawyer
8
―Mere recitation of such [Miranda] warnings is more indicative of proper cautiousness than it is of the officer‘s intent
to arrest.‖ Dancy v. State, 728 S.W.2d 772, 777 (Tex. Crim. App. 1987).
9
present, and right to terminate the interview at any time. Griffith explained that no force was
used, Turley was not in handcuffs, was not arrested, and was free to leave at any point. He could
not remember if the interview lasted for more than an hour or two. Because Turley could not read
or write due to his illiteracy, his statements were typed by Griffith and were read back to him in the
presence of notary public Kellee Horn. The statement read:
I, Jessee Wayne Turley was at Lake View Park with my 2 kids Aron Turley and
[D.S.]. While we were swimming [D.S.] jerked my shorts down and grabbed my
penis and tried to stick it in her mouth. [D.S.] may have got my penis in her mouth
I am not sure because I jerked back, and told her that I needed to get her some help.
This happe[ne]d this past summer while she was staying with me . . . .
Horn testified that after the statement was read, Griffith asked, ―Is that what you wanted me
to put in there,‖ to which Turley responded, ―Yes, sir.‖ Horn witnessed and notarized Turley‘s
signature on the statement, and believed that he made the statement knowingly and intelligently in
the absence of duress. Because Turley was free to leave, he departed the station and was not
arrested until October 6, 2009.
―At trial, the defendant bears the initial burden of proving that a statement was the product
of ‗custodial interrogation.‘‖ Herrera, 241 S.W.3d at 526. There was no evidence establishing
Turley was physically deprived of his freedom of action in any significant way, or that he was told
he could not leave. Griffith‘s testimony demonstrates Turley voluntarily arrived at the police
station and asked to speak with Griffith. No physical restraints or duress were used, and no other
facts suggest that Griffith created a situation that would lead a reasonable person to believe that
10
freedom of movement was significantly restricted. The fact that Turley was allowed to leave the
police station after the interview is further evidence that he was not in custody at that time.
Although there may have been probable cause to arrest Turley because D.S.‘s outcry was known to
officers, there is no evidence suggesting Griffith failed to tell Turley that he was free to leave.
Thus, we find that Turley‘s statement was the product of a noncustodial interview. See Estrada v.
State, 313 S.W.3d 274 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010) (interrogation of over five hours not custodial
where defendant came to station voluntarily and told he was free to leave); Dancy, 728 S.W.2d at
778–79 (thirty-eight-minute interview not custodial interrogation even where suspect
accompanied officers to police station and gave hair samples). As such, the trial court was not
required to enter a written order finding Turley‘s statements to be voluntary.9
Turley‘s points of error with regard to his confession are overruled.
IV. Turley Was Not Denied Effective Assistance of Counsel
Turley alleges that his counsel rendered ineffective assistance. In analyzing this point of
error, we start with the rule that any allegation of ineffectiveness must be firmly founded in the
record. Wallace v. State, 75 S.W.3d 576, 589 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2002), aff’d, 106 S.W.3d
103 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003); Goodspeed v. State, 187 S.W.3d 390, 392 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005);
Thompson v. State, 9 S.W.3d 808, 813 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999). From the record received by this
Court, which does not include counsel‘s reasons for the alleged failures, Turley bears the burden of
proving that counsel was ineffective by a preponderance of the evidence. Goodspeed, 187
9
Again, we note that Turley does not allege on appeal that the statement was made involuntarily.
11
S.W.3d at 392; Cannon v. State, 668 S.W.2d 401, 403 (Tex. Crim. App. 1984); Thompson, 9
S.W.3d at 813.
We apply the two-pronged Strickland test handed down by the United States Supreme
Court to determine whether Turley received ineffective assistance of counsel. Strickland v.
Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984). First, Turley must show counsel‘s performance fell below an
objective standard of reasonableness when considering prevailing professional norms. Id. at
687–88. There is a strong presumption that counsel‘s conduct fell within the wide range of
reasonable professional assistance and that the challenged action could be considered sound trial
strategy. Id. at 689; Ex parte White, 160 S.W.3d 46, 51 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004); Tong v. State, 25
S.W.3d 707, 712 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000). Therefore, we will not second guess the strategy of
Turley‘s counsel at trial through hindsight. Blott v. State, 588 S.W.2d 588, 592 (Tex. Crim. App.
1979); Hall v. State, 161 S.W.3d 142, 152 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2005, pet. ref‘d).
Without analysis, Turley provides the following laundry list of alleged errors committed by
counsel:
i. Failing to call witnesses for the Defendant at the guilt/innocence phase of
trial, although witnesses had been subpoenaed;
ii. Failing to call witnesses for the Defendant at the punishment phase of the
trial;
iii. Failing to seek to admit the video interrogation of the child witness;
iv. Failing to lodge proper objections to the competency of the child witness
to testify;
v. Failing to file proper pre-trial motions;
vi. Failing to file a motion to dismiss the indictment;
vii. Failing to hire a defense expert;
12
viii. Failing to properly cross-examine witnesses; and
ix. Filing a Notice of Appeal and Motion to Withdraw as Counsel
simultaneously, without first filing a Motion for New Trial.
In this case, since the record is silent as to why counsel failed to make an objection or take certain
actions, we will assume it was due to any strategic motivation that can be imagined. Mata v.
State, 226 S.W.3d 425, 431 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007); Garcia v. State, 57 S.W.3d 436, 440 (Tex.
Crim. App. 2001); Fox v. State, 175 S.W.3d 475, 485–86 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2005, pet.
ref‘d). There is no indication that calling any witnesses for Turley during either the
guilt/innocence or punishment phase would be helpful to Turley. The decision not to call
witnesses could have been a strategic choice. We cannot fathom, absent argument to the contrary,
why Turley‘s counsel would prefer admission of D.S.‘s video recorded interview; the interview
itself might have elicited sympathy from the jury and would certainly have been redundant of the
same story the child gave from the stand, further impressing it on the minds of the jurors. The
finding that D.S. was competent was made in front of the jury. Turley‘s counsel could have
decided not to object because he believed D.S. was competent and reasoned that an objection in
front of the jury might give the appearance Turley was attempting to hide key evidence and/or that
D.S.‘s credibility might be bolstered if the trial court overruled his objection. Next, Turley does
not elaborate on what pretrial motions should have been filed, what basis would support a motion
to dismiss the indictment, and why he would be entitled to a defense expert. The record
demonstrates that counsel adequately cross-examined each of the State‘s witnesses, and there is no
indication as to why his examination was inadequate. Finally, the trial court imposed its sentence
13
on February 23, 2010, trial counsel withdrew on March 18, 2010, and appellate counsel was
appointed on the same day. Thus, appellate counsel was free to file a motion for new trial. See
TEX. R. APP. P. 21.4. Trial counsel might have been aware of the timing of the appointment and
could have decided to let appellate counsel (presumably skilled in appellate work and cognizant of
the steps which would further the chances for a successful appeal) file a motion for new trial if it
was deemed by appellate counsel to be advisable or necessary. In addition, Turley‘s brief fails to
address what meritorious grounds would be available to support the motion for new trial. We find
that Turley failed to establish the first Strickland prong. Failure to satisfy either prong of the
Strickland test is fatal. Ex parte Martinez, 195 S.W.3d 713, 730 n.14 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006).
Nevertheless, to meet the second prong of the Strickland test, Turley was required to show
that the deficient performance damaged his defense such that there was a reasonable probability10
that the result of the proceeding would have been different. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687; Tong, 25
S.W.3d at 712. Turley fails to adequately brief this second Strickland prong. Given the evidence
which we found sufficient to support his conviction, we conclude Turley did not meet his burden
to prove, by a reasonable probability, that the result of the proceeding would have been different.
We overrule Turley‘s last point of error.
10
A reasonable probability ―is a probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome.‖ Mitchell v. State, 68
S.W.3d 640, 642 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002).
14
V. Conclusion
We affirm the trial court‘s judgment.
Bailey C. Moseley
Justice
Date Submitted: August 13, 2010
Date Decided: September 1, 2010
Do Not Publish
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