in the Interest of J.P., Minor Child

COURT OF APPEALS
SECOND DISTRICT OF TEXAS
FORT WORTH

NO. 02-13-00095-CV

IN THE INTEREST OF
J.P., MINOR CHILD

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FROM COUNTY COURT AT LAW NO. 1 OF WICHITA COUNTY

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MEMORANDUM OPINION1
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I. Introduction

In two issues, Appellant Father appeals the termination of his parental

rights to J.P. We affirm.

1
See Tex. R. App. P. 47.4.
 II. Procedural Background

J.P. was removed from his mother S.M. in 2006. We affirmed the

termination of S.M.‘s parental rights to him but reversed the termination of

Father‘s parental rights to J.P. after concluding that, as to Father, the evidence

was factually insufficient to support the jury‘s best interest finding. In re J.P., No.

02-10-00448-CV, 2012 WL 579481, at *1, *4 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth Feb. 23,

2012, no pet.) (mem. op. on reh‘g). We remanded the portion of the case

pertaining to Father for a new trial. Id. at *10. On February 26, 2013, the trial

court held the new trial and terminated Father‘s parental rights to J.P. again.

This appeal followed.

III. Best Interest of the Child

In two issues, Father argues that the evidence is legally and factually

insufficient to support the trial court‘s best interest finding.

A. Standards of Review

In a termination case, the State seeks not just to limit parental rights but to

erase them permanently—to divest the parent and child of all legal rights,

privileges, duties, and powers normally existing between them, except the child‘s

right to inherit. Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 161.206(b) (West 2008); Holick v. Smith,

685 S.W.2d 18, 20 (Tex. 1985). Consequently, ―[w]hen the State seeks to sever

permanently the relationship between a parent and a child, it must first observe

fundamentally fair procedures.‖ In re E.R., 385 S.W.3d 552, 554 (Tex. 2012)

(citing Santosky v. Kramer, 455 U.S. 745, 747–48, 102 S. Ct. 1388, 1391–92

2
(1982)). We strictly scrutinize termination proceedings and strictly construe

involuntary termination statutes in favor of the parent. Holick, 685 S.W.2d at 20–

21.

Termination decisions must be supported by clear and convincing

evidence. Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 161.001 (West Supp. 2012), § 161.206(a)

(West 2008). Due process demands this heightened standard because ―[a]

parental rights termination proceeding encumbers a value ‗far more precious

than any property right.‘‖ E.R., 385 S.W.3d at 555 (quoting Santosky, 455 U.S.

at 758–59, 102 S. Ct. at 1397); In re J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d 256, 263 (Tex. 2002); see

In re J.A.J., 243 S.W.3d 611, 616 (Tex. 2007) (contrasting standards for

termination and conservatorship). Evidence is clear and convincing if it ―will

produce in the mind of the trier of fact a firm belief or conviction as to the truth of

the allegations sought to be established.‖ Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 101.007 (West

2008).

In evaluating the evidence for legal sufficiency to support the trial court‘s

best interest finding, we must determine whether the evidence is such that a

factfinder could reasonably form a firm belief or conviction that termination of

Father‘s parental rights was in the child‘s best interest. In re J.P.B., 180 S.W.3d

570, 573 (Tex. 2005). We review all the evidence in the light most favorable to

the finding and judgment. Id. We resolve any disputed facts in favor of the

finding if a reasonable factfinder could have done so. Id. We disregard all

evidence that a reasonable factfinder could have disbelieved. Id. We consider

3
undisputed evidence even if it is contrary to the finding. Id. That is, we consider

evidence favorable to termination if a reasonable factfinder could, and we

disregard contrary evidence unless a reasonable factfinder could not. Id.

We cannot weigh witness credibility issues that depend on the appearance

and demeanor of the witnesses, for that is the factfinder‘s province. Id. at 573,

574. And even when credibility issues appear in the appellate record, we defer

to the factfinder‘s determinations as long as they are not unreasonable. Id. at

573.

In reviewing the evidence for factual sufficiency, we give due deference to

the factfinder‘s findings and do not supplant the judgment with our own. In re

H.R.M., 209 S.W.3d 105, 108 (Tex. 2006). We determine whether, on the entire

record, a factfinder could reasonably form a firm conviction or belief that

termination of the parent-child relationship would be in the child‘s best interest.

Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 161.001(2); In re C.H., 89 S.W.3d 17, 28 (Tex. 2002). If,

in light of the entire record, the disputed evidence that a reasonable factfinder

could not have credited in favor of the finding is so significant that a factfinder

could not reasonably have formed a firm belief or conviction in the truth of its

finding, then the evidence is factually insufficient. H.R.M., 209 S.W.3d at 108.

B. Evidence

The following individuals testified at the February 2013 trial: Child

Protective Services (CPS) adoption specialist Tammy Durham, who was J.P.‘s

CPS caseworker from March 2007 to April 2008; Linda Johnson, J.P.‘s CPS

4
caseworker from April 2008 through the time of the trial; and John Nunn, the

plant manager of the company where Father had worked until November 12,

2012. J.P. testified via video deposition. Father failed to appear, although his

attorney acknowledged that Father knew about the trial.

The trial court took judicial notice of the contents of its file upon DFPS‘s

request and admitted into evidence J.P.‘s mental health, medical, and school

records. It also admitted Father‘s police records and his mental health care

provider records, which included his July 21, 2008 substance abuse assessment

and his August 2008 psychological evaluation.

1. J.P.

J.P., who was born on June 4, 1999, had been in the State‘s care for

almost seven years—almost half of his life—by the time of the second trial. His

mother S.M. was bipolar, and her history of incarceration had led to the neglect

and abandonment of J.P. and her other five children. As J.P. was the oldest,

S.M. left him in charge of his siblings. S.M. and Father never married, and

Father had two older sons by another woman. J.P. reported during a psychiatric

evaluation that both S.M. and Father had abused drugs in the past and that S.M.

had been involved with men who physically mistreated her.

5
 Depression had been a longstanding problem for J.P., along with anger

management.2 He also suffered from dyslexia and attention deficit–hyperactivity

disorder and had to have special education accommodations. J.P. repeated the

first grade and had trouble making friends. The social history section of his

March 10, 2011 psychological evaluation reflected that J.P. was a weak student

who commonly presented behavior problems but who was an excellent athlete.3

S.M. frequently moved, and from 2002 to 2007, J.P. attended at least

seven different schools. When J.P. was withdrawn from school in early 2008

because of another move, his attendance reflected that for the six-week period,

he had been present for eighty-three days and absent for thirty-six, and that

twenty-eight of the absences were unexcused. Durham testified that because

S.M. had performed her CPS services, the children had to be returned to her on

a monitored return. Durham agreed that this had been a ―miserable failure,‖

leading to the children‘s second removal.

The trial court admitted photographs of the house from which J.P. and the

other children were ultimately removed from S.M. again. The photos were taken

in March 2008. One of the photos showed feces on the bathroom walls. Other

2
In 2007, J.P.‘s emergency consent form signed by his mother reflected
that J.P. suffered from depression and ―psychotic features‖ and that he was
taking Lexapro and Respiderol.
3
In May 2006, J.P. received a D for the year in English and an F for the
year in Reading. As of October 2007, J.P. continued to fail English and Reading
but consistently had at least Bs in math, science, and social studies.

6
photos showed broken boards with nails poking out. The house did not have a

refrigerator or running water. J.P. was around eight or nine years old when he

lived there. Durham had no personal knowledge that Father had seen the house

in that condition. However, Johnson testified that when the photos of S.M.‘s

house were introduced at the November 2010 trial, Father looked at them, said

that he did not see anything wrong with J.P. living there, and said, ―That‘s the

way black people live.‖ Durham said that when she would ask Father about

having J.P. live with him, Father ―would always tell [her] that he didn‘t want [J.P.]

to come live with him, that he wanted [J.P.] to go live with [S.M.]‖ because Father

could not take care of him.

Durham said that during the case, J.P. started experiencing significant

emotional and mental issues and was hospitalized three times due to his out-of-

control and difficult-to-manage behaviors. See J.P., 2012 WL 579481, at *5.

While J.P. was still living with S.M., he was hospitalized for a couple of days in a

psychiatric hospital for hallucinations and depression. J.P. was referred to

University Behavioral Health (UBH) in Denton by Bowie Memorial Hospital on

November 5, 2009, because he had written a note saying, ―I want to kill me,‖ 4

had threatened to cut off his foster sister‘s head, had hit other siblings in the

4
Johnson testified that at some point before being placed in the residential
treatment center, J.P. had become suicidal after a friend died in a car accident.
We noted in our 2012 opinion that because of J.P.‘s difficulties in dealing with the
death of his friend, ―a reasonable concern exists as to how J.P. would handle
having Father removed from his life.‖ 2012 WL 579481, at *6.

7
home, and had stabbed his hand with scissors. UBH changed J.P.‘s medication

from Lexapro to Prozac and introduced J.P. to new coping skills, anger

management, and self-control techniques. UBH discharged him on November

18, 2009, noting significant improvement since his admission. UBH diagnosed

J.P. with ―major depressive disorder, recurrent, severe, without psychosis,‖ and

―oppositional defiant disorder.‖ J.P. again went into inpatient care from June 29,

2010 to July 15, 2010, upon his removal from a foster home due to excessive

defiance.5

J.P. was then moved from inpatient treatment to a residential treatment

center6 because, according to his medical records, he was ―struggling with

increased aggression and violent outbursts,‖ and posed an ―increased risk to

[foster] family members,‖ requiring a structured environment.7 J.P. was placed in

5
As we noted in our 2012 opinion, ―J.P. had multiple ‗meltdowns‘; it was
hard for him to cope with the regular stresses of life. J.P. experienced
meltdowns at school that resulted in numerous calls to his foster parents and to
CPS. J.P. was almost expelled from school because of his behavior.‖ 2012 WL
579481, at *5.
6
Johnson explained that a residential treatment center is a live-in
residential program where children with serious mental or emotional problems
receive intensive counseling.
7
Johnson stated that J.P. had been placed in the residential treatment
center because he had had serious ―meltdowns‖ both at school and in his foster
home that were causing him to become aggressive and violent with the little
children in the home. By the time of the 2013 trial, J.P. still had no contact with
his younger brother because at the time he was placed in the residential
treatment center, J.P. had been screaming at him, spitting in his face, yanking
him, pushing him, and throwing things at him. Johnson described J.P.‘s
meltdowns as ―[he] would stop answering questions, stop talking, he would hide
8
residential treatment ―due to his serious difficulty managing his emotions and

behaviors on a daily basis,‖ and one of his goals in treatment was ―to stop

beating up his brother.‖ Johnson stated that although it was standard for a child

to spend six months to a year in a residential treatment center, J.P. spent around

eighteen months. J.P. had been in the residential treatment center for three or

four months at the time of the first termination trial. J.P., 2012 WL 579481, at *5.

During his course of treatment, J.P.‘s behavior—which included aggressive

outbursts, head-butting staff, hitting his head on the wall,8 attempting to bite

himself and others, using profanity with staff, and ripping up his clothing—led to

him being placed in restraints from time to time and to being placed in seclusion.

In October 2010, J.P.‘s therapist informed him that S.M. would be

participating in a visit, and J.P. ―expressed excitement and anticipation.‖

However, after her visit, J.P.‘s negative behavior increased. Around November

2010, S.M.‘s parental rights were terminated by the trial court, and J.P. reported

to a staff member and to his therapist that he was sad ―because he wasn‘t going

to be able to see his mom until he was eighteen.‖ During this time, J.P.‘s

behavior worsened.

behind a couch or get under the table and refuse to come out and refuse to
speak to anybody.‖
8
J.P. told the residential treatment center staff, ―I bang my head to get my
anger.‖

9
 In January 2011, J.P.‘s therapist informed him that S.M. and Father would

be coming for a supervised termination visit, because at the time, it appeared

that both parents‘ rights had been terminated and they would no longer have

contact with him until he turned eighteen. The post-visit notes indicate that J.P.

was able to manage his emotions and behaviors both pre- and post-visit. But

while J.P. ―expressed appropriate levels of sadness related to termination contact

with family,‖ he later again had difficulty managing his emotions and behaviors.

In mid-March 2011, J.P. ―expressed confusion related to the idea that he

was not to have contact with family members until he turned 18,‖ and the

therapist tried to help him understand that his parents ―were unable to provide an

environment that was in his best interest and, as a result, they enlisted the help

of the State to help raise‖ him. J.P.‘s behavior again took a turn for the worse.

The doctor who performed J.P.‘s March 10, 2011 psychological evaluation

reflected that when J.P. ―becomes overwhelmed by troubled thoughts or

feelings[,] he may rapidly fall into emotional and behavioral decline‖ and that

because J.P. had focused so heavily on his own unmet emotional needs

throughout childhood, he ―lacks the capacity to empathize with people or see

points of view different than his.‖ The doctor‘s recommendations for J.P.

included the following:

1. [J.P.] is aware that he will eventually discharge from this facility to
a less restrictive setting. He seems accepting of whatever
happens next, but very much hopes he can succeed in a home
setting since he wants to belong to someone. He will continue to

10
 need strong behavioral supervision since he remains at risk for
varied types and degrees of misconduct.

2. [J.P.] is currently provided psychiatric consultation and needs
continued psychiatric treatment. It should be noted, however,
that his behavior pattern stems from underlying identity problems
and family failure as much as biological factors. Involvement in
therapy that emphasizes improved impulse control and
strengthening his identity is needed.

3. [J.P.] is a very weak student, particularly in reading and spelling,
who needs educational remediation at school. Success in school
can contribute to prosocial behaviors. Given his history of both
academic and behavior problems, special education program
should be considered.

In April 2011, J.P. accused his therapist of lying to him after the therapist

explained that the visit with his parents had been a termination visit and

reminded J.P. that he would not be able to speak with or see them again until he

turned eighteen. J.P. replied that CPS had said he was having a termination

session with S.M., and then several months later, he saw both S.M. and Father.

His therapist interpreted that J.P.‘s understanding of the termination ―has been

complicated due to the inconsistency with what was said and then what was

done in terms of one additional visit for his mother.‖ J.P.‘s behavior, which

included property destruction, disruptions, and suicidal ideation, required multiple

and frequent redirections. J.P. expressed that he would act out until he was able

to see his parents, and in June, July, August, and September 2011, J.P.‘s

therapist noted that his continued behavioral infractions, some of which included

verbal aggression, program disruptions, and punching and kicking the walls,

stemmed from his frustration and sadness about not seeing his parents until he

11
turned eighteen. However, by October 2011, J.P.‘s behavior had improved, and

he started expressing ―pride and optimism about his treatment.‖

During his course of treatment with medication modifications—including

Risperdal, Prozac, Intuniv, and Thorazine—J.P.‘s anger steadily dissipated and

he was able to interact appropriately with his peers and to identify alternative

coping strategies to express his irritability and agitation without aggressiveness

or bullying.

On January 2, 2012, the residential treatment center discharged J.P. into

CPS caseworker Johnson‘s care for a foster home placement with Coach

Tillman,9 who coached basketball and volleyball at J.P.‘s school. J.P.‘s

discharge diagnosis consisted of a not-otherwise-specified mood disorder and

oppositional defiant disorder, treated with Abilify and Intuniv.

J.P. had another psychological evaluation in April and May 2012. In the

evaluation, J.P. was diagnosed with moderate depression and was described as

oversensitive and characterized by

his apprehensiveness and fearfulness, his ambivalent desire for
warmth and attachment, a marked depreciation of self-worth, and
social oversensitivity, all combined with a need for emotional
support, shyness, and hesitation with peers. Also evident is erratic
and unpredictable behavior in family relationships. He wants
closeness and affection, but he may self-protectively deny or restrain
his desires. He is often anxious, feels friendless, experiences
recurrent attentional difficulties, and frequently feels a pervasive
disharmony of mood. Fearing abandonment, he may act out or

9
We use pseudonyms for the names of any caregivers and family
members, to protect the child‘s identity. See Tex. R. App. P. 9.8 & cmt.

12
 become irritably resentful. Overconcerned with social rebuff, a worry
that is often intensified by his erratic tendencies, he may elicit the
rejection he fears, particularly from peers and family.

By the time of the second trial on February 26, 2013, J.P. was taking only

one medication to treat his depression, he was still seeing a counselor, and he

had been living with Tillman for a year.

J.P.‘s video deposition was played to the trial court. J.P. was thirteen at

the time of his video deposition. In his deposition, J.P. stated that he had ―no

clue‖ when asked how long it had been since he had last seen Father, but he

agreed that it had been a long time and that he missed and loved Father. When

Father‘s attorney asked J.P. whether he understood whether Father‘s rights to

him could be terminated in the trial, J.P. answered, ―Yes, sir,‖ and J.P. agreed

that he understood that this meant that he would not be able to see Father until

he turned eighteen. When Father‘s attorney asked if that was something he

wanted, J.P. said, ―No sir.‖ When Father‘s attorney asked him if he wanted to be

able to see Father, J.P. said, ―Yes, sir.‖ And when Father‘s attorney asked him if

he wanted to continue having visits with Father, even if Father could not take

care of him because of Father‘s situation, J.P. said, ―Yes, sir.‖

J.P. said that Math was his favorite subject and that he did well on his last

report card, making As and Bs. J.P. agreed that before he lived with Tillman, his

grades were not very good. He also agreed that Tillman helped him, that he

loved her, and that she treated him well and made him do his homework. She

also let him talk with her when he had a problem.

13
 J.P. testified that he did chores to earn money, including taking out the

trash and walking Bella the dog. J.P. stated that he liked living with Tillman and

wanted to keep living there because ―[he had] lots of friends there and people

who care about [him] there,‖ including Tillman. J.P. stated that he would like for

Tillman to adopt him like she had adopted his sister Tamara and that he would

take her last name.

J.P. said that when he still lived with S.M., no one made him do homework

or clean his room; when DFPS‘s attorney asked him if it had seemed like anyone

really cared about him back then, J.P. said, ―No.‖ He also said that before CPS

became involved, he did not always feel safe. In contrast, Tillman did all of those

things, and he said that he thought Tillman loved him, even when he got on her

bad side and even when she made him do homework, and that he felt safe at

Tillman‘s house. He agreed that being at Tillman‘s was a good place for him,

that Tillman was helping him prepare for his future, and that he had not been

getting that help before living with her. J.P. indicated that if the trial court said he

could stay with Tillman forever, that would make him happy.

When Father‘s attorney asked him whether he understood that being

adopted meant that Father‘s rights to him would have to be terminated, J.P.

replied, ―Yes, sir.‖ He also said, ―Yes, sir,‖ when asked whether he understood

that it meant he would not be able to see Father anymore. When Father‘s

attorney asked him whether that was what he wanted, J.P. said that he did not

14
know. And when Father‘s attorney asked him if he wanted a way to live with

Tillman but still be able to see Father, J.P. said, ―Yes, sir.‖

J.P.‘s affect throughout the entire deposition was somber and subdued,

and it did not change much except when he talked about sports, his good

grades,10 his videogames, his art class drawings, and the family dog or when he

explained how his little sister Tamara could be a ―tattletale pain,‖ even though he

still loved her.

Durham contrasted J.P.‘s ability to successfully communicate and testify

with the fact that during her involvement in his CPS case, he would not talk with

anyone or even look anyone in the eye. Durham said that J.P. had progressed

from the beginning of the case, to his benefit, and said that if she had been

asked about his ability to become a functional member of society five years

before, her answer would have been different because of the direction he had

appeared to be heading at the time.

Johnson described the changes she saw in J.P. after November 2010,

stating,

He was really positive about having older boys as siblings. He
liked the neighborhood where he lived. He liked having the freedom
of going outside, shooting baskets, throwing the ball. He got to
participate in sports at school, and that was something that if his
behaviors didn‘t warrant it, he wouldn‘t get to play.

10
Johnson testified that she had not been called to any meetings at J.P.‘s
school in the last six or seven months before the second trial, and she said that
J.P. had told her that he was not having any problems at school.

15
Johnson also stated that although when J.P. was first placed with Tillman, his

grades were marginal, during the last school year, his grades had been all As

and Bs, which she could not have imagined three years before. Johnson said

that J.P. had developed patience with the two little girls who lived there and that

he and the two other boys act like siblings.

In 2012, Durham saw J.P. at his sisters‘ adoptions because she had

become their adoption worker. J.P., who was there because Tillman was

adopting Tamara, gave Durham a hug when she saw him. Durham stated that

all of S.M.‘s other children had been adopted.

2. Father

In his July 21, 2008 substance abuse assessment, Father stated that S.M.

had not been able to properly care for J.P., and he acknowledged that J.P. had

not been going to school when J.P. lived with S.M. Father said that the last time

he, J.P., and S.M. had lived together had been around 2004. Father also stated

that he had no contact with his two older sons but that child support was taken

out of his paychecks. Father said that his family history was no one‘s business.

Father also said that he was a social drinker and that he had started

smoking marijuana on a regular basis when he was eighteen but that at the time

of the assessment, he did so ―infrequently.‖ He had also started using cocaine at

around eighteen and had smoked it two weeks before the assessment. The

intake worker recommended that Father have individual therapy on an ongoing

basis, as well as random urinalysis drug tests to ensure that he remained drug-

16
free, and indicated that Father needed to be held responsible for his behavior ―to

the utmost degree.‖ Johnson stated that during the November 2010 trial, Father

admitted to having used cocaine within the last month before trial, crack cocaine

a couple of weeks before the trial, and marijuana a week before the trial and said

he would take ―[a]nything [he] like[d] to get down [him].‖

Durham said that although Father‘s service plan required him to take

urinalysis exams, he specifically refused, telling her that he would test positive.

Durham testified that Father told her most of the time that he would test positive

for marijuana but that sometimes he would not tell her what he would test

positive for. Johnson stated that when Father took drug tests from her, they were

not always negative, even though she had discussed with him the necessity of

remaining drug-free. Father would sometimes refuse to take drug tests and

sometimes he told Johnson that there was no need to test him because the

results would be positive. Johnson said that Father had always admitted to her

that he continued to use drugs and that he told her that using cocaine would not

have any effect on raising a child and had never affected him in raising his other,

older children.

In Father‘s 2008 psychological evaluation, he stated that he lived alone

and had been in special education in school. His test results showed evidence of

a reading disorder and relatively problematic emotional functioning, with

significant suspiciousness and distorted perception. The evaluator concluded

that

17
 [i]t seems that this patient has a number of risk factors which may
make his parenting a child in a safe manner unlikely. If he has
maximal support and a spouse or significant other who is strongly
committed to children, then this might be overcome, but if the patient
is living alone as he is now, it is unlikely he will be able to care for a
child effectively.

Because Father was almost completely illiterate, Durham and Johnson both went

over his family service plan verbally.

Johnson said that Father had testified in the previous trial that S.M. had

stabbed him with a knife and would hit, kick, or push him at least once or twice a

month, that she had pushed something through the window and broke it, and that

she had hit Father over the head with a vase.11 Johnson said that Father then

said, ―[W]omen are like that and that that wasn‘t that bad.‖ Johnson agreed that

Father also said that when S.M. had hit him with the vase, that he thought that

was his fault ―because he had his other baby mama in the house at the same

time.‖

Durham and Johnson both interacted with Father during weekly visitations

or through his workplace because Father had no permanent home address and

11
Father‘s police records stated that on September 14, 1999, when S.M.,
Father, and J.P. still lived together, ―Subject was attacked by a member of his
household with a kitchen knife and meat fork.‖ Father told the police that he was
held at knife point in a bathroom for around thirty minutes until he was able to run
from the house and call the police. The police arrested S.M. for aggravated
assault (family violence), but the case was later dismissed. S.M. also assaulted
Father‘s live-in girlfriend in 2001, but that case was inactivated ―due to the
apparent lack of concern displayed by the victim.‖ In 2008, Father told the
person collecting his data for his alcohol and drug assessment that he had been
arrested twice—once for trespassing, for which he received six months‘
probation, and once for burglary of a building, which led to a conviction.
18
did not keep CPS informed of his changes in address. Johnson said that Father

testified in November 2010 that he did not tell CPS where he was many times

because it was none of their business. During the November 2010 trial, Father

had been working fifty hours per week at $8.40 an hour and was receiving

overtime at time and a half; when asked why he did not have his own place,

Father said that it was because he did not have enough money.

Johnson testified that Father did not appear for voir dire at the first

termination trial. After the jury terminated his parental rights in the first trial,

Father no longer had to pay child support, and the trial court refused to allow him

any further visitation. Johnson had not seen Father since a court-ordered

mediation in October 2012 despite her attempts to locate him, including her

attempts during the week before trial.12

Father had worked for the same employer for around fifteen years. Nunn

testified that Father had been injured on the job but had already been released

back to work by the time he was terminated in November 2012. Johnson also

stated that during the November 2010 trial, Father had testified that he had been

having problems with his ―Mexican coworkers‖ and that he had said that he was

going to pull out his knife and cut someone, knowing he would end up in jail, so

12
Johnson stated that in the week before trial, she had spoken with Nunn,
the plant manager at Father‘s former workplace, ―looked on Vinelink to see if he
was incarcerated in a county jail,‖ checked the Wichita County jail list, tried old
phone numbers of Father‘s relatives in Sherman, and contacted the Sherman
County jail. Johnson also said that she had attempted to contact Father‘s middle
son, C.P., through his Facebook account but that C.P. did not respond.

19
that they would not ―mess with [him] no more.‖ She also said that Father had

testified that he would get so angry that he could not focus and that he told

someone that the only reason he was in the situation with CPS was ―some white

woman wants my kid.‖13 Father told Nunn that he was going to Sherman, Texas,

and in late December, Father called Nunn and gave him an address for sending

his W-2 form.

3. Tillman

Four other children—Matt, Darren, Barbara, and Tamara—all of whom

Tillman had adopted, lived with J.P. at Tillman‘s house. Tamara is J.P.‘s eight-

year-old sister, and J.P. testified that they were close. Two more of J.P.‘s sisters

had been adopted by someone who lived in the same town, and he liked being

able to see them frequently.

CPS reported in its August 2012 placement review report that J.P. had

made a great adjustment to his foster home with Tillman since moving there on

January 2, 2012, and had bonded with the other boys in the family, who were

close to his age. J.P. was described as ―very respectful in his foster home where

he has consistent discipline, expectations, and love,‖ had bonded with Tillman

and her extended family, and had become the family dog‘s ―favorite person.‖

13
J.P.‘s first foster family had been interested in adopting J.P. but then
withdrew. Tillman is African-American, and three of the four adopted children
living in her home are African-American.

20
 Johnson said that when J.P. was initially placed with Tillman, he had a few

meltdowns at school but that Tillman would not give up on him. Tillman stayed in

touch with both Johnson and the school, and ―everybody tried to remain on the

same page and executed the same type of response to [J.P.‘s] behaviors.‖

Johnson said that this was a consistency that she had not seen before.

4. Father’s Relationship with J.P.

Johnson agreed that J.P. and Father loved each other and were bonded,

and she said that she was not surprised that J.P. still loved Father and wanted to

see him. Durham stated that Father consistently paid child support and that he

was fairly consistent in his visits with J.P., which she said were basically

appropriate when she had the case. However, Johnson said that Father was not

always consistent in his dealings with J.P. and that she had seen Father say

things to J.P. that were inappropriate, hurt J.P.‘s feelings, or caused other

problems.

Johnson gave the following testimony about how Father, during the

November 2010 trial, addressed J.P.‘s mental health issue with regard to suicide:

Q. Now, you testified in November and [Father] testified he
didn‘t know that that was why the Department thought [J.P.] was
suicidal, right?

A. He did, yes.

Q. Were you present and do you recall [Father], when I
questioned him about what would he tell his son, that he
responded[,] [―]I would tell him, [‗]You [k]now, everybody‘s gonna die,
[J.P.] You gonna die; I‘m gonna die. Ain‘t no need to kill yourself.
God don‘t want you to do that.[‘]‖

21
 A. Yes.

Q. Do you recall him specifically, upon my questioning, saying
he believed that was an appropriate thing to tell a nine-year-old
whose friend had died and that was suicidal?

A. Yes.

Johnson had informed Father that J.P. was on medication for his depression and

other issues. At the November 2010 trial, Father admitted that he told J.P. that

he did not need to take any medicine because some white doctor gave it to him

and said that it was perfectly okay to tell a ten year old that he did not need to do

what the doctor said because the doctor was white and J.P. was black. 14

Johnson recalled that during the November 2010 trial, Father specifically said,

―[J.P.] do not have any problems‖ and that J.P. was normal, even after Johnson

had explained to him the issues that J.P. was having.

Johnson said that at another visit,

I saw him—[J.P.] had brought some pumpkin bread from his foster
home to a visit, and he gave it to his dad and said, [―]My foster mom
brought this for us.‖ And [J.P.], during the visit, was eating it. And
when [Father] noticed that J.P. had eaten about half of the loaf, he
got really mad and started berating him for being a pig. And he said,
[―]You‘re just stuffing your face like some big old woman eating all
that.[‖] He was very angry with [J.P.] for eating the pumpkin bread.

14
In our 2012 opinion, we also noted that Father told J.P. that he was only
given the medication because he is black. 2012 WL 579481, at *7.

22
Johnson was present at the November 2010 trial when Father admitted that he

had told J.P. he was fat.15 And during one of the visits, J.P. showed Father that

he had been paid $20 for mowing a lawn and had $18 that he had saved from his

allowance, and Father asked J.P. for some money so that he could buy Theraflu.

J.P. gave Father the money. Johnson testified that this was inappropriate.

Johnson changed the visitation schedule so that Father‘s visits would be

after J.P.‘s visits with S.M., to give Father time to get there and so that J.P. would

come to the visits, since J.P. was reticent about seeing S.M. Johnson explained

to Father that he needed to let CPS know if he would attend the visits because

J.P. would get upset if Father failed to appear. In his 2008 substance abuse

assessment, Father said that he and J.P. had visitations when Father wanted to

have them.16 Father did not go to see J.P. play football because he decided that

he could not control himself so he would not go ―if they look at him wrong.‖

Johnson recalled that in the November 2010 trial, Father had testified that

J.P. was removed because S.M. had messed up but that he said that J.P. was

still in CPS care because Father had not gotten his act together. She agreed

that on several occasions, Father had said that he did not have his life together

15
We noted in our 2012 opinion that when Father admitted that he had told
J.P. that he was getting fat, Father said, ―That‘s the way black people is, man.
We don‘t live and think the way y‘all do.‖ 2012 WL 579481, at *6.
16
On one occasion, Father told J.P. that if he did not have his hair cut by
the next time he came for a visit, he would leave and would not come to see him
again until J.P. got his hair cut.

23
and could not take care of J.P. At the November 2010 trial, after J.P. had

already been in foster care for four years, Father stated that he did not know

when he was going to get his act together, that J.P. deserved more, and that he

was messed up and could not bring J.P. down to his level.17 Johnson said she

had no idea what Father was doing now, but that there was no reason to believe

that he had gotten his act together since November 2010.

5. DFPS’s Plans for J.P.

Johnson testified that DFPS‘s plan for J.P. was for him to stay with Tillman

and that Tillman had expressed an interest in adopting him. Johnson said that

J.P. was more adoptable than he had been in July and November 2010 and that

if something happened and Tillman could not adopt him,

[J.P.]‘s built up a level of trust with people, and he‘s going in a
positive direction. He‘s able to cope better with life and with
frustrations. He‘s able to stop himself from melting down and going
into a tail spin. He‘s making good grades at school. He‘s playing
sports. He‘s—there‘s a level of innocence about him. He‘s not a
street-wise kid. He‘s a good kid. I know that people would
appreciate that kind of a kid.

Johnson agreed that it is endangering to a child when a parent consistently uses

drugs because ―they‘re not in a position where they could handle an emergency

that might arise. They‘re impaired. They can‘t make good decisions. They‘re

under the influence of something, and they‘re certainly not providing a good role

17
We noted in our 2012 opinion that Father had said that J.P. deserved
more but that keeping his relationship with J.P. was ―everything‖ to him. 2012
WL 579481, at *7. However, we have no more recent testimony from Father
because he did not appear at the 2013 termination trial.

24
model.‖ Further, Johnson explained that a stable home was important because

―children need that to grow and feel safe and secure and have trust.‖

Johnson explained that it was not possible for Tillman to adopt J.P. without

Father‘s rights being terminated. She also testified that J.P. had more emotional

needs than most children, stating that he would continue to need counseling and

management of his medications, as well as a lot of encouragement and stability.

She agreed that instability would present an emotional danger to J.P. The

following dialogue then ensued:

Q. Based upon what you saw and what you heard in
November 2010, dealing with family violence in the past and drug
use and now unemployment, and, frankly, some of [Father‘s]
theories regarding race relations and what is appropriate to tell your
child, does [Father] demonstrate good parental abilities?

A. No.

Q. The fact that [Father] repeatedly said [J.P.] has remained
in care at that time for, you know, almost four or five years because
he couldn‘t—because [Father] couldn‘t get his act together, does
that indicate bad parental abilities in your opinion?

A. Yes.

Q. At this point, has Coach [Tillman], in the role of a parent,
demonstrated good parental abilities?

A. Yes.

Q. You heard what [J.P.] testified, that he has to do his
homework; he has chores; he has to go to school, all of that. Does
that indicate good parental abilities?

A. Yes.

25
 Q. The programs available to [Father], is it possible for you to
get programs for [Father] when you don‘t know where he is?

A. No.

Q. Okay. On—in November 2010, which was the last time
[Father] appeared in this courtroom during that trial, would you agree
with me that his plan was the [DFPS] just keep his kid and he keep
visiting?

A. That‘s correct.

Q. Because he didn‘t have his act together?

A. That‘s correct.

Q. Is that a good plan?

A. No.

Q. Why not?

A. That‘s not stability. That‘s not consistency for a child.
[J.P.], he needs—he needs to be loved and know that he‘s loved
and know that he‘s gonna be taken care of and gonna be in the
same place every day, and that all the expectations of him are
gonna be the same.

Q. Do you believe it‘s ever a good plan for a child to remain in
foster care from the age of six or seven until 18?

A. No.

Q. Right now, is the plan that [J.P.] be adopted?

A. Yes.

Johnson stated that Father‘s only stability, other than his consistent drug use,

had been his job, which he had lost, and that Father‘s illiteracy did not excuse

almost seven years of J.P. being in foster care. Johnson stated that Father still

26
had no plan for J.P. and that CPS did not know where Father was or where he

was living. She opined that it was in J.P.‘s best interest to have Father‘s parental

rights to him terminated and for J.P. to be adopted.

Johnson said that the only thing she had discussed with J.P. was that he

wanted to stay with Tillman because J.P. ―can‘t cope with talking about his father,

thinking about his father. It—it produces an emotional response in him that

you—I worry that he might melt down; he might shut down, that he might

regress.‖

During cross-examination, Johnson agreed that the death of J.P.‘s friend

had caused a horrible regression and admitted that she could not tell the court

that if another tragedy befell J.P., he would not have the same reaction. Johnson

agreed that it was possible that J.P. could remain with Tillman even if the trial

court did not terminate Father‘s parental rights to him. Johnson agreed that even

though Tillman wanted to adopt J.P., Johnson could not guarantee that it would

happen and that, generally, older children with serious mental issues were less

adoptable. Johnson also said that she did not think terminating Father‘s parental

rights to J.P. would present an emotional danger.

J.P.‘s attorney ad litem asked Johnson, ―[A]t some point there w[ere]

questions of whether or not [J.P.] was salvageable, so to speak, correct?‖

Johnson replied, ―It was pretty tough, yes,‖ and agreed that there had been

questions about whether J.P. would spend the rest of his life in and out of

residential treatment centers, and, if his behavior continued, in and out of juvenile

27
detention and then potentially jails and prison. Johnson agreed that she no

longer had that concern, crediting Tillman.

Johnson stated that she did not think J.P. understood the significance of

wanting to be able to see Father and also to remain with Tillman forever and that

she did not think J.P. could make a rational and informed decision about that,

explaining:

[J.P.] is a kid, and I believe that every kid wants to have a parent that
they can hero worship. And he wants to have that. But I know that
[J.P.] would decompensate if he was exposed on a continual basis
to his dad. And the reason why I know that is because after that
testimony [J.P.‘s video deposition], he did have some problems later
on in the day.

Johnson explained that J.P.‘s problems after the video deposition were not to the

degree he would have experienced several years ago and that he had worked

through it. Johnson agreed that J.P.‘s progress in being able to deal with his

emotional issues was a result of Father‘s absence from his life and that J.P.

regresses when Father is involved. When asked whether she thought Father

would ever make decisions that were in J.P.‘s best interest or stop using drugs,

Johnson said, ―Not based on his history.‖ When asked whether, based on J.P.‘s

history with Tillman, she believed that Tillman would take appropriate action and

act in J.P.‘s best interest, Johnson said, ―Yes,‖ and that based on Tillman‘s

28
having adopted the other children in her home—including J.P.‘s younger sister

Tamara—history indicated that she would adopt J.P.18

The last time J.P. saw Father was at the beginning of 2011. During the

two years without seeing Father, J.P. had graduated from the residential

treatment center, learned to trust people, and stopped having meltdowns, and his

grades went up.

C. Applicable Law

There is a strong presumption that keeping a child with a parent is in the

child‘s best interest. In re R.R., 209 S.W.3d 112, 116 (Tex. 2006). Prompt and

permanent placement of the child in a safe environment is also presumed to be

in the child‘s best interest. Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 263.307(a) (West 2008). The

following factors, among others, should be considered in evaluating the parent‘s

willingness and ability to provide the child with a safe environment: the child‘s

age and physical and mental vulnerabilities; whether there is a history of

substance abuse by the child‘s family or others who have access to the child‘s

home; the willingness and ability of the child‘s family to seek out, accept, and

complete counseling services and to cooperate with and facilitate an appropriate

agency‘s close supervision; the willingness and ability of the child‘s family to

effect positive environmental and personal changes within a reasonable period of

18
We noted in 2012 that at the time of the first termination trial, J.P. was
still in the residential treatment center. 2012 WL 579481, at *8. Because J.P.
was not in an adoptive placement at the time of that trial, CPS did not present
any evidence as to the stability of its proposed placement. Id.

29
time; whether an adequate social support system consisting of extended family

and friends is available to the child; and whether the child‘s family demonstrates

adequate parenting skills, including providing the child and other children under

the family‘s care with guidance and supervision consistent with the child‘s safety

and a safe physical home environment. Id. § 263.307(b); R.R., 209 S.W.3d at

116.

Other, nonexclusive factors that the trier of fact in a termination case may

use in determining the best interest of the child include:

(A) the desires of the child;

(B) the emotional and physical needs of the child now and in the
future;

(C) the emotional and physical danger to the child now and in the
future;

(D) the parental abilities of the individuals seeking custody;

(E) the programs available to assist these individuals to promote
the best interest of the child;

(F) the plans for the child by these individuals or by the agency
seeking custody;

(G) the stability of the home or proposed placement;

(H) the acts or omissions of the parent which may indicate that the
existing parent-child relationship is not a proper one; and

(I) any excuse for the acts or omissions of the parent.

Holley v. Adams, 544 S.W.2d 367, 371–72 (Tex. 1976) (citations omitted).

These factors are not exhaustive; some listed factors may be inapplicable

to some cases. C.H., 89 S.W.3d at 27. Furthermore, undisputed evidence of

30
just one factor may be sufficient in a particular case to support a finding that

termination is in the best interest of the child. Id. On the other hand, the

presence of scant evidence relevant to each factor will not support such a

finding. Id.

Here, Father contends, ―There can be no doubt that the three of the first

six [Holley] factors weigh heavily in [his] favor or are at least neutral.‖ But while,

as Father argues, J.P. may indeed ―crave[] a continued relationship with his

father,‖ J.P. also testified that he wanted Tillman to adopt him as she had

adopted his younger sister Tamara and said that he understood that this meant

Father‘s rights to him would have to be terminated. The following dialogue

between J.P. and Father‘s attorney demonstrates J.P.‘s ambivalent emotional

state as to the issue:

Q. And that would mean you couldn‘t visit with [Father]
anymore. He wouldn‘t be able to see you anymore.

A. Yes, sir.

Q. Is that what you want?

A. I don‘t know.

Cf. In re W.S.M., 107 S.W.3d 772, 773 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2003, no pet.)

(stating that while a child‘s love for his natural parents is a very important best

interest consideration, ―it cannot override or outweigh the overwhelming and

undisputed evidence‖ of endangerment or ―compensate for the lack of an

opportunity to grow up in a normal and safe way equipped to live a normal,

31
productive, and satisfying life‖). Further, while Father argues that the evidence

regarding J.P.‘s mental and emotional issues and his relationship with Father

mandate that the factors pertaining to the child‘s emotional and physical needs

and the danger to him now and in the future weigh in his favor as well, the record

reflects that J.P. has done well both emotionally and academically without

Father‘s presence or involvement.

As we concluded in our 2012 opinion, and based on the evidence

presented in the second termination trial, the following could have convinced the

trial court that termination of Father‘s parental rights was in J.P.‘s best interest:

Father‘s drug use, Father‘s inability to provide a stable home (for J.P. or for

himself), Father‘s failure to acknowledge J.P.‘s mental health issues, and Father

not seeing a problem if J.P. was exposed to domestic violence or unsafe living

conditions. See 2012 WL 579481, at *8. Additionally, since the first trial, J.P.

had been successfully discharged from the residential treatment center, had

made significant progress in managing his mental health problems, and had

begun living with Tillman, who provided J.P. and her four adopted children—

including J.P.‘s younger sister Tamara—with guidance and supervision

consistent with the children‘s safety and a safe home environment. See Tex.

Fam. Code Ann. § 263.307(b); Holley, 544 S.W.2d at 371–72. Therefore, we

conclude that the evidence is once more legally sufficient to support the trial

court‘s best interest finding, and we overrule Father‘s first issue.

32
 Further, our concerns in the preceding appeal about whether J.P. would be

able emotionally to handle Father‘s absence from his life until he turns eighteen

have been mitigated by J.P.‘s noted interpersonal and academic success in the

two years of Father‘s absence since the first termination trial. Furthermore,

despite Father‘s claim in the first trial that J.P. was ―everything‖ to him, see 2012

WL 579481, at *8, Father left CPS no forwarding address after he lost his job,

and he failed to appear at the second trial despite his attorney‘s acknowledging

that he knew about it. Although J.P. testified that he still wanted Father in his life,

J.P. was also clear in stating that he wanted to stay with Tillman and to be

adopted by her as his younger sister Tamara had been. The trial court also

heard evidence that bringing Father back into J.P.‘s life might be detrimental to

all of J.P.‘s progress and heard no evidence that Father‘s lifestyle had stabilized

or improved in the intervening years. And although Father argues that J.P.‘s

emotional health ―could be at risk if th[eir] relationship is severed,‖ the record

reflects that J.P. survived the termination of Father‘s parental rights after the first

trial, and even though he suffered some emotional trauma, he still managed to

progress both emotionally and academically after working through that trauma.

Cf. In re C.P., No. 07-12-00545-CV, 2013 WL 2107176, at *3–4 (Tex. App.—

Amarillo May 10, 2013, no pet.) (mem. op.).19 Based on all of the foregoing and

19
In C.P., the Amarillo court of appeals addressed the termination of a
mother‘s parental rights to her three children, all of whom required medication
and therapy for their severe behavioral problems, and one of whom required
placement in a residential treatment facility because of his volatile behavior.
33
our review of the entire record, we conclude that the evidence is also factually

sufficient to support the trial court‘s best interest finding, and we overrule Father‘s

second issue. See H.R.M., 209 S.W.3d at 108; J.P.B., 180 S.W.3d at 573.

IV. Conclusion

Having overruled both of Father‘s issues, we affirm the trial court‘s

judgment.

PER CURIAM

PANEL: MCCOY, GARDNER, and WALKER, JJ.

DELIVERED: July 18, 2013

2013 WL 2107176, at *3–4. Even though one of the three children indicated a
desire to return to their mother, and even though the mother demonstrated
improved stability, the court concluded that evidence supporting the best interest
finding in favor of termination was factually sufficient. Id. The court reasoned,
―The evidence permitted the court to reach a firm conclusion that K.A.P. . . . was
unlikely to be able to provide the kind of care these children require. And, so
long as their conservatorship remained undecided, the resulting uncertainty and
instability hindered their progress toward emotional well-being.‖ Id. at *4
(emphasis added); see also In re M.C.T., 250 S.W.3d 161, 165, 171 (Tex. App.—
Fort Worth 2008, no pet.) (noting that termination of parent‘s rights was in best
interest of child who had been admitted twice to an inpatient psychiatry unit and
was in a residential treatment center during trial when child was emotionally
disturbed and educationally undeveloped and required intense supervision,
despite child‘s testimony that he wanted to return to parent‘s home).

34