NO. 07-10-00193-CR
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SEVENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS
AT AMARILLO
PANEL A
JUNE 14, 2011
MALCOLM DEAN SCOTT, APPELLANT
v.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, APPELLEE
FROM THE 242ND DISTRICT COURT OF HALE COUNTY;
NO. B18075-0906; HONORABLE EDWARD LEE SELF, JUDGE
Before CAMPBELL and HANCOCK and PIRTLE, JJ.
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Appellant, Malcolm Dean Scott, was convicted by jury of aggravated robbery. 1
As punishment, appellant was sentenced to life imprisonment. Appellant now appeals
challenging the sufficiency of the evidence, the trial court’s exclusion of evidence of
appellant’s acquittal in a previous robbery trial, and the effectiveness of his trial counsel.
We will affirm the trial court’s judgment.
1
See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. §§ 29.02, 29.03 (West 2003).
Factual and Procedural History
On May 14, 2009, Annadell Quebe was watching television when a man forcibly
entered her home and ran upstairs. The intruder was wearing a ―ski-mask-like thing‖
and gloves and carrying a handgun. The intruder returned to the first floor and
demanded Quebe’s rings. He forcibly removed the rings from her hands and fled the
home. Quebe then called the Plainview police.
That same night in the same neighborhood, Vicki Ballard was visiting her sister’s
home. Ballard was in the garage when a man entered and held a gun to her head.
Ballard described the man as wearing a ―dark-colored greenish toboggan‖ over his face,
dark clothing, and gloves. The man attempted to pull Ballard toward the house and
threatened to shoot her. She struggled with the man and screamed. The intruder
struck her in the head with the gun and then fled the garage.
The neighboring Brooks family heard the commotion and Ballard’s distress and
came to her aid. Officer Mike Hurst responded to their 911 call. Hurst and other PPD
officers began to investigate and learned that Robert Brooks had seen a tan Cadillac
driving through the neighborhood earlier that evening. Neighborhood residents Cynthia
and Leah Olson informed officers that they had also seen a tan Cadillac in the
neighborhood on their evening walk. They first saw the Cadillac when it turned its
headlights off and parked on a residential road. Before the Olsons got home, they saw
the Cadillac again. This time, the Cadillac was about a block away from them. When
the car turned around and began heading in their direction, the Olsons rushed home
where, a short time later, an unidentified person attempted to gain entry into their home.
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Hurst had also noted a tan Cadillac on his way to respond to the emergency call.
As he drove to Ballard’s neighborhood, he had seen a tan Cadillac in an otherwise
empty parking lot and had noted that it seemed out of place. Responding to an urgent
call and not yet aware that this vehicle may be connected to the home invasions, Hurst
continued without further investigation of the suspicious vehicle in the parking lot.
While these events were occurring in Plainview, PPD Detective Cindy Vera and
Officer Dustin Waters were returning to Plainview after dropping off a juvenile at a
facility in Lubbock. Vera heard the radio traffic about the robberies and contacted Hurst
and her supervisor, Manuel Balderas. Vera and Waters were instructed to watch for a
tan Cadillac while en route back to Plainview.
Soon after receiving this instruction, Vera and Waters noticed a tan Cadillac
headed south on Interstate 27. The officers turned around to follow the vehicle. Vera
called the license plate number of the Cadillac in to dispatch. Appellant was the
registered owner of the vehicle. When Vera and Waters caught up to the vehicle, they
observed two occupants. As the officers pulled up alongside the car, Vera was able to
get a clear view of the driver. Because the officers were approaching Lubbock and
losing radio communication with PPD dispatch and because Vera was not wearing
proper safety gear to confront likely armed suspects, the officers sought assistance from
the Lubbock Police Department. The LPD obliged and set up a perimeter around
appellant’s listed address.
Upon arriving in Lubbock and while still being followed by Vera and Waters, the
Cadillac exited the freeway, re-entered, and then exited again before Vera and Waters
lost track of the car in a residential neighborhood. Officer Jacob Flores of the LPD was
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dispatched to the Beech Street address listed on the car’s registration. The Cadillac
arrived at the address, and, as Flores approached the residence, the two black males
exiting the vehicle saw him and fled on foot. Although he eluded police that evening,
appellant was later arrested.
A search of the vehicle on the night of May 14th yielded evidence connecting the
vehicle and its occupants to the Plainview robberies. Vera recovered a toboggan/ski
mask that matched Ballard’s description. She also recovered appellant’s wallet,
including his state-issued identification card. From the identification card photograph,
Vera confirmed that it was appellant whom she had seen driving the vehicle earlier.
Further, some jewelry was recovered from inside the car but this jewelry could not be
connected to Ballard.
Appellant was charged with aggravated robbery in connection with the attack on
Ballard. After hearing evidence, the Hale County jury found appellant guilty of
aggravated robbery. Appellant pleaded true to the State’s enhancement allegations.
After hearing punishment evidence, the jury assessed punishment at life imprisonment.
This appeal followed. Appellant brings to this Court three issues: sufficiency of the
evidence, exclusion of evidence, and ineffective assistance of counsel.
Sufficiency of the Evidence
Appellant challenges the sufficiency of the evidence to sustain his conviction.
Standard of Review
In assessing the sufficiency of the evidence, we review all the evidence in the
light most favorable to the verdict to determine whether any rational trier of fact could
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have found the essential elements of the offense beyond a reasonable doubt. Jackson
v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319, 99 S.Ct. 2781, 61 L.Ed.2d 560 (1979); Brooks v. State,
323 S.W.3d 893, 912 (Tex.Crim.App. 2010). ―[O]nly that evidence which is sufficient in
character, weight, and amount to justify a factfinder in concluding that every element of
the offense has been proven beyond a reasonable doubt is adequate to support a
conviction.‖ Brooks, 323 S.W.3d at 917 (Cochran, J., concurring). We remain mindful
that ―[t]here is no higher burden of proof in any trial, criminal or civil, and there is no
higher standard of appellate review than the standard mandated by Jackson.‖ Id.
(Cochran, J., concurring). When reviewing all of the evidence under the Jackson
standard of review, the ultimate question is whether the jury’s finding of guilt was a
rational finding. See id. at 906, 907 n.26 (discussing Judge Cochran’s dissenting
opinion in Watson v. State, 204 S.W.3d 404, 448–50 (Tex.Crim.App. 2006), as outlining
the proper application of a single evidentiary standard of review). ―[T]he reviewing court
is required to defer to the jury’s credibility and weight determinations because the jury is
the sole judge of the witnesses’ credibility and the weight to be given their testimony.‖
Id. at 899.
Analysis
A person commits the offense of robbery if, in the course of committing theft and
with intent to obtain or maintain control of the property, he or she (1) intentionally,
knowingly, or recklessly causes bodily injury to another; or (2) intentionally or knowingly
threatens or places another in fear of imminent bodily injury or death. TEX. PENAL CODE
ANN. § 29.02. The offense becomes the first-degree felony offense of aggravated
robbery when the actor, inter alia, uses or exhibits a deadly weapon. Id. § 29.03(a)(2).
5
Appellant’s contention focuses on the identity element of the offense.
Specifically, appellant claims that there is insufficient evidence connecting him to the
location where Ballard was attacked. However, the jury heard evidence that at least
three neighborhood residents saw a tan Cadillac driving around Ballard’s neighborhood
that evening. Officer Hurst testified that he, too, saw the vehicle in the neighborhood as
he responded to the emergency calls but was unaware, at that time, of the vehicle’s
significance. A vehicle of the same color, make, and model and registered to appellant
was located on the highway heading away from Plainview and toward Lubbock in the
relevant time frame. Detective Vera identified appellant as the driver. The Cadillac
returned to appellant’s address.
Ballard identified the toboggan later found in appellant’s car as the same type of
toboggan worn by the man who attacked her. The search of appellant’s vehicle also
yielded appellant’s wallet containing his identification card, further connecting appellant
to the vehicle. Ballard testified that, when she was shown a videotaped interview with
appellant, she recognized his voice from that night. Joe Trawicki, custodian of records
and former electronic surveillance team member for a national cell phone service
provider, explained that detailed information from cell phone towers placed appellant’s
cell phone in Plainview at times near the time of the Ballard robbery.
From our review of the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict, we
cannot say the jury’s finding of guilt beyond a reasonable doubt was an irrational one.
Accordingly, we overrule appellant’s issue.
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Exclusion of Evidence of Previous Acquittal
Appellant contends that the trial court abused its discretion when it excluded
evidence that appellant had been acquitted in a previous trial on charges related to the
Quebe robbery.
Standard of Review
We review a trial court’s decision to admit or exclude evidence for abuse of
discretion. Shuffield v. State, 189 S.W.3d 782, 793 (Tex.Crim.App. 2006). A trial court
does not abuse its discretion if its decision is within the zone of reasonable
disagreement. See Walters v. State, 247 S.W.3d 204, 217 (Tex.Crim.App. 2007);
Montgomery v. State, 810 S.W.2d 372, 391 (Tex.Crim.App. 1991) (op. on reh’g). We
will sustain the trial court’s decision if that decision is correct on any theory of law
applicable to the case. Romero v. State, 800 S.W.2d 539, 543 (Tex.Crim.App. 1990).
Analysis
Well after admission of evidence relating to the Quebe robbery, appellant
unsuccessfully sought to introduce testimony from a PPD officer relating to appellant’s
previous acquittal of the Quebe robbery. At trial, appellant sought admission of the
acquittal on the basis that such evidence was necessary ―to cure the harm of allowing
the jury to consider‖ evidence of the Quebe robbery without knowing that appellant had
been acquitted. Looking at the context of his contention at trial, we see that he cast his
position in terms of collateral estoppel, arguing that collateral estoppel would apply to
bar both re-litigation of the Quebe robbery and, by his argument, admission of evidence
7
connecting appellant to the Quebe robbery.2 From this context, we take trial counsel’s
contention as one advancing the position that admission of evidence of the Quebe
robbery was harmful error, and that evidence of acquittal was admissible to cure this
harmful error.
On appeal, appellant relies exclusively on Kerbyson v. State, 711 S.W.2d 289
(Tex.App.—Dallas 1986, pet. ref’d), to support his contention. In Kerbyson, the
appellant was convicted of criminal mischief. Id. at 289. Over appellant’s objection, the
trial court admitted evidence of an extraneous offense of theft for which the appellant
had been acquitted. Id. at 290. Having found that the trial court erred in admitting
evidence of the theft, the Dallas court reversed the criminal mischief conviction and
remanded for a new trial. Id. It would appear from appellant’s reliance on Kerbyson
that he contends evidence of the acquittal was relevant upon admission of extraneous
offense evidence which, though he lodged no objection, was erroneously admitted.
The arguments underlying appellant’s theory of admissibility below and his
contention on appeal seem to be distinct arguments. That is, at trial, appellant
advanced the argument that the acquittal evidence was necessary to cure the error
2
We note that appellant made no objection, in terms of collateral estoppel or
otherwise, to admission of evidence related to the Quebe robbery. Collateral estoppel
is generally employed in this situation as a basis for excluding evidence of an
extraneous offense. That is, generally speaking, evidence of an extraneous offense for
which a defendant has been acquitted has generally been held inadmissible under the
Double Jeopardy Clause of the United States and Texas constitutions and under the
doctrine of collateral estoppel. See Ashe v. Swenson, 397 U.S. 436, 445–46, 90 S.Ct.
1189, 25 L.Ed. 2d 469 (1970); Dedrick v. State, 623 S.W.2d 332, 336 (Tex.Crim.App.
[Panel Op.] 1981). However, evidence of an extraneous offense for which a defendant
has been acquitted may be introduced into evidence against the defendant in a
subsequent trial where the prior acquittal did not determine an ultimate issue in the
subsequent case. Dowling v. United States, 493 U.S. 342, 348, 110 S.Ct. 668, 672,
107 L.Ed. 2d 708 (1990); Dunklin v. State, 194 S.W.3d 14, 24 (Tex.App.—Tyler 2006,
no pet.).
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committed when the trial court admitted evidence of the robbery even though admission
of such evidence was barred by collateral estoppel. However, on appeal, it would
appear that appellant contends the acquittal evidence was relevant to explain or rebut
the evidence related to an extraneous offense. Arguably, the acquittal may have been
relevant but we are not convinced that the trial court was presented with this contention;
appellant sought admission of the evidence as a curative measure to unobjected-to
error. Based on our reading of his contentions, appellant’s complaint on appeal does
not appear to comport with the theory of admissibility he advanced at trial. See TEX. R.
APP. P. 33.1; Pena v. State, 285 S.W.3d 459, 464 (Tex.Crim.App. 2009) (concluding
that complaint on appeal must comport with the complaint made at trial). That being so,
we conclude that appellant has not preserved his appellate complaint for our review.
See Martinez v. State, 91 S.W.3d 331, 336 (Tex.Crim.App. 2002) (pointing out that
appellate courts may uphold a trial court’s ruling on any legal theory or basis applicable
to the case, but usually may not reverse a trial court’s ruling on any theory or basis that
might have been applicable but was not raised). Accordingly, we overrule appellant’s
issue.
Effectiveness of Counsel
By his final issue, appellant contends that trial counsel’s failures in voir dire and
at trial rendered his assistance ineffective. The United States Constitution’s guarantee
of the right to counsel encompasses the right to effective assistance of counsel. U.S.
CONST. amend. VI; Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 686, 104 S.Ct. 2052, 80
L.Ed.2d 674 (1984). Included in the constitutionally guaranteed right to effective
assistance of counsel is the right to question prospective jurors in order to intelligently
9
and effectually exercise peremptory challenges and challenges for cause during the jury
selection process. See Ex parte McKay, 819 S.W.2d 478, 482 (Tex.Crim.App. 1990).
Applicable Law and Standard of Review
In determining whether counsel’s representation was so inadequate as to violate
a defendant’s Sixth Amendment right to counsel, Texas courts apply the two-pronged
test enunciated in Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687. See Hernandez v. State, 726 S.W.2d 53,
55 (Tex.Crim.App. 1986). Judicial review of an ineffective assistance of counsel claim
must be highly deferential, and there is a strong presumption that counsel’s conduct fell
within the wide range of reasonable professional assistance. Strickland, 466 U.S. at
689. An appellant bears the burden of proving by a preponderance of the evidence that
(1) counsel’s representation fell below an objective standard of reasonableness and (2)
the deficient performance prejudiced the appellant. Freeman v. State, 125 S.W.3d 505,
511 (Tex.Crim.App. 2003). Failure to make the required showing of either deficient
performance or sufficient prejudice is fatal to an ineffectiveness claim. See id.
In the majority of cases, the record on direct appeal is undeveloped and cannot
adequately reflect the motives behind trial counsel’s actions.3 Mallett v. State, 65
S.W.3d 59, 63 (Tex.Crim.App. 2001). The Texas Court of Criminal Appeals has
recognized that appellate courts can rarely decide the issue of ineffective assistance of
counsel because ―the appellate record rarely speaks to the strategic reasons that
counsel may have considered.‖ Aldrich, 104 S.W.3d at 896. Only rarely, when ―trial
counsel’s ineffectiveness is so apparent from the record,‖ may an appellant’s ineffective
3
The proper vehicle for raising such a claim is almost always an application for
writ of habeas corpus. Aldrich v. State, 104 S.W.3d 890, 896 (Tex.Crim.App. 2003).
10
assistance claim prevail on direct appeal. Freeman, 125 S.W.3d at 507 (quoting
Massaro v. United States, 538 U.S. 500, 155 L.Ed. 2d 714, 123 S.Ct. 1690 (2003)).
Reviewing courts ―commonly assume a strategic motive if any can be imagined‖ and will
conclude that counsel’s performance was ―deficient only if the conduct was so
outrageous that no competent attorney would have engaged in it.‖ Andrews v. State,
159 S.W.3d 98, 101 (Tex.Crim.App. 2005).
Analysis
With respect to appellant’s contentions regarding trial counsel’s failure to ask
follow-up question during voir dire, we conclude that appellant has failed to show that
counsel’s performance fell below an objective standard of reasonableness. Trial
counsel’s questions during voir dire may be dictated by trial strategy. Jackson v. State,
491 S.W.2d 155, 156 (Tex.Crim.App. 1973). Trial counsel’s failure to ask questions
appellate counsel deems important does not mean that trial counsel’s performance was
deficient. See Goodspeed v. State, 187 S.W.3d 390, 392 (Tex.Crim.App. 2005). In
fact, the failure to ask any questions during voir dire may be a reasonable trial strategy
when trial counsel believed that the State’s questions addressed his concerns. See id.
The Texas Court of Criminal Appeals reiterated that, when looking at an ineffective
assistance claim based on voir dire examination, the failure to ask certain questions–or
any questions–must ―amount to behavior that is so outrageous, no competent attorney
would have engaged in it.‖ Id. at 392. Especially when the complained-of questions
involved subject matter that has already been covered, the decision to forego posing
questions on the same subject may be characterized as sound trial strategy. See id.;
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Beck v. State, 976 S.W.2d 265, 267 (Tex.App.—Amarillo 1998, pet. ref’d); Williams v.
State, 970 S.W.2d 182, 184 (Tex.App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1998, pet. ref’d).
Appellant maintains that trial counsel should have asked follow-up questions
regarding potential biases or prejudices on punishment issues. The record reveals that
the State engaged in a fairly extensive, five-and-a-half-page exchange on general
punishment issues including the bifurcated nature of the trial and the distinctions
between the issues and evidence covered in each phase of the trial. From the State’s
thorough discussion of and examination on punishment issues and the panel’s answers
to the State’s questions, trial counsel could have been reasonably satisfied that
punishment issues had been adequately explored. Further, our review of trial counsel’s
questions during voir dire reveals a rather extensive examination on issues other than
punishment-related biases or prejudices. That trial counsel chose to focus his
examination on other issues, including attitudes toward crime and issues concerning the
credibility of eyewitnesses and investigation techniques, is a reasonable trial strategy
which we will not second-guess on appeal. See Beck, 976 S.W.2d at 267.
During the State’s voir dire examination, it was revealed that several prospective
jurors had some knowledge of or some relationship with identified witnesses in the trial.
Appellant focuses on the answers of two venire members who later served on the jury.
One venireperson explained that Leah Olson was a good friend of the venireperson’s
daughter but explained that she did not ―think it would cause any problems.‖ The State
continued to explore the impact of the relationship between venireperson and witness:
[W]ould you be able to judge those people’s testimony as you would anybody else,
judge their credibility as to how they testify here in the trial?‖ The venireperson
12
answered affirmatively. Another venireperson explained that she knew Cynthia Olson
from church but answered ―no‖ when asked whether that relationship would cause her a
problem with sitting on the jury. Again, both venire members ultimately sat on the jury.
The record establishes that the State explored the impact of the relationships
between the venire members and witnesses. Trial counsel could have reasonably
concluded that the State’s questions and the venire members’ answers on the matter
gave fair assurance that the venire members would not be biased by their knowledge of
or relationship with the witnesses. See Goodspeed, 187 S.W.3d at 392; Beck, 976
S.W.2d at 267. Trial counsel may have been satisfied with the venire members’
unequivocal answers to the State’s questions and may have chosen to spend his time
and effort during voir dire on other matters he deemed more relevant and yet
unexplored. In fact, trial counsel explained in his introductory remarks to the venire that
he intended to do just that: ―I’m going to also try not to cover over the same topic [the
State’s attorney] covered; sometimes I will.‖ Again, trial counsel’s voir dire examination
appears thorough, and we will not review his decisions in hindsight to conclude that he
should have revisited issues already covered during voir dire. See Beck, 976 S.W.2d at
267 (refusing to undertake the task of micromanaging trial counsel’s actions).
Next, we address the claim that trial counsel’s performance was rendered
deficient by his failure to object to evidence of the Quebe robbery. As the record
suggests, counsel may have anticipated being able to introduce evidence of the
acquittal on charges related to the Quebe robbery. Though, ultimately, such strategy
was unsuccessful, we cannot say that such an attempt was not a reasonable trial
strategy. The record could be read to support the contention that trial counsel’s best
13
chance at getting in the acquittal was to permit the incriminating evidence in first.
Because we can imagine at least a plausible, albeit ultimately unsuccessful, trial
strategy, we cannot conclude that trial counsel’s performance fell below an objective
standard of reasonableness. See Ex parte Ellis, 233 S.W.3d 324, 331 (Tex.Crim.App.
2007) (observing that defensive course was ―risky‖ but was not so unreasonable that no
trial attorney would pursue such a course).
Given that trial counsel’s actions could have been reasonably construed as trial
strategy, the record does not affirmatively demonstrate ineffectiveness of counsel, and
we overrule appellant’s final issue.
Conclusion
Having overruled appellant’s issues, we affirm the judgment of the trial court.
Mackey K. Hancock
Justice
Do not publish.
Pirtle, J., concurring.
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