NO. 07-08-0425-CR
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SEVENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS
AT AMARILLO
PANEL D
SEPTEMBER 8, 2010
ALFREDO PEREZ, APPELLANT
v.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, APPELLEE
FROM THE 140TH DISTRICT COURT OF LUBBOCK COUNTY;
NO. 2007-417,321; HONORABLE JIM B. DARNELL, JUDGE
Before QUINN, C.J. and CAMPBELL and PIRTLE, JJ.
OPINION
Following an open plea of guilty to the offense of murder,1 Appellant, Alfredo
Perez, was adjudicated guilty as charged. The trial court then proceeded to a
punishment hearing where Appellant offered evidence of sudden passion. Normally,
1
Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 19.02(b)(1) (Vernon 2003).
murder is a first degree felony punishable by confinement for life or for any term of not
more than 99 years or less than 5 years. Tex. Penal Code Ann. §§ 19.02(c) and
12.32(a) (Vernon 2003 and Vernon Supp. 2009). If, however, at the punishment stage
of a trial, the defendant proves in the affirmative by a preponderance of the evidence
that he caused the death under the immediate influence of sudden passion arising from
an adequate cause, then the offense is a felony of the second degree punishable by
confinement for a term of not more than 20 years or less than 2 years.2 Texas Penal
Code Ann. §§ 19.02(d) and 12.33(a) (Vernon 2003 and Vernon Supp. 2009). See
Sanchez v. State, 23 S.W.3d 30, 34 (Tex.Crim.App. 2000). At the conclusion of the
punishment hearing, the court assessed Appellant's sentence at confinement for life. In
two issues, Appellant contends the trial court's negative finding on his issue of sudden
passion is legally and factually insufficient. We affirm.
Background
On August 4, 2007, the Lubbock County Grand Jury returned an indictment
charging Appellant with intentionally and knowingly causing the death of Javier
Castaneda with a firearm on July 25, 2007. On October 13, 2008, Appellant pled guilty
to the charge without an agreed recommendation as to punishment.
During the punishment phase of the case, Danielle Galindo, Appellant's girlfriend,
testified that, on July 25, 2007, she and Appellant were riding in his car when they
2
Before September 1, 1994, the existence of sudden passion was an element of the offense of voluntary
manslaughter (a lesser-included offense of murder), to be determined by the jury at the guilt/innocence
stage. See Bradley v. State, 688 S.W.2d 847, 849 (Tex.Crim.App. 1985). Effective September 1, 1994,
the existence of sudden passion became a punishment stage issue.
2
encountered a group of people walking on 39th Street in Lubbock, Texas. Someone in
the group threw a brick at them and started shooting. Appellant drove her back to his
house arriving about 5:00 p.m. He went to his bedroom and retrieved a gun saying he
was going to pick up his little brother, Vincent Sandoval, because he had seen him
walking in the area near to where the altercation had occurred. She testified "he was
really mad when he left," but he promised he would "come right back." She testified that
when Appellant returned around 6:00 p.m., he was "shocked, mad or something" and
he told her "somebody got shot."
Julian Castaneda, Javier's brother, next testified that on July 25, 2007, he and a
group of friends, Jose Castaneda (known as "PePe"), Javier Castaneda, Jesse
Alvaredo, Alfred Luis Molina (known as "LuLu"), and Michael Moreno, were walking
down 43rd Street when Appellant drove by in his car and said "Y'all keep walking up
and down like that, we got something for y'all." He and Appellant exchanged a few
words and Appellant drove away. Subsequently, the group was walking on 39th Street
when two cars approached. Appellant and Vincent were in one car and two other
persons were in the other car. After the occupants emptied out of the cars, a nearby
neighbor told everyone to leave. At this point, LuLu threw a brick at Appellant's car and
broke out a window. Thereafter, the cars left and the group continued walking down the
street.
Later, as the group entered the parking lot of a nearby elementary school, they
saw Appellant's car pull up to a stop sign approximately 20 to 30 yards away and sit for
3
approximately five seconds. Feeling safe because the car was on the other side of the
street, Julian threw up his hands. Appellant and Vincent then got out of the car. Julian
approached with an unidentified member of the group taking perhaps five steps when
Appellant and Vincent started shooting. The group turned and ran. Julian heard Javier
say, "I'm hit." He grabbed Javier and took him around the corner of the school building.
Javier later died of a gunshot wound to the stomach. Julian testified that, although he
and Appellant had problems in the past, Javier had nothing to do with any conflict
between them. According to his testimony, on that day Javier was "just hanging out."
Jose Castaneda testified next and corroborated Julian's account of the events
that transpired. He also testified that, prior to the commencement of the shooting near
the elementary school no one said anything to anyone. By Jose's account, when
Appellant and Vincent got out of the car, they were holding handguns and when they
started shooting, everyone ran.
Detective Larry Manale testified he located .22 caliber, long rifle casings on the
ground where Appellant had stopped his car near the elementary school. He also
testified there was a bullet hole in Appellant's car. Although the bullet hole appeared
recent, he could not say when it was made. A bullet was found inside the door panel,
but they could not identify the caliber. When asked how long it would take to drive from
Appellant's house to the location of the shooting, Detective Manale testified he had
driven the route at a normal speed in a minimum of ten minutes.
4
Angelica Reyna testified she saw two cars pull up on 39th Street across from a
group of kids. She recognized LuLu, who was a friend of her husband’s. She didn't see
any weapons but told her husband to go outside thinking there was going to be a fight.
She testified that the persons in the two cars got out and when her husband came
outside and told them to leave, LuLu broke windows in both cars with bricks. At that
point the two cars drove away. With the exception of the bricks thrown by LuLu, no one
appeared to have any weapons. After that, the group started walking away and about
ten minutes later, she heard gunshots.
Detective Jeremy Jones testified the murder weapon was never located. At 41st
Street and Avenue D, where witnesses placed Appellant and Vincent at the time of the
shooting, he found shell casings for a .22 long rifle. Witnesses also placed an orange-
tipped pistol in Vincent's hands and he located an orange-tipped, plastic toy pistol in a
dumpster not far from where the shooting occurred. During his investigation, Jones
encountered several inconsistencies in different witness statements. Some witnesses
said members of the group were carrying a bat and two-by-four, others said they were
not. Other witnesses said they saw at least three members of the group chasing
Appellant's car near the elementary school, others did not.
After the State rested, Appellant testified. According to his version of the events,
he and his girlfriend were driving around Lubbock when they encountered a group of
persons walking. A brick was thrown through his car window and he heard gunshots.
He panicked and drove off fast--scared. He recognized Julian Castaneda as a member
5
of the group, and LuLu as the person who had thrown the brick. Later, he found a bullet
hole in the side of his car. As he drove home, he noticed Vincent walking. When he
arrived at his house, he ran to his room and grabbed his gun, a .22 caliber rifle, and told
Danielle that he was going back to get Vincent.
After he picked up Vincent, Appellant testified Vincent wanted to go to his dad's
house. On the way there, he stopped at a stop sign near an elementary school and
noticed the same crowd that had earlier thrown the brick at his car. He turned the
corner to avoid a confrontation but noticed the crowd running toward his car. He
stopped to avoid another car backing out of a driveway and observed that the crowd
was gaining on him. He jumped out of his car, armed himself with his rifle, and fired
shots into the air. He then jumped back into his car and drove away. He testified he did
not know that he had shot anyone until Vincent told him, "I think one of them got hit."
He later wrapped the gun in a black shirt and threw it into a dumpster before taking off
for Dunbar Lake. He stayed at the lake all night because "he was on the run."
Appellant further testified that, after the initial encounter, he was upset. He
described his mood at the house when he picked up his gun and at the school when he
fired the warning shots as mad, panicking, and scared. He testified that, when he fired
his rifle, he did not know that Javier was in the group. The only person he recognized
was Julian and he admitted "[t]here had been bad blood between him and Julian
Castaneda." He testified that in 2006 he had gotten in a fight with Julian's cousins.
Before that, when he was seventeen, he was jumped by some people who called
6
themselves the "Texas Head Busters" and was hit twice in the face with a two-by-four.
He attributed the beating to associates of Julian. When he was eighteen, he was shot
in the stomach by Julian's friend, Jeremy Paiz.
Detective Rene Martinez was then called as a rebuttal witness for the State. He
testified he investigated a shooting that occurred January 19, 2007. At the conclusion
of his investigation, he determined that Kevin Corales, Jeremy Paiz, and Steven Lee
Perez had been involved in shooting Appellant. Information he gathered during the
investigation led him to believe the shooting had to do with a "drug deal or drug deal rip-
off."3
After the punishment hearing, the trial court issued its judgment sentencing
Appellant to confinement for life. This appeal followed.
Discussion
Appellant contends the trial court's negative finding on the issue of whether he
acted under the influence of sudden passion arising from adequate cause was so
against the great weight and preponderance of the evidence as to be manifestly unjust.
Appellant asserts that the group running towards his car with long objects combined
with the earlier incident where a brick was thrown at his car and he was fired upon
represented sufficient provocation to produce a degree of terror that rendered him
incapable of cool reflection.
3
In the State's case-in-chief, Davela Maynard, a Department of Public Safety Trooper, testified that, on
June 30, 2007, Appellant had been arrested for possession of marijuana. After Trooper Maynard pulled
Appellant over for a seat belt violation, Appellant attempted to flee the scene. After detaining Appellant,
the trooper detected the smell of burnt marijuana and located marijuana in Appellant's possession.
7
I. Issue No. 1 -- Legal Sufficiency
A. Standard of Review
An appellate court may review the legal sufficiency of the evidence to support a
fact finder's rejection of an issue on which the defendant bore the burden of proof, i.e.,
affirmative defenses and the issue of sudden passion. See Clark v. State, 190 S.W.3d
59, 62 (Tex.App.--Amarillo 2005, no pet.); Cleveland v. State, 177 S.W.3d 374, 388
(Tex. App.--Houston [1st Dist.] 2005, pet. ref'd) (en banc), cert. denied, 547 U.S. 1073,
126 S.Ct. 1774, 164 L.Ed.2d 523 (2006); Ballard v. State, 161 S.W.3d 269, 272
(Tex.App.--Texarkana 2005), aff'd, 193 S.W.3d 916 (Tex.Crim.App. 2006).
When conducting a legal sufficiency review of the evidence related to an issue on
which the defendant bore the burden of proof, an appellate court reviews the evidence
in a light most favorable to the verdict and reverses only when the evidence
conclusively establishes the opposite. See Wheat v. State, 165 S.W.3d 802, 806 n. 6
(Tex.App.--Texarkana 2005, pet. dism'd, untimely filed); Howard v. State, 145 S.W.3d
327, 331 (Tex.App.--Fort Worth 2004, no pet.). An appellate court reviews the legal
sufficiency of such evidence under a two-part test. See Clark, 190 S.W.3d at 62;
Cleveland, 177 S.W.3d at 388; Howard, 145 S.W.3d at 334. First, the appellate court
examines the record for evidence that supports the verdict (i.e., the negative finding)
while ignoring evidence to the contrary; see Clark, 190 S.W.3d at 62; Cleveland, 177
S.W.3d at 388; Howard, 145 S.W.3d at 334, and, if there is no evidence to support the
verdict, the court then examines whether the record supports the defendant's affirmative
8
defense or issue as a matter of law. See Clark, 190 S.W.3d at 334; Nolan v. State, 102
S.W.3d 231, 238 (Tex.App.--Houston [14th Dist.] 2003, pet. ref'd). If the record reveals
evidence of the defendant's affirmative defense or issue that was not subject to a
credibility assessment, the evidence shows as a matter of law that the defendant proved
his affirmative defense or issue. See Cleveland, 177 S.W.3d at 388-89. However, if the
evidence supporting the defendant's affirmative defense or issue was subject to the fact
finder's assessment of credibility, that evidence is not considered in the appellate court's
matter-of-law assessment. See Cleveland, 177 S.W.3d at 389.
B. Analysis
The core concept of "sudden passion" is that at the moment of the killing the
actor's mental state rendered him incapable of rational thought and collected action.
See Swearingen v. State, 270 S.W.3d 804, 820 (Tex.App.--Austin 2008, pet. ref'd).
"Sudden passion" is "passion directly caused by and arising out of provocation by the
individual killed or another acting with the person killed which passion arises at the time
of the offense and is not solely the result of former provocation." Tex. Penal Code Ann.
§ 19.02(a)(2) (Vernon 2003). "Adequate cause" is "cause that would commonly
produce a degree of anger, rage, resentment, or terror in a person of ordinary temper,
sufficient to render the mind incapable of cool reflection." Id. at (a)(1). Merely acting in
response to provocation by another is not enough to raise the issue; see Trevino v.
State, 100 S.W.3d 232, 241 (Tex.Crim.App. 2003), and the provocation must arise at
9
the time of the offense. See Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 19.02(a)(1) (Vernon 2003); Nance
v. State, 807 S.W.2d 855, 861 (Tex.App.--Corpus Christi 1991, pet ref'd).
Examining the record for evidence that supports the trial court's negative finding
on the issue of sudden-passion, while ignoring evidence to the contrary, we find there is
some evidence that Appellant did not kill Javier out of sudden passion arising from
adequate cause. Based upon the testimony of Julian and Jose, the trial court could
have reasonably found that Appellant was the protagonist in a series of unprovoked
attacks that ultimately ended in Javier's death. According to the testimony of other
witnesses, Appellant first threatened the group while driving by in his car as the group
was walking down 43rd Street. Then, he and Vincent, along with two others in a second
car, confronted the group on 39th Street leading to an altercation where LuLu threw a
brick through Appellant's car window. Appellant then confronted the group a third time
near the elementary school where he got out of his car and, standing twenty to twenty-
five yards away from the group, opened fire with his rifle. Thus, there is some evidence
Appellant forced the third confrontation and initiated an unprovoked attack causing
Javier's death.
Having reached the conclusion there is some evidence supporting the trial court's
negative finding on the issue of sudden passion, our legal sufficiency inquiry is at an
end. See Howard, 145 S.W.3d at 333-34. We hold that the evidence concerning the
trial court's negative finding on Appellant's sudden passion issue is legally sufficient as
a matter of law. Appellant’s first issue is overruled.
10
II. Issue No. 2 -- Factual Sufficiency
A. Standard of Review
When conducting a factual sufficiency review on an affirmative defense or issue
on which the defendant had the burden of proof,4 an appellate court reviews all of the
evidence in a neutral light, but we do not intrude on the fact finder's role as the sole
judge of the weight and credibility given to any witness's testimony. See Clark, 190
S.W.3d at 63; Cleveland, 177 S.W.3d at 390-91; Wheat, 165 S.W.3d at 807 n. 6. When
a defendant has asserted such an affirmative defense or issue, an appellate court
considers all of the evidence and determines whether the judgment rendered is so
against the great weight and preponderance of the evidence as to be manifestly unjust.
See Edwards v. State, 106 S.W.3d 833, 843 (Tex.App.--Dallas 2003, pet. ref'd) (citing
Clewis v. State, 922 S.W.2d 126, 132 (Tex.Crim.App. 1996)); Cleveland, 177 S.W.3d at
390; Ballard, 161 S.W.3d at 271. When an appellate court concludes the contrary
evidence is insufficient to support rejection of defendant's affirmative defense or issue, it
must clearly state why the verdict is so against the great weight and preponderance of
the evidence as to be manifestly unjust, why it shocks the conscience, or why it clearly
demonstrates bias. See Meraz, 785 S.W.2d at 154 n.2; Howard, 145 S.W.3d at 335.
The fact-finder alone determines the weight to be given contradictory testimonial
evidence because that determination depends on the fact-finder's evaluation of the
4
It is well-established that an appellate court may review the factual sufficiency of the evidence to support
a negative finding on the sudden passion issue in the punishment stage of trial. Cleveland, 177 S.W.3d at
385. See Meraz v. State, 785 S.W.2d 146, 154-55 (Tex.Crim.App. 1990).
11
credibility and demeanor. Cain v. State, 958 S.W.2d 404, 408-09 (Tex.Crim.App. 1997).
As the determiner of the credibility of the witnesses, the fact-finder may choose to
believe all, some, or none of the testimony presented. Id. at 407 n.5.
B. Analysis
Appellant's contention that the evidence was factually insufficient to establish a
negative finding on his sudden passion issue relies entirely on a finding that Appellant's
testimony was credible. He asserts that, at the time of the occurrence, he was merely
driving Vincent home, he brought the gun for his own protection, he stopped his car to
avoid hitting another car, and, when he saw the group rapidly approaching with long
objects, he got out of the car and fired warning shots into the air. Based upon his
testimony, Appellant contends he was provoked by the group at a time when he was
emotionally charged from the earlier confrontation where a brick was thrown through the
window of his car and he was fired upon.
Sudden passion means passion directly caused by and arising out of
provocation by the individual killed or another acting with the person killed which
passion arises at the time of the offense and is not solely the result of former
provocation. Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 19.02(a)(2) (Vernon 2003). Here, the only
evidence of an identifiable, physical act that threatened Appellant was testimony and
physical evidence establishing that his vehicle had been shot at some undetermined
time in the past and that LuLu threw a brick into Appellant's car window during a prior
confrontation that day. Passion solely the result of former provocation is insufficient.
12
See McKinney v. State, 179 S.W.3d 565, 570 (Tex.Crim.App. 2005). When, as here,
Appellant was the aggressor, or precipitator of the confrontation, and neither Julian, nor
those acting with him, did anything to provoke him at the time of the offense, it cannot
be said that Appellant's passion was directly caused by and arose out of adequate
provocation at the time of the offense. See Nance v. State, 807 S.W.2d 855, 861
(Tex.App.--Corpus Christi 1991, pet. ref'd).
Furthermore, in most cases, the issue of sudden passion is resolved exclusively
by the fact-finder's assessment of whether the witness is credible; Cleveland, 177
S.W.3d at 391, and the fact-finder may choose to believe all, some, or none of the
testimony presented. Cain, 958 S.W.2d at 407 n.5. The fact-finder alone determines
the weight to be given contradictory testimonial evidence because that determination
depends on the fact-finder's evaluation of the credibility and demeanor of the witness.
958 S.W.2d at 408-09. With the exception of testimony that Julian and an unidentified
member of the group took steps towards Appellant after Appellant got out of the car at
least twenty yards away, there is no evidence of any provocative acts, words, or
omissions occurring immediately prior to Appellant shooting Javier. Thus, the trial court
was free to disbelieve Appellant's testimony and believe the State's witnesses who
testified Appellant engaged in an unprovoked attack resulting in a fatal gunshot wound.
After viewing the evidence in a neutral light, we hold that the trial court's
negative answer on the sudden passion issue is not so against the great weight and
13
preponderance of the evidence as to be manifestly unjust. See Cleveland, 177 S.W.3d
at 390. Appellant's second issue is overruled.
III. Attorney's Fees
We also note an issue not raised by Appellant regarding the assessment of
attorney's fees.5 The written judgment in this case reflects the assessment of court-
appointed attorney's fees totaling $6,868.00, as costs of court. In order to assess
attorney's fees as court costs, a trial court must determine that the defendant has
financial resources that enable him to offset in part or in whole the costs of legal
services provided. Tex. Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 26.05(g) (Vernon 2009). Here, the clerk's
record reflects the trial court found Appellant indigent and unable to afford the cost of
legal representation both before trial in August 2007, and again after trial in October
2008. Unless a material change in his financial resources occurs, once a criminal
defendant has been found to be indigent, he is presumed to remain indigent for the
remainder of the proceedings. Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 26.04(p) (Vernon Supp.
2009). Therefore, because there is evidence of record demonstrating that immediately
following rendition of judgment Appellant was indigent and qualified for court-appointed
counsel, we presume that his financial status has not changed.
5
Courts of appeals may review unassigned error in criminal cases, particularly where the record discloses
error that should be addressed in the interest of justice. Hammock v. State, 211 S.W.3d 874, 878
(Tex.App.--Texarkana 2006, no pet.). Where, as here, the error appears on the face of the judgment and
does not involve the merits of the criminal trial, but instead solely addresses the clerical correctness of the
judgment, we find that the interest of justice allow that we address the issue.
14
Furthermore, the record must reflect some factual basis to support the
determination that the defendant is capable of paying attorney's fees. Barrera v. State,
291 S.W.3d 515, 518 (Tex.App.--Amarillo 2009, no pet.); Perez v. State, 280 S.W.3d
886, 887 (Tex.App.--Amarillo 2009, no pet.).
We note that the record in this case does not contain a pronouncement,
determination, or finding that Appellant had financial resources that enable him to pay
all or any part of the fees paid his court-appointed counsel, and we are unable to find
any evidence to support such a determination. Therefore, we conclude that the order to
pay attorney's fees was improper. See Mayer v. State, 309 S.W.3d 552, 555-56
(Tex.Crim.App. 2010). No trial objection is required to challenge the sufficiency of the
evidence regarding the defendant's ability to pay. Id. When the evidence does not
support an order to pay attorney's fees, the proper remedy is to delete the order. Id. at
557; see also Anderson v. State, No. 03-09-00630-CR, 2010 Tex.App. LEXIS 5033, at
*9 (Tex.App.--Austin, July 1, 2010, no pet.) (also modifying judgment to delete attorney's
fees). Accordingly, we modify the judgment to delete the order to pay attorney's fees.
Conclusion
Having modified the trial court's judgment to delete the order obligating Appellant
to pay $6,868.00 in attorney's fees, the judgment, as modified, is affirmed.
Patrick A. Pirtle
Justice
Publish.
15