Gary Jones and Carolyn Jones v. Pesak Brothers Construction, Inc.

Opinion issued September 10, 2013.

In The

Court of Appeals
For The

First District of Texas
————————————
NO. 01-12-00535-CV
———————————
GARY JONES AND CAROLYN JONES, Appellants
V.
PESAK BROTHERS CONSTRUCTION, INC., Appellee

On Appeal from the 2nd 25th District Court
Colorado County, Texas
Trial Court Case No. 22171-CV

OPINION

When their newly-constructed house showed signs of foundation distress,

Gary and Carolyn Jones sued their builder, Pesak Brothers Construction Company

(Pesak Brothers), for breach of a construction contract, express and implied

warranties, negligent construction of the home, and for violations of the Texas
Deceptive Trade Practices Act. After a jury trial on the Joneses’ claims, the trial

court entered a take-nothing judgment, in accordance with the jury’s verdict.

On appeal, the Joneses challenge the legal and factual sufficiency of the

evidence supporting the jury’s findings. They also contend that the trial court erred

in refusing to submit their negligence claim to the jury and by striking their sixth

amended petition, and they raise challenges to certain of the trial court’s

evidentiary rulings. We hold that sufficient evidence supports the jury’s verdict,

and the trial court did not err in deciding the other challenged rulings. We therefore

affirm.

Background

In 2006, the Joneses hired Pesak Brothers to build a house for them on the

Joneses’ seventy-eight-acre property near Columbus, Texas. Pesak Brothers

referred the Joneses to Steven Kieschnick, of Kieschnick’s Designs in Wood, to

select a floor plan from several blueprints that he had available. After selecting a

plan, the Joneses returned to Pesak Brothers and signed a two-page construction

agreement. The agreement specifies the square footage of the living area, garages,

and porches, as well as the materials that Pesak Brothers would use in constructing

the home. It itemizes the specifications for the foundation, framing, roofing,

electrical wiring, insulation, exterior finish, painting, plumbing, floors, doors,

windows, interiors, gas outlets, and air conditioning and heating. Pesak Brothers

2
bid $310,000 for the total construction cost, but the agreement explains that the

Pesak Brothers would calculate the amount due based “on a cost plus 10% for

operating expenses and liability insurance.” The agreement does not address

grading of the land surrounding the construction site.

Kieschnick provided a list entitled “[s]pecifications for the home of Mr. &

Mrs. Gary Jones.” The list identifies Kieschnick as a “draftsman and craftsman,”

and it reiterates and elaborates on the construction tasks and items identified in the

Pesak agreement. Pertinent to this appeal, the list recites that “[g]eneral notes, all

materials and workmanship should meet or exceed local building code and also the

Universal Building Code Book. Any changes made should be cleared with the

homeowner.” Among other things, Kieschnick’s list specifies: “Excavation—

virgin soil”; “Gutters and Downspouts—none”; and “Landscaping—by owner.”

Kieschnick’s list is otherwise silent with respect to the diversion of water outside

the home or the grading or other improvements to the land. Kieschnick’s list is

unsigned, and neither the Pesak agreement nor Kieschnick’s list refers to or

acknowledges the existence of the other.

Before Pesak Brothers completed its construction, Robert Pesak and Mr.

Jones discussed who would take responsibility for completing the grading near the

house and hardscaping on the lot. Pesak asked Mr. Jones “if he wanted [Pesak

Brothers] to do the grading and he said no, that he was going to.” Mr. Jones owned

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three pieces of earth-moving equipment—a tractor, a front-end loader, and an

excavator. He had gained experience using them to clear over 200 fallen trees on

his Louisiana property following Hurricane Katrina, and he enjoyed moving soil

around on his property with them. Mr. Jones told Pesak that he would contract

directly with Sanchez Construction to install the concrete driveway, patio, and

sidewalks surrounding the house. Mr. Jones acknowledged that, by contracting

with Sanchez directly for the hardscaping, the Joneses avoided the “cost plus ten

percent” that Pesak Brothers would have charged under the construction

agreement, and that the Joneses also saved money by choosing to grade the

property themselves.

Pesak Brothers completed construction, and the Joneses closed on the house

in December 2006. Pesak presented the Joneses with a final invoice in the amount

of $334,839.96. Pesak explained that the amount due exceeded the estimate

contained in the agreement because of additional items not accounted for in the

original estimate that Pesak Brothers provided, at the Joneses’ request, during

construction. Mr. Jones protested that final amount and insisted that he had agreed

to pay no more than $300,000 for the house. Mr. Jones told the jury that he

suspected that Pesak Brothers had added the “cost plus ten percent” provision after

the Joneses signed the agreement. The parties negotiated the claimed overage.

Pesak Brothers ultimately agreed with the Joneses to split the difference in the

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claimed overage amount and accepted $20,000 in exchange for signing the

certificate of completion. In the certificate, the parties averred:

1. Improvements Debts or Liens. Except as indicated below,
Contractor states that there are no unpaid debts and OWNER
states that he has not received any notices from any contractors
or subcontractors with respect to the Project or with respect to
any of the following items which may be remaining on the
Property: Mirror, shutters on the front of house, Home
Warranty Policy, concrete steps and bonus room as per plans
and specifications dated as of March 22, 2006 . . . .
…
3. Certificate of Completion. The project has been completed in a
good and workman-like manner and in accordance with the
plans and specifications approved by the Owner. The
Contractor has duly paid all bills and invoices for any labor
and/or materials furnished in connection with the Project and
has not received notices of any claim of mechanic’s or
materialman’s liens against the property. The OWNER has
fully accepted the completed Project and has not received
notices of any kind of any claim of mechanic’s or
materialman’s liens against the property.

The evidence is uncontested that, other than the typical grading that builders

perform in the course of constructing the home, neither Pesak Brothers nor its

subcontractors graded the site before the parties executed the certificate of

completion.

In January 2007, around the same time that the Joneses moved into the

house, Sanchez added a sidewalk on the north side of the house, a driveway on the

east side, and a patio on the south side. Mr. Jones used his front-end loader to

contour the land around the house. Mr. Jones also attempted to divert water from
5
the house’s foundation by cutting three terraces on the west side, and he built a

stone wall uphill from the house. He conceded that he did not know any particular

grading requirements, such as the degree of slope, to use.

In February, Mr. Jones called Pesak to report that he had found cracks in the

exterior mortar. Pesak told Mr. Jones to add soil around the foundation.

Eventually, cracks appeared in the inside walls, and windows and doors began to

stick. According to Pesak, Mr. Jones’s failure to grade the foundation soon after

Pesak Brothers completed construction caused this damage. Pesak also testified

that the placement of the sidewalks, patio, and driveway prevented adequate

grading around the home. He explained that the hardscaping around the house

acted like a dam: instead of diverting rainwater away from the foundation, it

detoured the water flow around the foundation until it settled underneath the west

side.

The Joneses hired engineer Gary Boyd, who prepared a report in January

2008 concluding that the foundation slab was tilting, or “heaving,” and stating that

it was his “professional recommendation that proper drainage be established

adjacent to the foundation sufficient to satisfy the International Residential Code

[IRC] Building Requirements.”

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 The Joneses initiated an administrative complaint against Pesak Brothers

with the now-defunct Texas Residential Construction Commission (TRCC).1

TRCC sent its own inspector, John Brown, to investigate. He concluded in April

2008 that the surrounding soil had not been properly graded and that, as a result,

the foundation had experienced post-construction differential movement that had

damaged the house.

Brown also opined that the areas enclosed by the sidewalk should be “filled

and graded to provide a drainage slope away from the foundation.” Brown

identified nineteen construction defects in the house. These included wiring

problems and a leak in the septic tank fill line, but of paramount concern was the

failure to provide an adequate slope around the foundation away from the house to

protect the foundation from damage due to surface drainage. He concurred with

Boyd that the lack of proper grading resulted in heaving, which caused the

windows and doors to stick or drag and cracks in the sheetrock and brick veneer.

1
The Texas Residential Construction Commission Act expired September 1,
2009, through application of the Texas Sunset Act, when the Legislature
abolished the Residential Construction Commission. See Act of June 20,
2003, 78th Leg., R.S., ch. 458, § 1.01, 2003 TEX. GEN. LAWS 1703, 1705
(former TEX. PROP. CODE ANN. § 401.006). During its existence, the
Commission administered a state-sponsored inspection and dispute
resolution process, which a homeowner or builder had to invoke before
filing suit on an action for damages or other relief arising from a
“construction defect.” See Act of June 20, 2003, 78th Leg., R.S., ch. 458,
§ 1.01 (former TEX. PROP. CODE ANN. § 426.005(a)).
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 In a July 7, 2008 letter to the Joneses’ attorneys, Pesak Brothers offered to

make Brown’s suggested repairs without additional charge and explained how it

would remedy each defect identified in Brown’s report. With respect to the

foundation issues identified in Brown’s report, Pesak Brothers proposed to grade

the area on the west side of the home to the proper five percent slope to divert the

water from the foundation and repair cracks and other cosmetic distress. The

Joneses, who had instituted this lawsuit several days before receiving the letter, did

not accept Pesak Brothers’ offer.

Mr. Jones suffered a heart attack in December 2008. The Joneses amended

their pleadings to include, as part of their DTPA claim, allegations that Pesak

Brothers’ conduct caused Mr. Jones’s heart attack and that he was entitled to

damages for his physical injury and mental anguish.

At the close of the Joneses’ case in chief, Pesak Brothers moved for a

directed verdict on the Joneses’ negligence claim. The trial court took the motion

under advisement, telling the parties it would decide the issue before submitting

the charge to the jury. At the charge conference, the trial court declined the

Joneses’ proposed submission of a negligence claim. The jury found that Pesak

Brothers was not liable for the Joneses’ remaining contract, DTPA, and breach of

warranty claims.

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 Discussion

I. Evidentiary Sufficiency

A. Legal sufficiency of the evidence supporting the jury’s adverse
findings on the Joneses’ breach-of-contract and breach-of-
warranty claims
According to the Joneses, the TRCC inspector’s report created a

presumption that Pesak Brothers had breached both the contract and warranties of

good and workmanlike construction, and thereby shifted the burden of proof to

Pesak Brothers to show that the inspector’s findings were inconsistent with

applicable building and performance standards. Because of the inspector’s report,

the Joneses contend, the evidence conclusively established Pesak Brothers’

liability. Though the jury found to the contrary, the Joneses are entitled to reversal

and rendition of the judgment in their favor if they have established Pesak

Brother’s liability as a matter of law. See Dow Chem. Co. v. Francis, 46 S.W.3d

237, 241 (Tex. 2001) (explaining that a party attacking legal sufficiency of adverse

finding on an issue on which party bears burden of proof “must demonstrate on

appeal that the evidence establishes, as a matter of law, all vital facts in support of

the issue,” and that party may prevail on appeal only if no evidence supports

finding and “the contrary proposition is conclusively established”); see also City of

Keller v. Wilson, 168 S.W.3d 802, 815–16 (Tex. 2005) (explaining nature of

conclusive evidence).

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 In the trial court, the parties agreed that a presumption created by the

TRCCA applied to their dispute.2 The court therefore instructed the jury, congruent

with the former statute, that

in any action involving a construction defect brought after a
recommendation of a third-party inspector or ruling by a panel of state
inspectors on the existence of the construction defect or its appropriate
repair, the recommendation or ruling shall constitute a rebuttable
presumption of the existence or nonexistence of a construction defect
or the reasonable manner of repair of the construction defect.

The Joneses point to the instruction, coupled with the inspector’s report, as

conclusively establishing liability. We disagree with the Joneses’ interpretation.

“[T]he existence . . . of a construction defect” does not have the same meaning as

“the existence of a defendant’s liability for a construction defect.” No party

disputed the existence of the construction defect at issue in this case; Pesak

Brothers agreed with the Joneses that the soil around the house was not properly

graded. Their dispute turned not on whether the grading was substandard, but

instead, on whether Pesak Brothers had agreed to grade the Joneses’ property in

the first place. The presumption relied on by the Joneses does not relieve them of

2
We express no opinion about the applicability of the TRCCA—in particular,
of former section 426.008)(a)—to this case. See Akin, Gump, Strauss, Hauer
& Feld, L.L.P. v. Nat’l Dev. & Res. Co., 299 S.W.3d 106, 112 (Tex. 2009)
(“Because there was no objection to the charge as submitted, we assume,
without deciding, that the instruction was correct and measure the evidence
by the charge as given.”) (citing Osterberg v. Peca, 12 S.W.3d 31, 55 (Tex.
2000) (holding that court’s charge measures sufficiency of evidence in
absence of objection)).
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their burden, as plaintiffs, to prove that Pesak Brothers should be held liable for the

substandard grading and the resulting damage. The presumption established only

that the grading was defective, not that Pesak Brothers had assumed responsibility

to perform the grading. We hold that the Joneses do not prevail as a matter of law

on their breach of contract and breach of warranty claims, so as to require reversal

of the jury’s verdict.

B. Factual insufficiency challenge

1. Standard of review

The Joneses next challenge the factual sufficiency of the evidence

supporting the jury’s findings in response to the Joneses’ breach of contract, breach

of warranty, and DTPA liability issues. “When a party attacks the factual

sufficiency of an adverse finding on an issue on which she has the burden of proof,

she must demonstrate on appeal that the adverse finding is against the great weight

and preponderance of the evidence.” Dow Chem. Co., 46 S.W.3d at 242. In

reviewing the record under this standard, we consider and weigh all of the

evidence; we set aside a verdict only if the evidence is so weak or if the finding is

so against the great weight and preponderance of the evidence that it is clearly

wrong and unjust. Id. We must “detail the evidence relevant to the issue” and

“state in what regard the contrary evidence greatly outweighs the evidence in

support of the verdict.” Id. (quoting Pool v. Ford Motor Co., 715 S.W.2d 629, 635

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(Tex. 1986)). The jury is the sole judge of the witnesses’ credibility, and it may

choose to believe one witness over another; a reviewing court may not impose its

own opinion to the contrary. City of Keller, 168 S.W.3d at 819. Because it is the

jury’s province to resolve conflicting evidence, we must assume that jurors

resolved all conflicts in harmony with their verdict. Id. at 820.

2. Analysis

All of the Joneses’ causes of action turn on whether Pesak Brothers was

responsible for the improper grading and, consequently, for the damage to the

foundation and other parts of the home. 3 The Joneses’ live petition alleged that

Pesak Brothers:

• failed to prepare grading and drainage around the foundation as
required by the TRCC;
• represented that the house would be built in a workmanlike
manner in compliance with accepted building standards and
methods and that it was habitable when it had not graded the
site to provide appropriate drainage “that was essential to the
structural integrity of the foundation”; and

3
The Joneses also alleged that Pesak Brothers made errors in constructing the
foundation itself, but the evidence at trial did not prove as a matter of law
either that Pesak Brothers constructed a faulty foundation or that any error in
constructing the foundation caused the damages claimed by the Joneses.

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 • failed to disclose that the “landscaping” referred to in the
agreement was actually finish grading that was essential to
proper drainage.

Each of their claims required the Joneses to prove that Pesak Brothers had a duty—

whether derived from the contract or imposed by law—to grade the site after

constructing the house. We consider this issue in the context of each claim below.

a. Breach-of-contract and breach-of-warranty
claims
Although breach of warranty and breach of contract are distinct causes of

action, an express warranty comprises part of the basis of the bargain and thus is

contractual in nature. Med. City Dall., Ltd. v. Carlisle Corp., 251 S.W.3d 55, 60

(Tex. 2008). Both breach-of-contract and breach-of-warranty claims “involve[] a

party seeking damages based on an opponent’s failure to uphold its end of the

bargain.” Id. (citing U.S. Pipe & Foundry Co. v. City of Waco, 108 S.W.2d 432,

434 (Tex. 1937)). We therefore consider the Joneses’ factual-sufficiency

challenges on these issues together.

Charge question 1 asked the jury:

Did Pesak Brothers Construction, Inc. fail to comply with the
material terms of the agreement with Gary and Carolyn Jones?

In deciding whether the parties reached an agreement, you may
consider what they said and did in light of the surrounding
circumstances, including any earlier course of dealing. You
may not consider the parties’ unexpressed thoughts or
intentions.

13
The charge defined an express warranty as “any affirmation of fact or promise

made by Pesak Brothers Construction, Inc. that relates to the construction of the

home and becomes part of the basis of the bargain.” The charge explained that an

implied warranty includes “failing to perform services in a good and workmanlike

manner” or “[s]elling a home that was not suitable for human habitation.” The jury

found no breach of a material term of the agreement, and no failure to comply with

a warranty that was producing cause of any damage to the Joneses.

The written construction agreement does not mention grading. The Joneses

assert that Kieschnick’s list was part of their agreement with Pesak Brothers

through the doctrine of incorporation by reference. We disagree. “Documents

incorporated into a contract by reference become part of that contract.” In re 24R,

Inc., 324 S.W.3d 564, 567 (Tex. 2010) (orig. proceeding) (citing In re Bank One,

N.A., 216 S.W.3d 825, 826 (Tex. 2007) (orig. proceeding) (per curiam)). “[A]n

unsigned paper may be incorporated by reference into a paper signed by the person

to be charged.” Trico Marine Servs., Inc. v. Stewart & Stevenson Tech. Servs., Inc.,

73 S.W.3d 545, 549 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2002, orig. proceeding)

(quoting Owen v. Hendricks, 433 S.W.2d 164, 166 (Tex. 1968)). The document

signed by the defendant, however, must plainly refer to the other writing. Id. No

reference to Kieschnick’s list appears in the Pesak Brothers agreement.

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 At trial Pesak testified that he had offered to provide the grading work at the

cost-plus-ten-percent rate set forth in the agreement, but Mr. Jones declined the

offer. Mr. Jones told Pesak that he would take responsibility for grading the

property, as well as for installing the sidewalks, patio, driveway, and landscaping.

The record shows that Mr. Jones complained that Pesak Brother’s final invoice on

the home was excessive, even though his complaint was inconsistent with the

agreement’s financial terms. The jury could have considered the evidence

concerning the parties’ financial discussions to find that the additional cost the

Joneses would have incurred by having the work performed under the written

agreement led to their decision to assume the responsibility for the grading,

hardscaping and landscaping, which, the jury heard, also involves grading the soil

around the house to protect the foundation.

The Joneses contend that Pesak Brothers’ July 2008 letter offering to repair

defects identified by the state inspector is tantamount to an admission that Pesak

Brothers had assumed the responsibility to grade at least the western side of the

property surrounding the house. The relevant contents of that letter follow:

We have reviewed the inspection report filed by John Brown as
part of the TRCC SIRP process. As we have stated before, we are
very aware of the problems that exist with the Jones home and are still
willing to fix them, with the cooperation of the Jones[es].

We have listed each alleged defect from the inspection report
and the suggested method of repair:
#1 Alleged Defect: Improper grading and drainage around foundation.
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 Repair Method: Pesak Brothers Construction will grade the area on
the west side of the home to the proper 5% slope to defer water from
the foundation. Pesak Brothers Construction did not construct the
sidewalks, the driveway, nor the back porch patio area surrounding
the remainder of the home. Therefore, we should not be responsible
for those areas.
...
#11 Alleged Defect: Cracks in brick on front and west side of house.
Repair Method: We agree with [the Boyd’s engineer and the TRCC
inspector’s] observations of the ground “heaving” around the
foundation. We also agree to slope the area around the foundation on
the west side of the house to satisfy the IRC [International Residential
Code] Building Code requirements (5% grade slope for the first 10
feet around foundation). . . .
We are anxious to make these repairs upon the okay by the
homeowner, Mr. Gary Jones. We are and have been very cooperative
throughout this whole ordeal and area ready to settle these problems.

This letter does not render the jury’s no-breach findings against the great weight

and preponderance of the evidence. Pesak Brothers sent the letter, albeit untimely,

in connection with the dispute resolution process available under the TRCCA.

Former section 27.004 of the Texas Property Code gave Pesak Brothers the option

to respond to the Joneses’ claim with an offer to repair any claimed construction

defect and describe in reasonable detail the repairs it would make. If the claimants

received a compliant offer to repair, the statute required them either to accept the

offer or refuse the offer in writing and explain in reasonable detail why they

considered the offer unreasonable. Act of June 15, 2007, 80th Leg., R.S., ch. 843

§ 3, 2007 Tex. Gen. Laws 1753 (formerly codified at TEX. PROP. CODE ANN.

§ 27.004(d)).
16
 Pesak Brothers’ letter explained that it was in response to the TRCC’s

inspection report, and it expressly declared that it “was ready to settle these

problems.” Pesak testified that, when he made the offer to repair, the grading work

would have cost approximately $2,000. Viewed in this context, the jury reasonably

could have rejected the Joneses’ contention that Pesak Brother’s willingness to

repair the defects constituted an admission of liability.

Next, the Joneses cite the testimony of their engineering expert, Thomas

Gessner, opining that: (1) under the standard of care for local builders, Pesak

Brothers should have had an engineer design the foundation; (2) a properly

designed foundation would not have been damaged by soil heaving when it got

wet; and (3) the standard of care required the builder to grade the soil to establish a

proper slope. Gessner criticized the quality of the foundation, but he did not

attribute the foundation’s movement to any of the particular flaws he identified

relating to its construction; in fact, Gessner specified that he had no opinion about

the cause of the foundation’s movement. Further, although Gessner included

grading among the requirements for a stable foundation, he testified that he did not

know who had taken responsibility for the grading around the house and that he

did not offer any opinion about that issue.

The remaining evidence supports a finding that the lack of proper grading

caused the damage to the home. The TRCC inspector agreed with Boyd’s report

17
that the foundation movement resulted directly from the poor drainage around the

home, and that the resulting heaving caused the problems with the windows and

doors, as well as the cracks in the sheetrock and brick veneer.

The Joneses also direct us to Mr. Jones’s testimony, in which he recounted a

conversation with Pesak:

Q. During the conversations you had with the Pesak Brothers
personnel on the west wall, on the west end of your house, did
it become apparent to you, without saying what they said, that
they knew that that place needed to be graded?

A. Yes.
Q. And did you ask them to do it?
A. I believe I did.

This testimony contradicts Pesak’s testimony that Mr. Jones had refused

Pesak’s offer to perform the grading. The jury reasonably could choose to credit

Pesak’s testimony over Mr. Jones’s testimony on this issue. See Figueroa v. Davis,

318 S.W.3d 53, 60 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2010, no pet.).

Pesak Brothers’ implied warranty obligations to the Joneses extended to the

work within its control. Cf. Centex Homes v. Buecher, 95 S.W.3d 266, 274–75

(Tex. 2002) (holding that implied warranty of good workmanship can be

disclaimed when agreement expressly provides for manner of performance or

quality of construction). The Joneses point to Pesak’s lack of familiarity with the

IRC provisions addressing grading requirements. Whether Pesak knew the IRC,

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however, does not bear on whether Pesak Brothers had the responsibility to

perform the grading work.

The task of resolving the conflicting evidence as to who should have graded

the land belonged to the jury. Because some evidence supports the jury’s findings,

we hold that the trial court properly entered judgment on the jury’s verdict and

denied the Joneses’ motion for new trial on their breach-of-contract and breach-of-

warranty claims.

b. DTPA claims

A consumer may bring a DTPA cause of action for either a violation of

section 17.46(b) of the DTPA (the “laundry list”) or for an unconscionable action

or course of action if the violation “constitute[s] a producing cause of economic

damages or damages for mental anguish.” TEX. BUS. & COM. CODE ANN.

§ 17.50(a)(1), (3) (West 2011). The Joneses brought both types of claims, which

the jury considered under charge questions 2 and 3.

Charge question 2 asked the jury to find whether Pesak Brothers “engage[d]

in any false, misleading, or deceptive act or practice that Gary or Carolyn Jones

relied on to their detriment” and was a producing cause of their damages. The

charge asked the jury to consider whether Pesak Brothers:

a. Represent[ed] that the home as completed had or would not
have had the characteristics that the home did not have, or

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 b. Represent[ed] that the home was or would be of a particular
quality when it was of another, or

c. Fail[ed] to disclose information about the home that was
known at the time of the transaction with the intention to
induce Gary or Carolyn Jones into a transaction that they
otherwise would not have entered into if the information had
been disclosed.
The jury answered “no.”

The Joneses first point to the construction agreement as evidence supporting

their DTPA claim because the home did not comply with any applicable building

code. The reference to compliance with building codes, however, appears in

Kieschnick’s list, not in the construction agreement and, as a result, cannot be

attributed to Pesak Brothers so as to impose liability as a matter of law. The

Joneses further contend that the statement in the certificate of completion that

Pesak Brothers had completed its work “in a good and workmanlike manner”

constitutes an actionable misrepresentation, because Pesak failed to complete the

grading around the foundation. Before Pesak executed the certificate, the parties

had discussed the final grading work, and the jury resolved the conflicting

evidence on that issue in favor of Pesak Brothers. The certificate of completion

does not specifically address the grading work, and the jury’s resolution of the

conflicting evidence on that issue supports the conclusion that the certificate of

completion does not contain any actionable misrepresentation.

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 Third, the Joneses contend that Pesak Brothers committed a DTPA violation

as a matter of law by concealing other foundation problems with the home. This

record, however, does not support that contention. The Joneses’ own foundation

expert, Daniel Wick, testified that he did not observe any issues with the slab other

than a slight wave in one area that was not unusual in construction, and that the

issue was so insignificant that he did not bother to mention it to Pesak Brothers.

Fourth, the Joneses claim that Pesak Brothers deviated from a disclaimer at

the bottom of the house plans, stating that “any engineering aspects to be specified

to actual site and construction conditions,” which, they contend, committed Pesak

Brothers to hire a foundation engineer. The jury reasonably could have rejected the

interpretation that this language required the builder to hire an engineer. Pesak

Brothers explained that the disclaimer is from the plan designer and meant only

that the home was not designed for any particular lot or its conditions. The jury

was entitled to credit that explanation and find that the disclaimer did not constitute

an actionable misrepresentation under the DTPA.

Charge question 3 tasked the jury with finding whether Pesak Brothers’

conduct violated the provision of the DTPA that prohibits unconscionable conduct.

See TEX. BUS. & COM. CODE ANN. § 17.50(a)(3). In accordance with the statute,

the charge defined “unconscionable action or course of action” as “an act or

practice that, to a consumer’s detriment, takes advantage of the lack of knowledge,

21
ability, experience, or capacity of a consumer to a grossly unfair degree.” The jury

found that Pesak Brothers did not engage in any unconscionable action or course of

action that was a producing cause of damages to either Mr. or Mrs. Jones. The

Joneses’ complaints, in the main, are problems that arose from the lack of proper

grading. The evidence does not support the conclusion that Pesak Brothers failed to

comply with any code requirement that produced the foundation’s heaving and

movement. We hold that the jury’s decision not to assign fault to Pesak Brothers

for Joneses’ DTPA claims is not against the great weight and preponderance of the

evidence.

II. Refusal to Submit Negligence Claim

The Joneses contend that the trial court erred in refusing to submit their

negligence claim to the jury, effectively granting Pesak Brothers’ motion for

directed verdict on that claim. The Joneses premised their negligence claim on

allegations that Pesak Brothers failed to act with due care by selecting a

construction site for the house that had serious drainage problems, which it then

failed to remedy. In addition to seeking economic damages, the Joneses sought

damages for Mr. Jones’s physical injuries, alleging that the Pesak Brothers’

negligence caused Jones to suffer his heart attack.

The issue of whether the evidence at trial gives rise to a fact issue for jury

determination on the existence of a legal duty, and for granting or denying a

22
directed verdict, is one of legal sufficiency. See City of Keller, 168 S.W.3d at 809,

827. We consider whether there the record contains any evidence of probative

force to raise a fact issue on the question presented. Bostrom Seating, Inc. v. Crane

Carrier Co., 140 S.W.3d 681, 684 (Tex. 2004). We will credit the favorable

evidence if reasonable jurors could and disregard the contrary evidence unless

reasonable jurors could not. City of Keller, 168 S.W.3d at 827. “A directed verdict

is warranted when the evidence is such that no other verdict can be rendered and

the moving party is entitled, as a matter of law, to a judgment.” Byrd v.

Delasancha, 195 S.W.3d 834, 836 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2006, no pet.).

The Joneses rely on the Texas Supreme Court’s 1949 decision in

Montgomery Ward & Co. v. Scharrenbeck in asserting that Pesak Brothers’

negligent performance of the construction contract caused their damages. 204

S.W.2d 508 (Tex. 1947). In Scharrenbeck, the defendant contracted to repair a

water heater, but improper installation caused a fire that destroyed the plaintiff’s

home. Id. at 509. The Court held that the defendant breached its contract by failing

to repair the water heater properly, but, because the defendant’s error caused the

destruction of the plaintiff’s home, the defendant breached a common-law duty as

well, allowing for recovery in tort. Id. at 510 (discussed in Sw. Bell Tel. Co. v.

Delanney, 809 S.W.2d 493, 494 (Tex. 1991)).

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 In Jim Walter Homes, Inc. v. Reed, the Texas Supreme Court distanced itself

from Scharrenbeck by reversing an award for punitive damages made in

connection with the Reeds’ claim for negligent construction of their home, holding

that when the injury is only to the economic loss to the subject of the contract

itself, the action sounds in contract alone. 711 S.W.2d 617, 618 (Tex. 1986).

To distinguish between contract and tort causes of action, we analyze the

source of the duty and the nature of the remedy. Formosa Plastics Corp. v.

Presidio Eng’rs & Contractors, Inc., 960 S.W.2d 41, 45 (Tex. 1998) (citing

DeLanney, 809 S.W.2d at 494–95). If the defendant’s conduct gives rise to liability

because it breaches an agreement between the parties, the plaintiff’s claim

ordinarily sounds only in contract. Id. at 494. In determining whether the plaintiff

may recover on a tort theory, if the damages sought are only loss or damage to the

subject matter of the contract, the cause of action is ordinarily on the contract. Id.;

Jim Walter Homes, 711 S.W.2d at 618. In other words, absent a duty to act

independently of the promise made, failure to perform on a promise will not give

rise to a cause of action for negligence. Delanney, 809 S.W.2d at 495 n.2 (citing

W. Keeton, D. Dobbs, R. Keeton & D. Owen, PROSSER AND KEETON ON THE LAW

OF TORTS § 92 at 655 (5th ed.1984)). If no legal duty exists, neither does a cause of

action for negligence. See Centeq Realty, Inc. v. Siegler, 899 S.W.2d 195, 197

(Tex. 1995).

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 The Joneses have not identified any duty that Pesak Brothers purportedly

owed other than the duties connected with construction of the home, the subject

matter of the contract. Pesak Brothers owed no independent legal duty “not to

negligently inflict emotional distress” in performing under the contract. 4 See

Temple-Inland Forest Prods. Corp. v. Carter, 993 S.W.2d 88, 91 (Tex. 1999); City

of Tyler v. Likes, 962 S.W.2d 489, 500 (Tex. 1997). Mr. Jones’s heart attack was

not a foreseeable result of any allegedly defective performance of the construction

contract that would otherwise give rise to a legal duty. See Snellenberger v.

Rodriguez, 760 S.W.2d 237, 237–38 (Tex. 1988) (holding that person who ran over

child was not liable in negligence for death of police officer who suffered heart

attack after controlling crowd around injured child).

The Joneses also sought to hold Pesak Brothers liable for negligence under a

voluntary undertaking theory, because they had taken Pesak’s suggestion to build

the home on a site downhill from the location they originally considered. The

Texas Supreme Court has stated that “one who voluntarily undertakes an

affirmative course of action for the benefit of another has a duty to exercise

4
Certain “special relationships,” including “a very limited number of
contracts dealing with intensely emotional noncommercial subjects such as
preparing a corpse for burial,” may give rise to a legal duty to avoid causing
mental anguish. City of Tyler v. Likes, 962 S.W.2d 489, 496 (Tex. 1997);
Noah v. UTMB at Galveston, 176 S.W.3d 350, 356 (Tex. App.—Houston
[1st Dist.] 2004, pet. denied). The Joneses do not contend that any such duty
existed here.

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reasonable care that the other’s person or property will not be injured thereby.”

Colonial Savs. Ass’n v. Taylor, 544 S.W.2d 116, 119–20 & n.2 (Tex. 1976) (citing

RESTATEMENT (SECOND) OF TORTS § 323 (1965)); Tex. Woman’s Univ. v.

Methodist Hosp., 221 S.W.3d 267, 283–84 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2006,

no pet.). Undertaking liability requires the presence of the following specific duty

predicates:

(1) [the defendant] undertook to perform services that it knew or
should have known were necessary for the plaintiffs’ protection,
(2) [the defendant] failed to exercise reasonable care in performing
those services, and either (3) [a third party charged with protecting the
plaintiffs] relied upon [the defendant’s] performance, or (4) [the
defendant’s] performance increased the plaintiffs' risk of harm.

Torrington Co. v. Stutzman, 46 S.W.3d 829, 838 (Tex. 2000). As with a simple

negligence claim, a negligent undertaking claim still requires proof that the

defendant owed the plaintiff a legal duty and violated it. Id. at 837; see Entergy

Gulf States, Inc. v. Akrotex, Inc., 40 S.W.3d 201, 206 (Tex. App.—Beaumont

2001, no pet.). In arguing for a negligent undertaking claim, the Joneses rely solely

on Mrs. Jones’s testimony that the downhill site presented more problems for the

house’s foundation than the uphill site would have presented, and do not point to

an injury separate from the claims arising from the construction of the home. The

Joneses did not present any testimony to support a finding that proper final grading

would not have corrected for any difference in drainage between the two sites.

Because the Joneses have not shown a separate undertaking from the construction
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contract itself, or any increased risk of harm separate from the performance under

the contract, the trial court did not err in refusing to submit the Joneses’ negligent

undertaking claim to the jury as a separate cause of action.

III. Evidentiary Complaints

The Joneses complain that the trial court erred in excluding the testimony of

Dr. Jon Heine, Mr. Jones’s treating cardiologist and the Joneses’ medical expert,

and in admitting certain testimony of Mark Kubena, Pesak Brothers’ engineering

expert.5 They also contend that the trial court should have admitted Mr. Jones’s

notes of his conversations with Pesak. We review a trial court’s decision to exclude

or admit evidence for an abuse of discretion. In re J.P.B., 180 S.W.3d 570, 575

(Tex. 2005). A court abuses its discretion if it acts without reference to any guiding

rules or principles. Carpenter v. Cimarron Hydrocarbons Corp., 98 S.W.3d 682,

687 (Tex. 2002); Downer v. Aquamarine Operators, Inc., 701 S.W.2d 238, 241–42

(Tex. 1985). To show the trial court abused its discretion, an appellant must

demonstrate that: (1) the court erred in not admitting the evidence; (2) the excluded

evidence was controlling on a material issue dispositive of the case and was not

cumulative; and (3) the error probably caused rendition of an improper judgment in

the case. See TEX. R. APP. P. 44.1(a) Tex. Dep’t of Transp. v. Able, 35 S.W.3d 608,

5
The Joneses also complain about the trial court’s evidentiary rulings relating to the
testimony of the parties’ damages experts. Because the record supports the jury’s
no-liability findings, we do not reach those issues.
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617 (Tex. 2000); Sharma v. Vinmar Int’l, Ltd., 231 S.W.3d 405, 422 (Tex. App.—

Houston [14th Dist.] 2007, no pet.). We uphold the trial court’s evidentiary ruling

if we discern a legitimate basis for it. Owens-Corning Fiberglas Corp. v. Malone,

972 S.W.2d 35, 43 (Tex. 1998).

The Joneses proffered Dr. Heine’s testimony to show that the stress from the

foundation problems caused Mr. Jones to suffer a heart attack in December 2008.

Because Pesak Brothers owed the Joneses only the contractual duties arising under

the agreement, the trial court acted within its discretion in excluding Dr. Heine’s

causation testimony insofar as it purported to support a negligence cause of action.

The trial court allowed the jury to consider evidence that Mr. Jones suffered a heart

attack in connection with the Joneses’ mental anguish claim. As a result, the trial

court’s ruling had little, if any, impact on the judgment. See TEX. R. APP. P.

44.1(a).

The Joneses contend that the trial court erred in admitting Kubena’s

testimony about the effect of trees and tree roots on the home’s foundation,

because Pesak Brothers failed to establish that Kubena was qualified to render an

opinion on that subject matter. The record, however, shows that Kubena had

general engineering experience that qualified him to render an opinion relating to

the foundation, and he testified on that issue in his deposition, relying on soil

boring reports showing the presence of tree roots near the foundation. Kubena did

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not specifically refer to any building code provision or address the concrete’s

compressive strength in his testimony, but those issues go to the weight of the

evidence, not its admissibility.

With respect to the trial court’s exclusion of Mr. Jones’s notes of his

conversations with Pesak, the Joneses do not contend that the notes contain

evidence that they were not able to convey through Mr. Jones’s testimony, or that

the trial court prevented Mr. Jones from using the notes to refresh his recollection.

Absent a showing that the trial court’s exclusion of the notes probably caused the

rendition of an improper judgment, we will not disturb the trial court’s evidentiary

ruling. See TEX. R. APP. P. 44.1(a).

IV. Propriety of the Trial Court’s Decision to Strike the Joneses’ Sixth
Amended Petition
Finally, the Joneses contend that the trial court erred in denying leave to file

their sixth amended petition. The record shows that the Joneses filed their sixth

amended petition within seven days before the date of trial and did not seek leave

of court. If an amended pleading is filed within seven days of trial, leave of court is

required. See Houtex Ready Mix Concrete & Materials v. Eagle Constr. & Envt’l

Servs., L.P., 226 S.W.3d 514, 520 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2006, no pet.).

A trial court does not abuse its discretion by refusing to consider an amended

petition filed fewer than seven days before trial if the party fails to seek leave of

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court. See TEX. R. CIV. P. 63; Mensa-Wilmot v. Smith Int’l, 312 S.W.3d 771, 778–

79 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2009, no pet.)

Conclusion

Because legally and factually sufficient evidence supports the jury’s verdict,

we hold that the trial court properly rendered judgment on it. We further hold that

the trial court did not err in refusing to submit a negligence claim, or in deciding

the other challenged rulings. We therefore affirm the judgment of the trial court.

Jane Bland
Justice

Panel consists of Justices Jennings, Bland, and Massengale.

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