Fourth Court of Appeals
San Antonio, Texas
OPINION
No. 04-12-00260-CR
Carlos MIRELES,
Appellant
v.
The STATE of Texas,
Appellee
From the 186th Judicial District Court, Bexar County, Texas
Trial Court No. 2010-CR-9900
Honorable Maria Teresa Herr, Judge Presiding
Opinion by: Sandee Bryan Marion, Justice
Concurring Opinion by: Rebeca C. Martinez, Justice
Sitting: Catherine Stone, Chief Justice
Sandee Bryan Marion, Justice
Rebeca C. Martinez, Justice
Delivered and Filed: March 27, 2013
AFFIRMED
A jury found appellant guilty on three counts of aggravated sexual assault of a child (his
daughter) and assessed punishment at life in prison. In four issues on appeal, appellant asserts
the trial court erred by admitting certain evidence at trial and by denying him the right to cross-
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examine the complainant 1 and the complainant’s mother about the complainant’s MySpace
page. 2 We affirm.
ADMISSION OF CRIMINAL RECORD
In his first issue, appellant asserts the trial court erred by admitting into evidence his
criminal records in two prior felony convictions. Appellant was convicted of possession of a
controlled substance on March 5, 1998. He was sentenced to three years’ confinement for this
offense, and released from prison in November 2000. During a time period when appellant was
on parole for the first offense, he was arrested a second time for possession of a controlled
substance. He was convicted for this second offense on October 12, 1999, and released from
parole in July 2002. Appellant’s underlying trial in his aggravated sexual assault case
commenced in March 2012.
On appeal, appellant asserts the State’s use of these prior convictions to impeach him
violated Texas Rule of Evidence 609 and the test set forth in Theus v. State, 845 S.W.2d 874
(Tex. Crim. App. 1992). We review a trial court’s decision regarding the admission of evidence
for an abuse of discretion. Martinez v. State, 327 S.W.3d 727, 736 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010). A
trial court abuses its discretion only if its decision is “so clearly wrong as to lie outside the zone
within which reasonable people might disagree.” Taylor v. State, 268 S.W.3d 571, 579 (Tex.
Crim. App. 2008).
“Evidence of other crimes, wrongs or acts is not admissible to prove the character of a
person in order to show action in conformity therewith.” TEX. R. EVID. 404(b). However,
evidence of past crimes may be used to attack the credibility of a witness. TEX. R. EVID. 609(a).
1
For the protection of the identity of the minor child, the child-complainant will be referred to as “complainant” and
other adults by their first name only.
2
On appeal, appellant incorrectly refers to a Facebook page.
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Evidence “that the witness has been convicted of a crime shall be admitted if elicited from the
witness or established by public record but only if the crime was a felony or involved moral
turpitude, regardless of punishment, and the court determines that the probative value of
admitting this evidence outweighs its prejudicial effect to a party.” Id. Evidence of a conviction
under Rule 609(a) “is not admissible if a period of more than ten years has elapsed since the date
of the conviction or of the release of the witness from the confinement imposed for that
conviction, whichever is the later date, unless the court determines, in the interests of justice, that
the probative value of the conviction supported by specific facts and circumstances substantially
outweighs its prejudicial effect.” TEX. R. EVID. 609(b). As the proponent of impeachment
evidence pursuant to Rule 609, the State had the burden of demonstrating the admissibility of the
past convictions. Theus, 845 S.W.2d at 880.
Remote convictions are generally inadmissible because we presume that a witness is
capable of rehabilitation and that his character has reformed over a period of law-abiding
conduct. Morris v. State, 67 S.W.3d 257, 263 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2001, pet. ref’d).
We may find, however, that, although a prior conviction is more than ten years old, later
convictions for felonies or misdemeanors involving moral turpitude remove the taint of
remoteness from the prior conviction. Id. In that situation, we apply the Rule 609(a) “outweigh”
standard—instead of Rule 609(b)’s “substantially outweigh” standard—because “the ‘tacking’ of
the intervening convictions renders convictions more than 10 years old no longer remote.” Id.
“[I]ntervening convictions for felonies or crimes of moral turpitude demonstrate a lack of
reformation, attenuating the possible prejudice interposed by a distant conviction.” Id.
Here, appellant was released from parole for his 1999 conviction in July 2002, and the
underlying trial commenced in March 2012. Under Rule 609(a), our review of the trial court’s
decision to admit this evidence must consider whether the probative value of this conviction
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“outweighs” any prejudicial effect. TEX. R. EVID. 609(a). On the other hand, appellant’s 1998
conviction for possession of a controlled substance is outside the ten-year period specified in
Rule 609 because he was released from prison in November 2000, and the underlying trial
commenced in March 2012. However, we conclude appellant’s intervening 1999 felony
conviction removed the taint of remoteness from the 1998 conviction, both of which were for
similar offenses, the 1999 offense committed while appellant was on parole for the 1998 offense.
Therefore, we also apply the Rule 609(a) “outweigh” standard to determine whether admission
of this conviction was proper. In Theus, the Court of Criminal Appeals set out a non-exclusive
list of factors courts should use when applying Rule 609(a) to weigh the probative value of a
conviction against its prejudicial effect. Such factors include (1) the impeachment value of the
prior crime, (2) the temporal proximity of the past crime relative to the charged offense and the
defendant’s subsequent history, (3) the similarity between the past crime and the charged
offense, (4) the importance of the defendant’s testimony, and (5) the importance of the
defendant’s credibility. 845 S.W.2d at 880.
“The impeachment value of crimes involving deception is higher than crimes that involve
violence, and the latter have a higher potential for prejudice.” Id. at 881. “Therefore, when a
party seeks to impeach a witness with evidence of a crime that relates more to deception than
not, the first factor weighs in favor of admission.” Id. Neither of appellant’s prior convictions
involves a crime of violence or untruthfulness. Therefore, the first Theus factor weighs against
admitting the prior convictions.
We next consider the temporal proximity of appellant’s past crimes, the second Theus
factor, to the charged offense and his subsequent criminal history. We must consider whether
appellant’s past crimes are recent and whether he has demonstrated a propensity for running
afoul of the law. Id. The two convictions occurred in 1998 and 1999. He completed his
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sentence in both by 2002. The record does not contain evidence of any other subsequent
offenses. The ten-year lapse between these convictions and the present offense and the lack of
subsequent convictions weigh against admitting the prior convictions.
In cases where a defendant’s past crimes are similar to the charged offense, the third
Theus factor will militate against admission. Id. “The rationale behind this is that the admission
for impeachment purposes of a crime similar to the crime charged presents a situation where the
jury would convict on the perception of a past pattern of conduct, instead of on the facts of the
charged offense.” Id. Here, there is no similarity between convictions for possession of a
controlled substance and aggravated sexual assault of a child; therefore, this factor weighs in
favor of admitting the prior convictions.
Finally, we focus on the importance of appellant’s testimony and credibility, the fourth
and fifth Theus factors, both of which depend on the nature of a defendant’s defense and the
means available to prove that defense. Id. Appellant’s testimony was important because he
denied any inappropriate behavior with the complainant, in fact, he denied ever being alone with
the complainant. A defendant should generally have the right to testify without being impeached
by remote prior convictions. However, when a case boils down to a “he said-she said,” such as
here, the importance of the defendant’s credibility and testimony escalates, along with the State’s
need to impeach the defendant’s credibility. Id. Although appellant’s family members testified
he was never alone with his daughter, appellant was the only witness capable of denying the
allegations of sexual assault. Therefore, the State had an escalated need to impeach his
credibility, and, these factors weigh in favor of admitting the prior convictions.
Three of the five Theus factors favor admissibility; accordingly, we cannot conclude the
trial court abused its discretion in admitting the prior convictions into evidence.
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OUTCRY WITNESS
In his second issue, appellant asserts the trial court erred by admitting the testimony of
two outcry witnesses. Although appellant’s issue is stated as objecting to two outcry witnesses,
his argument on appeal focuses only on the admission of the complainant’s mother’s testimony
on the grounds that she was not the first person, eighteen years or older, to whom the
complainant made a detailed statement about the offense.
Texas Code of Criminal Procedure article 38.072 provides an “outcry” exception to the
general rule that hearsay statements are inadmissible. TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 38.072
§§ 1, 2 (West Supp. 2012). The outcry provision seeks both the fair prosecution of child abuse
cases and the protection of children in the courtroom, but is “carefully limited” to ensure the
reliability of the testimony. See Martinez v. State, 178 S.W.3d 806, 811 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005).
The statute applies only to statements made (1) by the child against whom the offense was
allegedly committed, and (2) to the first person, eighteen years of age or older, to whom the child
made a statement about the offense. TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. art. 38.072 § 2(a). The outcry
witness is the first adult to whom the child relates the how, when, and where of the assault.
Reyes v. State, 274 S.W.3d 724, 727 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2008, pet. ref’d). However, the
statement must describe the alleged offense in some discernible way and amount to “more than
words which give a general allusion that something in the area of child abuse was going on.”
Garcia v. State, 792 S.W.2d 88, 91 (Tex. Crim. App. 1990). We review the trial court’s
admission of an outcry witness’s testimony under an abuse of discretion standard. Garcia, 792
S.W.2d at 92.
Here, two witnesses testified about what they were told by complainant. The first
witness, Jessica, was the counselor at the complainant’s school. Jessica testified that a student
came into her office because the student was passing notes asking if the complainant was a
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virgin. When Jessica asked the student why she was passing the notes, the student said because
the complainant had told her appellant had touched her inappropriately. Jessica then spoke to the
complainant, who was ten or eleven years old at the time, and the complainant said “her dad
touched her inappropriately all over her body when she was younger, around five or six years
old” and touched her top, bottom, and legs. She said the complainant was very emotional, upset,
and crying. Jessica stated she did not press for more details because she allows a child to relay
as much information as the child desires. Jessica then reported the incident to CPS.
The second witness was the complainant’s mother Patricia. Patricia testified the
complainant told her appellant “forced her to start kissing . . . like a boy and girl would,”
appellant “put his tongue down her throat,” he touched her vagina, and put his penis in her mouth
and “inside her.” The complainant told her mother she was five or six years old at the time and
the incidents occurred numerous times at the complainant’s grandmother’s house. Patricia
reported the conversation to the police.
The trial court ruled both witnesses could testify as outcry witnesses because Jessica
testified to touching and Patricia testified in more detail about the nature of the sexual assault.
There may be more than one outcry witness provided the witnesses testify about different events.
Lopez v. State, 343 S.W.3d 137, 140 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011). “Because of the way in which
[article 38.072] is written, an outcry witness is not person-specific, but event-specific.”
Broderick v. State, 35 S.W.3d 67, 73 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2000, pet. ref’d). Therefore, “the
outcry must be about different events, and not simply a repetition of the same event related by
the victim to different individuals.” Id. Here, the trial court could have determined the two
witnesses testified about different events—Jessica about inappropriate touching and Patricia
about other acts of sexual abuse including penetration and oral sexual assault. Therefore, we
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cannot say the trial court abused its discretion by allowing Jessica and Patricia to both testify as
outcry witnesses.
GLOBAL POSITIONING DEVICE
In his third issue, appellant asserts the trial court erred by not allowing testimony to
explain why he removed his Global Positioning Device (“GPD”). As a condition of his bond,
appellant wore a GPD. He later removed it. On appeal, appellant contends he and his mother
should have been allowed to fully explain why the device was removed, and the trial court
denied his request to elicit more specific answers regarding his removal of the device. Contrary
to appellant’s assertion, the record reflects that appellant testified he cut off the monitor and left
the house because his attorney was trying to get him to take a plea bargain. Therefore, on this
record, we cannot conclude the trial court erred.
CROSS-EXAMINATION OF WITNESSES
In his fourth and final issue, appellant asserts the trial court erred when it denied him the
ability to cross-examine the complainant, his sister, and his mother about the complainant’s
MySpace page, on which he contends she made several inconsistent statements, about the
complainant drawing pictures of male penises in a coloring book when she was only three years
old, and about Patricia’s “having various relationships.” Appellant points to nowhere in the
record where he was denied an opportunity to cross-examine the witnesses on any of these
topics. And, other than a general statement about his right to a fair trial and a witness’s
credibility being a proper subject of cross-examination, appellant provides no legal analysis to
support his argument that the trial court erred.
The Texas Rules of Appellate Procedure require that briefs “contain a clear and concise
argument for the contentions made, with appropriate citations to authorities and to the record.”
TEX. R. APP. P. 38.1(h), (i). Because appellant here has not included any citation of authority or
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discussion of or citation to the facts to support his complaint, this issue is inadequately briefed,
and therefore, not preserved for appellate review. State v. Mason, 980 S.W.2d 635, 641 n. 3
(Tex. Crim. App. 1998).
CONCLUSION
We overrule appellant’s issues on appeal and affirm the trial court’s judgment.
Sandee Bryan Marion, Justice
Publish
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