NUMBER 13-09-00395-CR
COURT OF APPEALS
THIRTEENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS
CORPUS CHRISTI - EDINBURG
JOSE ALONZO, Appellant,
v.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee.
On appeal from the Criminal District Court
of Jefferson County, Texas.
OPINION
Before Chief Justice Valdez and Justices Yañez and Garza
Opinion by Chief Justice Valdez
Appellant, Jose Alonzo, was indicted on one count of murder, a first-degree felony,
see TEX . PENAL CODE ANN . § 19.02(b)(1), (c) (Vernon 2003), and one count of possession
of a deadly weapon in a penal institution, a third-degree felony. See id. § 46.10(a)(2), (d)
(Vernon 2003). A jury convicted Alonzo of the lesser-included offense of manslaughter,
a second-degree felony, see id. § 19.04 (Vernon 2003), as well as the offense of
possession of a deadly weapon in a penal institution. After finding an enhancement
allegation “true,” the jury sentenced Alonzo to twenty years’ imprisonment for each offense
and ordered the sentences to run consecutively.1 By six issues, Alonzo contends that: (1)
the trial court erred by instructing the jury that the justification of self-defense does not
apply to the lesser-included offense of manslaughter; (2) the evidence is legally and
factually insufficient to prove that he committed manslaughter; (3) the evidence is legally
and factually insufficient to prove that he committed the offense of possession of a deadly
weapon in a penal institution; and (4) the trial court erred by denying his motion for new
trial in which he alleged that members of the jury had engaged in misconduct. We affirm
the trial court’s manslaughter judgment, and we affirm as modified the trial court’s
judgment regarding the offense of possession of a deadly weapon in a penal institution.2
I. BACKGROUND
On June 30, 2006, an altercation arose between Alonzo and Victor Rocha, two
“close custody” inmates imprisoned in Building 8, K-pod, Section 2 of the Texas
Department of Criminal Justice Institutional Division’s Stiles Unit located in Jefferson
County, Texas.3 During the incident, Rocha sustained injuries and died of a stab wound
1
Alonzo’s sentences were enhanced by a capital m urder conviction for which he was serving a life
sentence at the tim e the two additional offenses are alleged to have been com m itted. Although the
m anslaughter and possession of a deadly weapon in a penal institution sentences were ordered to run
consecutively with respect to each other, they were ordered to run concurrently with Alonzo’s previous life
sentence.
2
Two judgm ents appear in the record— one relating to m anslaughter, which refers to section 19.04
of the Texas Penal Code, and one relating to possession of a deadly weapon in a penal institution. See T EX .
P EN AL C O DE A N N . §§ 19.04, 46.10 (Vernon 2003). The trial court’s judgm ent regarding the offense of
possession of a deadly weapon in a penal institution m istakenly refers to section 19.04 of the penal code
instead of section 46.10. See id. § 46.10. Because we have the necessary data and evidence for reform ation,
we m odify the trial court’s judgm ent to reflect the correct statute for the offense of possession of a deadly
weapon in a penal institution. See id.; see also T EX . R. A PP . P. 43.2(b); Bigley v. State, 865 S.W .2d 26, 27
(Tex. Crim . App. 1993).
3
Trial testim ony revealed that “close custody” inm ates experience heightened security regulations.
Building 8, K-pod, Section 2, consists of three floors of inm ate cells. Each cell is secured by a solid “gate,”
or door, that has a sm all window and tray slot. Each cell, when unlocked, opens into a narrow hallway
2
to the chest.
A. State’s Evidence
Officer Roger Whittley, the only correctional officer on duty in Section 2 at the time
of the incident, testified that he released Alonzo from his cell and led him to a nearby
inmate shower stall sometime around 10:00 p.m. on the night of the altercation. Officer
Whittley did not perform a pat-down or a full-body search of Alonzo before releasing him
from his cell, which was located on the second floor of Section 2. Without being
handcuffed, Alonzo was led to and locked in an individual shower stall located on the
second floor near his cell.
Officer Whittley stated that Rocha, who had been released from his cell to move to
another cell, “roamed” around the three floors of Section 2 while Alonzo showered. Shortly
before Alonzo was released from the shower, Rocha was seen standing in the stairwell of
the second floor. After a short time, Officer Whittley released Alonzo from the shower stall.
Alonzo emerged from the shower stall wearing only a pair of boxers and a towel around
his neck; a full body search was not performed. Rocha moved from the stairwell and met
Alonzo shortly before Alonzo reached his cell. Officer Whittley heard Alonzo and Rocha
shouting in Spanish. Officer Whittley then saw the two men “collide” and “wrestle each
other.” On cross-examination, after viewing a surveillance video, Officer Whittley stated
that Rocha appeared to have extended his arm and initiated the contact with Alonzo. As
Alonzo and Rocha fought, Officer Whittley saw a “shank” made of a piece of brown metal
in Alonzo’s hand.4 Officer Whittley did not see a “shank” in Rocha’s hand; however, he
testified that at the beginning of the fight, Rocha possessed “some type of cord.”
overlooking a large room where the inm ates of Section 2 eat their m eals. Each level contains eight cells, and
each cell houses two inm ates. Showers and stairwells are positioned at the end of each hallway.
4
Trial testim ony defined a “shank” as a “penitentiary kind of knife” used to inflict injury upon another.
3
Officer Whittley testified that the fight ended when Alonzo thrust the brown metallic
“shank” towards Rocha. Alonzo and Rocha separated, and Rocha ran past Officer
Whittley holding his chest and saying that he had “been hit.” Rocha then fell to the ground
bleeding. Meanwhile, Alonzo returned to his cell and “demanded” that he be allowed to
enter it. Officer Whittley stated that Alonzo then passed the “shank” through a cell door.
Soon after, Alonzo was handcuffed and led away from the cell area. While being led away,
Alonzo shouted “obscenities” in English and Spanish to Rocha. Officer Christopher Moore
recalled that Alonzo yelled something to Rocha “[a]long the lines of, I hope you die,
motherfucker. You get what you deserve . . . .” No brown metallic object or any type of
“shank” was recovered after the altercation.
Forensic pathologist Dr. Tommy Brown, testified that he performed an autopsy
examination on Rocha. Dr. Brown stated that a stab wound inflicted by a deadly weapon
caused Rocha’s death. On cross-examination, Dr. Brown testified that he found no
defensive wounds on Rocha’s body.
Alonzo’s cellmate, James Woolridge, testified that he heard a conversation between
Alonzo and Rocha approximately a week and a half before the altercation. Woolridge
stated that during the conversation, Alonzo told Rocha that Rocha was “disrespecting
[Alonzo] and his gang” and “needed to pack [Rocha’s] property and move off the wing and
show [Alonzo] some respect.” According to Woolridge, Alonzo indicated that he would kill
Rocha if Rocha did not move to a different prison wing.
When questioned about Alonzo’s gang affiliation, Woolridge testified that Alonzo
told him that he was in a “Mexico gang.” Woolridge also stated that Alonzo “often” carried
a “shank.” When asked how Alonzo would carry the “shank,” Woolridge replied, “He would
4
lift up his big-old fat belly, stick the weapon up under his belly and let his belly go and his
belly would hold the weapon down.”
Woolridge stated that on the night in question, he was inside the cell that he shared
with Alonzo. Woolridge did not witness the altercation; however, he stated that after the
fight ended, Alonzo came to the cell door and attempted to pass him a “knife.” Woolridge
testified that Alonzo requested that he “tear it up, destroy it, and flush it down the toilet.”
Woolridge testified that he refused to comply with Alonzo’s request. Woolridge stated that
the “shank” that he had “often” seen Alonzo carry could have caused Rocha’s fatal wound.
Rocha’s cellmate, Michael Martinez, also testified. Martinez testified that he and
Rocha were members of the “Mexican Mafia” gang. Martinez stated that Alonzo was a
member of a gang known as the “Partidos Revolucionarios de Mexicles” (“PRM”).
According to Martinez, Rocha was involved in an altercation with a PRM member a “couple
of days” before Rocha’s fight with Alonzo. Martinez claimed that Alonzo and Alonzo’s
friend and fellow PRM member, Armando Alvarado, indicated that they planned to kill
Rocha. Martinez testified that after learning this information, he feared for Rocha and gave
Rocha a “shank” made of a sharpened eight-to-ten-inch piece of chainlink fence. After
viewing a photograph of Rocha’s fatal stab wound, Martinez stated that the size and shape
of the “shank” that he gave to Rocha was not consistent with the wound.
B. Defense’s Evidence
Ricky Davis, an inmate housed in the same building as Alonzo on the night in
question, testified that he witnessed the altercation between Alonzo and Rocha after being
awakened by the commotion outside of his cell. Davis stated that he did not see the
beginning or the end of the fight. However, after he woke up, Davis looked out of his cell’s
5
window and saw Alonzo and Rocha “fighting” and “wrestling.” Davis saw Alonzo try to
wrest a “shank” out of Rocha’s hand and saw Rocha “whoop” Alonzo with a cable. Davis
described the “shank” that Alonzo attempted to wrest from Rocha as a “metallic” sharpened
spike that was “[t]he color of plastic, like a clear pen or a piece of metal . . . silver metal.”
Davis was uncertain whether Alonzo was successful in taking the “shank” from Rocha’s
hand.
Alonzo testified that he weighed about 330 pounds at the time of his altercation with
Rocha. Alonzo stated that when he came out of the shower on the night in question,
Rocha approached him saying, “Orale puta,” and swinging a cable.5 After a struggle,
Rocha dropped the cable after Alonzo “got a hold of [it].” Alonzo stated that at that point,
he realized that Rocha “had another weapon.” Alonzo testified, “He [Rocha] had a piece
of spike with him that he was trying to hit me with it [sic], which he did hit me with it.”
Alonzo stated that, upon seeing the “spike,” he was “really scared and shocked” and
attempted to get the spike away from Rocha. Alonzo stated that Rocha was stabbed
during the struggle.
On cross-examination, Alonzo agreed that he stabbed a “spike” into Rocha’s chest
and that the spike was a deadly weapon. However, Alonzo maintained that he did not
intentionally stick the spike into Rocha’s chest. Alonzo also testified that, at the time he
stuck the spike into Rocha’s chest, he was unaware of his actions because he had
“blacked out” and was “fighting for [his] life.” Alonzo testified that although he knew who
Rocha was, and had spoken to Rocha’s cellmate in the past, he had never spoken to
Rocha.
5
Alonzo testified that “orale puta” is a Spanish term that m eans, “All right [sic], bitch. I got you now.”
6
After the altercation, Alonzo was taken to a nurse for a physical examination. The
nurse testified that at the time of the examination, she noticed abrasions on both of
Alonzo’s arms and bruising on his right arm. The nurse stated that Alonzo’s injuries were
not serious and were “superficial.”
The defense also called Officer Beau Mathews, a guard at the Stiles Unit. Officer
Mathews testified that Rocha was involved in a fight in the “chow hall” of Building 7 of the
Stiles Unit on May 19, 2006. After the May 19 fight, Rocha was rehoused in Building 8, the
building that housed Alonzo. Officer Mathews stated that upon learning that he was going
to be moved to Building 8, Rocha stated that if he was moved to Building 8, he was either
going to kill or be killed by “some Hispanics.”
At the close of evidence, count one of the jury charge included instructions on
murder, manslaughter, aggravated assault, and self-defense. Count two of the charge
included instructions on the offense of possession of a deadly weapon in a penal
institution. The jury found Alonzo guilty of manslaughter and possession of a deadly
weapon in a penal institution. This appeal ensued.6
II. JURY INSTRUCTION
In his first issue, Alonzo contends that the trial court erred by instructing the jury that
the justification of self-defense does not apply to the lesser-included offense of
manslaughter.
A. Pertinent Facts
The jury charge included two counts. In count one, the jury received charges on
6
T his case was transferred from the Ninth Court of Appeals to the Thirteenth Court of Appeals
pursuant to a docket equalization order issued by the Suprem e Court of Texas. See T EX . G O V 'T C OD E A N N .
§ 73.001 (Vernon 2005).
7
murder, as well as the lesser-included offenses of manslaughter and aggravated assault.
Additionally, the jury received an instruction on the justification of self-defense.7
During deliberations in the guilt-innocence phase of trial, the jury foreman passed
a note to the trial court that read: “If we find ‘not guilty’ of count 1 murder by reason of self-
defense[,] does that preclude us from considering the 2 lesser offenses in count 1?” The
trial court responded:
In response to your question:
Self-defense does apply to Murder.
Self-defense does not apply to Manslaughter.
Self-defense does not apply to Aggravated Assault if the jury finds the
defendant committed Aggravated Assault recklessly.
(Emphasis in original).8 There is nothing in the record to suggest that Alonzo objected to
either the jury’s question or the trial court’s response.9
B. Analysis
“When the trial judge responds substantively to a jury question during deliberations,
7
Count two of the jury charge dealt solely with the offense of possession of a deadly weapon in a
penal institution.
8
The State contends that this answer was given in response to a note passed from the jury to the trial
court that asked: “Can self-defense be applied to all 3 offenses in [c]ount 1? i.e., can ‘self-defense’ be used
as a reason for finding ‘not guilty’ to the 2 lesser included offenses in count 1?”
Alonzo’s issue does not concern the question asked by the jurors; instead, it concerns the substance
of the trial court’s answer. Accordingly, because our determ ination of Alonzo’s appellate argum ent focuses
on whether the substance of the trial court’s answer was erroneous, we need not determ ine the question to
which the court responded.
9
Article 36.27 of the Texas Code of Crim inal Procedure requires a trial court to notify the defendant,
if possible, of a jury’s questions and of the trial court’s proposed answers to those questions, and provides
the defendant with an opportunity to object to the trial court’s answers. See T EX . C OD E C R IM . P R O C . A N N . art.
36.27 (Vernon 2006); W ord v. State, 206 S.W .3d 646, 650 (Tex. Crim . App. 2006). W hen a record is silent,
a presum ption exists that the trial court com plied with the requirem ents of article 36.27. See W ord, 206
S.W .3d at 651. Alonzo does not contend that the trial court failed to follow the requirem ents established by
article 36.27; instead, he contends that he was harm ed by the substance of the trial court’s response.
8
that communication essentially amounts to an additional or supplemental jury instruction.”
Daniell v. State, 848 S.W.2d 145, 147 (Tex. Crim. App. 1993). Because Alonzo failed to
object to the trial court’s response, in order to gain reversal, he must show that the trial
court’s response was erroneous and that such error amounted to egregious harm. See
Barrera v. State, 982 S.W.2d 415, 416-17 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998); Almanza v. State, 686
S.W.2d 157, 171 (Tex. Crim. App. 1984) (op. on reh’g); see also Diehl v. State, No. 04-07-
00608-CR, 2008 WL 2260833, at *3 n.2 (Tex. App.–San Antonio Jun. 4, 2008, no pet.)
(mem. op., not designated for publication) (noting that a successful challenge to the
substance of a trial court’s response to a jury question requires that the defendant show
egregious harm where the defendant did not object at trial).
Alonzo contends that the trial court’s response was erroneous because “the [t]rial
[c]ourt instructed the [j]ury that self-defense could not be considered as a justification to
manslaughter . . . .” As his only support, Alonzo cites to an unpublished memorandum
opinion from the San Antonio Court of Appeals that notes that self-defense is a justification
to voluntary manslaughter. See Frank v. State, No. 05-92-02684-CR, 1994 WL 79341, at
*2 (Tex. App.–San Antonio Mar. 11, 1994, no pet.) (mem. op., not designated for
publication). We note that Frank was decided under the former penal code, which codified
voluntary and involuntary manslaughter separately. See Act of May 24, 1973, 63rd Leg.,
R.S., ch. 399, § 1, 1973 Tex. Gen. Laws 883, 913, amended by Act of May 23, 1973, 63rd
Leg., R.S., ch. 426, art. 2, § 1, 1973 Tex. Gen. Laws 1123, 1124, repealed by Act of May
24, 1993, 73rd Leg., R.S., ch. 900, § 1.01, 1993 Tex. Gen. Laws 3589, 3617. Under the
former penal code, a person committed the offense of voluntary manslaughter if he
intentionally or knowingly caused the death of an individual while under the influence of
9
sudden passion arising from an adequate cause. See id. Because the current version of
the penal code incorporates the former voluntary manslaughter statute into the definition
of murder, see TEX . PENAL CODE ANN . 19.02(d), Alonzo fails to cite any binding authority
for his argument that self-defense is a justification to manslaughter, and we find none.10
The jury was instructed to find Alonzo not guilty of the offense of murder if it found
that Alonzo: (1) did not intentionally or knowingly cause Rocha’s death; or (2) acted in self-
defense. See TEX . PENAL CODE ANN . § 9.31(a) (Vernon Supp. 2009), § 19.02(b)(1). In
raising the justification of self-defense, the defendant bears the burden to produce some
evidence that he reasonably believed use of deadly force was immediately necessary to
protect himself against the victim’s use or attempted use of unlawful force. See TEX . PENAL
CODE ANN . § 9.32 (Vernon Supp. 2009); Zuliani v. State, 97 S.W.3d 589, 594 (Tex. Crim.
App. 2003). “Deadly force” means force that is intended or known by the actor to cause,
or in the manner of its use or intended use is capable of causing, death or serious bodily
injury. Id. § 9.01 (Vernon 2003). Because self-defense is a justification for murder, a jury
that finds that a defendant acted in self-defense must acquit the defendant. See TEX .
PENAL CODE ANN . § 9.02 (Vernon 2003), § 9.31.
Alonzo advances his jury charge argument by asserting that the jury’s notes,
coupled with its “not guilty” finding on the offense of murder, conclusively prove that the
jury found that he acted in self-defense. We begin by noting that “[t]he jury’s decision is
contained in its answers on the verdict form” and we “cannot endeavor to surmise a jury’s
intent from the jury’s notes.” McAndrew v. State, No. 12-03-00297-CR, 2005 WL 674195,
10
W e recognize that in som e cases, under circum stances not present here, evidence raising a
m anslaughter instruction m ay not preclude the application of a self-defense instruction. See e.g., Jordan v.
State, 782 S.W .2d 524, 527 (Tex. App.–Houston [14th Dist.] 1989, pet. ref’d).
10
at *2 (Tex. App.–Tyler Mar. 23, 2005, pet. ref’d) (mem. op., not designated for publication)
(citing Thomas v. Oldham, 895 S.W.2d 352, 359-60 (Tex.1995)). The jury could have, as
Alonzo argues, acquitted him of murder because it found that he acted in self-defense; or,
it could have acquitted him simply because it did not find that he intentionally or knowingly
caused Rocha’s death. Even if we assume that the jury believed he acted in self-defense
in acquitting him of murder, as Alonzo argues, it does not follow that the trial court’s
instruction that self-defense was inapplicable to the lesser-included offense of
manslaughter was erroneous.
Texas courts have routinely noted that an individual cannot recklessly act in self-
defense. See, e.g., Nevarez v. State, 270 S.W.3d 691, 695 (Tex. App.–Amarillo 2008, no
pet.); Martinez v. State, 16 S.W.3d 845, 848 (Tex. App.–Houston [1st Dist.] 2000, pet.
ref’d); Avila v. State, 954 S.W.2d 830, 843 (Tex. App.–El Paso 1997, pet. ref’d). A person
commits murder if he “intentionally or knowingly causes the death of an individual.” TEX .
PENAL CODE ANN . § 19.02(b)(1). Because self-defense is a justification to murder, an
acquittal of murder on the basis of self-defense necessarily implies that the jury believed
that the defendant intentionally or knowingly caused the death of an individual. See id.
Texas Penal Code section 19.04 provides that a person commits manslaughter “if he
recklessly causes the death of an individual.” See id. § 19.04 (Vernon 2003). Intentional
or knowing conduct is distinct from reckless conduct, and an individual cannot
simultaneously act intentionally and recklessly. See id. § 6.03. Accordingly, we conclude
that the trial court’s instruction precluding the application of self-defense to manslaughter
was not erroneous. Alonzo’s first issue is overruled.
11
III. SUFFICIENCY
A. Self-Defense
In his second and third issues, Alonzo contends that the evidence is legally and
factually insufficient to support his manslaughter conviction because he presented
evidence that he acted in self-defense. Specifically, Alonzo challenges the sufficiency of
the evidence supporting the rejection of his self-defense claim.
We have already determined that the trial court did not err in instructing the jury that
self-defense was inapplicable to manslaughter. Because we must assume that the jury
followed the instructions given, see Williams v. State, 937 S.W.2d 479, 490 (Tex. Crim.
App. 1996); Rios v. State, 263 S.W.3d 1, 12 (Tex. App.–Houston [1st Dist.] 2005, pet.
ref’d), we cannot say that the jury considered self-defense with regard to the offense of
manslaughter. Accordingly, we need not address Alonzo’s argument that the jury rejected
his self-defense claim. See TEX . R. APP. P. 47.1. Alonzo’s second and third issues are
overruled.
B. Possession of a Deadly Weapon in a Penal Institution
In his fourth and fifth issues, Alonzo contends that the evidence is legally and
factually insufficient to support his conviction for the offense of possession of a deadly
weapon in a penal institution. Specifically, Alonzo argues that the evidence is insufficient
to prove that he possessed or concealed a deadly weapon. We disagree.
1. Standard of Review
In reviewing the legal sufficiency of evidence, an appellate court must review all the
evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict, and ask whether “‘any rational trier of
12
fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt’—not
whether ‘it believes that the evidence at the trial established guilt beyond a reasonable
doubt.’” Laster v. State, 275 S.W.3d 512, 517 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009) (quoting Jackson
v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 318-19 (1979)) (emphasis in original). The trier of fact is the sole
judge of the facts, the credibility of the witnesses, and the weight given to testimony. See
TEX . CODE CRIM . PROC . ANN . art. 38.04 (Vernon 1979); Jackson, 443 U.S. at 318-19;
Beckham v. State, 29 S.W.3d 148, 151 (Tex. App.–Houston [14th Dist.] 2000, pet. ref’d).
We do not reevaluate the weight and credibility of the evidence, and we do not substitute
our own judgment for the trier of fact. King v. State, 29 S.W.3d 556, 562 (Tex. Crim. App.
2000) (en banc); Beckham, 29 S.W.3d at 151. We resolve any inconsistences in the
evidence in favor of the judgment. Curry v. State, 30 S.W.3d 394, 406 (Tex. Crim. App.
2000).
When conducting a factual sufficiency review, an appellate court views all of the
evidence in a neutral light. Lancon v. State, 253 S.W.3d 699, 705 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008).
We will set aside the verdict only (1) if the evidence supporting the conviction is too weak
to support the verdict, or (2) when the evidence supporting the verdict is outweighed by the
great weight and preponderance of the contrary evidence so as to render the verdict clearly
wrong and manifestly unjust. Laster, 275 S.W.3d at 518 (citing Watson v. State, 204
S.W.3d 404, 414-15 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006)); Grotti v. State, 273 S.W.3d 273, 283 (Tex.
Crim. App. 2008). Unless the record clearly reveals that a different result is appropriate,
we must defer to the fact finder’s determination concerning what weight to be given to
contradictory testimony. Lancon, 253 S.W.3d at 705.
Both legal and factual sufficiency are measured by the elements of the offense as
13
defined by a hypothetically correct jury charge. Curry v. State, 30 S.W.3d 394, 404 (Tex.
Crim. App. 2000); Adi v. State, 94 S.W.3d 124, 131 (Tex. App.–Corpus Christi 2002, pet.
ref’d).
2. Analysis
Under a hypothetically correct jury charge, the State was required to prove beyond
a reasonable doubt that Alonzo (1) while confined in a penal institution (2) intentionally or
knowingly (3) possessed or concealed (4) a deadly weapon (5) therein. See TEX . PENAL
CODE ANN . § 46.10(a). To prove possession, the State had to show that the accused
exercised actual care, control, or custody of the weapon and was conscious of his or her
connection with it. See Poindexter v. State, 153 S.W.3d 402, 405 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005);
Brown v. State, 911 S.W.2d 744, 747 (Tex. Crim. App. 1995); Nguyen v. State, 54 S.W.3d
49, 52-53 (Tex. App.–Texarkana 2001, pet. ref’d); see also Wilson v. State, No. 13-04-
00298-CR, 2007 WL 1559104, at *6 (Tex. App.–Corpus Christi May 31, 2007, pet. dism’d)
(mem. op., not designated for publication). The evidence used to satisfy these elements
can be direct or circumstantial. See Poindexter, 153 S.W.3d at 405-06. Whether direct
or circumstantial evidence is used, the State must establish that the accused’s connection
with the weapon was more than just fortuitous. See id.
It is undisputed that Rocha died of a stab wound to the chest caused by a deadly
weapon. Officer Whittley testified that he saw a “shank,” which he described as “a short
piece of brown metal,” in Alonzo’s hand during the altercation. Officer Whittley stated that
Alonzo “thrust” the “shank” towards Rocha, and Rocha ran away from Alonzo holding his
chest and saying that he had “been hit.” Alonzo’s cellmate, Woolridge, testified that soon
after the altercation, Alonzo requested that he flush the “shank” down the toilet. Although
14
Woolridge testified that he refused to dispose of the “shank,” the “shank” was never found.
Woolridge also testified that Alonzo “often” carried a “shank” concealed “up under his
belly.” Woolridge stated that an injury that could be inflicted by a weapon the size and
shape of the shank that he had “often” seen Alonzo carry was consistent with Rocha’s fatal
wound.
The jury also heard evidence that, prior to the altercation, Alonzo was released from
his cell to take a shower. Alonzo left his cell wearing only a towel over his shoulders and
a pair of boxer shorts. Officer Whittley did not notice a “shank” in Alonzo’s possession
either at the time Alonzo was released from his cell or at the time he released Alonzo from
the shower. Alonzo testified that he did not carry a “shank” when he left his cell or the
shower on the night of the altercation. Alonzo stated that Rocha possessed a “shank”
during the altercation and that he tried to take the “shank” from Rocha’s hand. Alonzo told
the jury that although he grabbed Rocha’s hand during the fight, he did not gain possession
of Rocha’s “shank.”
The jury, as sole judge of the witnesses’ credibility and the weight to be given their
testimony, is free to accept or reject any or all of the evidence presented by either side.
See TEX . CODE CRIM . PROC . ANN . art. 38.04; Jackson, 443 U.S. at 318-19; Beckham, 29
S.W.3d at 151. Therefore, the jury was free to take all of the evidence into account and
to believe or disbelieve any portion of Alonzo’s statements. Sorto v. State, 173 S.W.3d
469, 475 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005).
Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict, we conclude that the
jury could have found that Alonzo intentionally or knowingly possessed a deadly weapon
while confined in a penal institution. See Jackson, 443 U.S. at 318-39; Watson, 204
15
S.W.3d at 414-17; see also Wilson, 2007 WL 1559104, at *6 (concluding that evidence
was legally and factually sufficient to support conviction for the offense of possession of
a deadly weapon in a penal institution where (1) the defendant was the sole occupant of
the jail cell where two shanks were found; (2) correctional officers testified that during the
altercation in question, they saw a metal object in the defendant’s hand; and (3) after the
altercation, two shanks were found on the floor near the defendant’s head). Viewing all of
the evidence in a neutral light, we cannot say that the verdict was so contrary to the
overwhelming weight of the evidence as to be clearly wrong and manifestly unjust; nor can
we say that this finding was against the great weight and preponderance of the evidence.
See Watson, 204 S.W.3d at 415; see also Wilson, 2007 WL 1559104, at *6. Accordingly,
we conclude that the evidence was legally and factually sufficient to support the judgment.
Alonzo’s fourth and fifth issues are overruled.
IV. JUROR MISCONDUCT
In his sixth issue, Alonzo contends that the trial court erred by denying his motion
for new trial due to jury misconduct.11
A. Standard of Review
We review a trial court’s denial of a defendant’s motion for new trial under an abuse
of discretion standard. Webb v. State, 232 S.W.3d 109, 112 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007) (citing
Wead v. State, 129 S.W.3d 126, 129 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004)). We view the evidence in
the light most favorable to the trial court’s ruling. Id. We uphold the trial court ruling if the
11
In his brief, Alonzo repeatedly references Texas Rule of Appellate Procedure 21.3. See T EX . R.
A PP . P. 21.3. “Rule 21.3 appears in cases addressing m otions for new trial, and not in cases addressing
m otions for m istrial.” O con v. State, 284 S.W .3d 880, 883 n.1 (Tex. Crim . App. 2009). Accordingly, we
analyze Alonzo’s sixth issue as a challenge to the trial court’s denial of his m otion for new trial, rather than a
challenge to the trial court’s denial of his m otion for m istrial. See id.
16
ruling was not arbitrary and was within the zone of reasonable disagreement. Id. “A trial
court abuses its discretion in denying a motion for new trial only when no reasonable view
of the record could support the trial court ruling.” Id. (citing Charles v. State, 146 S.W.3d
204, 208 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004)).
B. Analysis
“The defendant must be granted a new trial . . . when, after retiring to deliberate, the
jury has received other evidence.” TEX . R. APP. P. 21.3(f). To show jury misconduct under
this rule, the defendant must satisfy a two-prong test: (1) the evidence must have been
received by the jury; and (2) the evidence must be detrimental or adverse to the defendant.
Bustamante v. State, 106 S.W.3d 738, 743 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003).
During deliberations, the jury sent the trial court the following note:
One juror member says he saw in this morning’s paper that defendant is
already serving [a] life sentence. Was this mentioned during trial[,] or does
this make difference [sic]?
Upon receiving the note, the trial court brought the jury into the courtroom and
sternly admonished the jurors. The trial court reminded the jurors: “[N]ews reports are not
evidence. They were not admitted in this case. It is not an item of information that you are
to deliberate upon in rendering a true verdict based upon your oath. Also, news reports
have very questionable accuracy.” The trial court then asked:
Does any juror have a problem with excluding any news report that they may
have heard about in contradiction to the instructions the Court gave you
about any news report and can you render a decision completely excluding
that information from deliberations, or have your deliberations been tainted
by hearing that information which may or may not be accurate? . . . Mr.
Hawkins, as a representative of the jury, do you believe this is something that
is information that the jury can exclude from their deliberations and render
a verdict true and accurate and fair based upon the law as the Court has
given to you and the evidence that has been presented? What do you think,
17
sir?
The jury foreman responded that he believed that the jury could exclude the information
from their deliberations. The trial court continued:
Again, any information outside what has been presented in this courtroom
under the instructions the Court has given to you is completely excluded from
your deliberations. Does any juror have a problem with that? I take it from
your silence you don’t. . . . At this time, I’m going to instruct the jury to
deliberate in light of these further instructions by this Court. You are excused
to go to your deliberations.
The trial court also sent the following written response to the jury’s note:
In response to your question, you are instructed to disregard and not
consider anything reported by the news regarding this case. You must follow
your oaths as jurors to render a true verdict according to the law and the
evidence. The jurors’ oath is displayed in the deliberation room.
Alonzo immediately moved for mistrial, and the trial court denied the motion.
At the conclusion of the trial, Alonzo filed a motion for new trial. At the hearing on
the motion for new trial, Alonzo called the jury foreman to testify regarding whether the
juror’s comments about the contents of the newspaper article impacted the jury and
influenced deliberations. The jury foreman testified that about ten minutes after
deliberations began, a juror stated that he had read an article that said that Alonzo had
previously been convicted of murder and was serving a life sentence. The foreman
testified that he immediately decided to contact the trial court by sending the
aforementioned note. When asked if he remembered the instructions that the jury received
in response to the note, the foreman testified:
We were brought back into the jury box, escorted back in by the bailiff. The
[j]udge scolded us and made it very clear that he had given instructions that
this was not to occur, said he was disappointed that this had happened, I
believe, and then later asked us if we felt we could ignore that and go on
about our deliberations. And I think he made eye contact with every juror in
18
the box and everyone of us said, yes, we feel like we can render a fair verdict
in the case. We were then allowed to go back into the jury room.
When asked if there was any reason to suspect that the trial court’s instructions were not
followed, the jury foreman testified:
No, I don’t; and I’ll tell you why I feel that way. We were in the jury room, 6,
7 hours. I don’t know. It was not an easy decision for us to make. And I felt
like we were a very cooperative group, very collegial, and I think everybody
was sincerely interested in doing justice in this case and I don’t feel that
knowing that had any bearing whatsoever. Again, I’m speaking for myself
but I didn’t—I did not pick up any hints that there was anyone in that jury
room who felt that what had been said caused them to rule the way they did.
The trial court subsequently denied the motion for new trial, finding that: (1) the
jurors did not thoroughly discuss the information from the article; (2) the information was
“quickly” brought to the trial court’s attention; and (3) the trial court “firmly” addressed the
problem with the jurors. The trial court concluded that because the information “was not
extensively discussed by the jury” and because thorough instructions to disregard were
given,” the information “was never received by the jury.”
The determination of whether a juror has “received” other evidence is a question of
degree. Garza v. State, 82 S.W.3d 791, 794 (Tex. App.–Corpus Christi 2002, no pet.). To
determine whether evidence was “received,” the court must look to the context in which it
was mentioned and the extent to which the jurors discussed it. Gaona v. State, 733
S.W.2d 611, 619 (Tex. App.–Corpus Christi 1987, pet. ref’d). Moreover, “[i]n determining
whether evidence was ‘received’ by the jury, a court may consider how extensively the
evidence was examined by the jury and whether the jury was given an instruction to
disregard.” Bustamante, 106 S.W.3d at 743. An instruction to disregard at the
deliberations stage of a trial is “‘similar to the corrective action of an instruction to disregard
19
evidence improperly introduced at trial.’” Id. (quoting Eckert v. State, 623 S.W.2d 359, 364
(Tex. Crim. App. 1981), overruled on other grounds by Reed v. State, 744 S.W.2d 112
(Tex. Crim. App. 1988)). Therefore, “[i]f the trial court gives an instruction to disregard and
that instruction is found to be effective, then under our law, it is as though the evidence
was never ‘received’ by the jury.” Id.
At the hearing on the motion for new trial, the jury foreman testified that he
“immediately” informed the trial court that a juror had shared information that he learned
from a newspaper article with the rest of the jury. The trial court called the jury into the
courtroom and instructed it that any evidence outside that presented in the courtroom was
not evidence. Alonzo presented no evidence that the jury failed to follow the trial court’s
instruction to disregard or that the jury was unable to exclude the information from the
newspaper article from their deliberations. Under the circumstances presented here, we
conclude that the information from the newspaper article was not “received” by the jury.
See id. at 744. Accordingly, the trial court did not abuse its discretion by denying Alonzo’s
motion for new trial. See Webb, 232 S.W.3d at 112. Alonzo’s sixth issue is overruled.
V. CONCLUSION
Having overruled all of Alonzo’s issues on appeal, we sustain the trial court’s
judgment as to manslaughter. We affirm as modified the trial court’s judgment regarding
the offense of possession of a deadly weapon in a penal institution.
________________________
ROGELIO VALDEZ
Chief Justice
Publish.
TEX . R. APP. P. 47.2(b)
Delivered and filed the
29th day of July, 2010.
20