DISSENTING OPINION
No. 04-08-00226-CR
Lavonne BYRD,
Appellant
v.
The STATE of Texas,
Appellee
From the County Court at Law No. 4, Bexar County, Texas
Trial Court No. 206448
Honorable Sarah Garrahan-Moulder, Judge Presiding
Opinion by: Steven C. Hilbig, Justice
Dissenting opinion by: Rebecca Simmons, Justice, joined by Catherine Stone, Chief Justice, and
Sandee Bryan Marion, Justice
Sitting en banc: Catherine Stone, Chief Justice
Karen Angelini, Justice
Sandee Bryan Marion, Justice
Phylis Speedlin, Justice
Rebecca Simmons, Justice
Steven C. Hilbig, Justice
Marialyn Barnard, Justice
Delivered and Filed: April 21, 2010
Although this misdemeanor case seems small, the ramification of the majority opinion is
large. In this case the jury was charged to find the defendant guilty if the State proved, beyond a
reasonable doubt, that Lavonne Byrd:
“with the intent to deprive the owner, Mike Morales, of property, . . . did
unlawfully, without the effective consent of the owner, Mike Morales, appropriate
said property by acquiring and otherwise exercising control over said property . . .
Without any evidence in the record identifying Mike Morales or linking Mike Morales to the
property at issue, the jury returned a guilty verdict. This is an astonishing result. The
consequence of the majority opinion is to permit the conviction of a defendant for theft without
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regard to the identity of the owner. I must respectfully dissent because I believe the case reflects
a failure of proof rather than a variance. But even if the case is analyzed under variance
parameters, the variance is material. The majority opinion reaches its conclusion that the
variance is immaterial by misinterpreting the Court of Criminal Appeals’ opinion in Bailey v.
State, 87 S.W.3d 122 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002). In no recorded case has a court ever held a
defendant guilty of theft absent proof of ownership as alleged and charged. There are plenty of
cases to the contrary pointing out that failure to establish ownership in the person or entity
alleged as owner results in a failure of proof. See Freeman v. State, 707 S.W.2d 597, 602 (Tex.
Crim. App. 1986); Hudson v. State, 675 S.W.2d 507, 513 (Tex. Crim. App. 1984) (Odom, J.,
dissenting) (citing Compton v. State, 607 S.W.2d 246, 250 (Tex. Crim. App. 1980)) (“[I]t is
essential that the relationship of the alleged special owner to the property and its true owner be
shown.”). But whether the error in this case is characterized as a material variance or a failure of
proof, the case should be reversed.
BACKGROUND
As the majority sets out, the jury charge mirrored the information in naming Mike
Morales as the owner of the property. However, at trial, the State presented evidence that Wal-
Mart was the owner of the property but no evidence regarding Mike Morales or his relationship
to Wal-Mart or to the property. On appeal, Byrd asserts the State was required to prove Mike
Morales, the person named as owner in the charging instrument, was the actual owner of the
property; and, because it did not so prove, the evidence is legally insufficient to support the
conviction. I agree.
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ARGUMENT AND AUTHORITIES
A. Proof of Variance
I agree with the majority on the elements of theft: (1) a person (2) with intent to deprive
the owner of property (3) unlawfully appropriates the property. Ex parte Luna, 784 S.W.2d 369,
371 (Tex. Crim. App. 1990). I also agree with the majority that the State must prove that there is
an owner, and that when known, “personal property alleged in an indictment shall be identified
by name, kind, number, and ownership.” TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 21.09 (Vernon
2009) (emphasis added); see also Freeman, 707 S.W.2d at 602 (“It is now axiomatic that the
name of the title owner of the property or the lawful possessor of the property from whom it was
unlawfully taken must be alleged in the charging instrument.”). When a corporation owns
property that has been stolen, the preferable pleading practice is to allege ownership in an
individual acting for the corporation rather than alleging ownership in the corporation. Sowders
v. State, 693 S.W.2d 448, 451 (Tex. Crim. App. 1985); Commons v. State, 575 S.W.2d 518, 520
(Tex. Crim. App. [Panel Op.] 1978), overruled on other grounds by Johnson v. State, 606
S.W.2d 894 (Tex. Crim. App. 1980).
In Gollihar, the court of criminal appeals addressed the sufficiency implications of a
variation between the indictment and the evidence at trial. Gollihar v. State, 46 S.W.3d 243,
254-55 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001). “A ‘variance’ occurs when there is a discrepancy between the
allegations in the charging instrument and the proof at trial.” Gollihar, 46 S.W.3d at 246. In
determining whether the evidence is legally insufficient, only a material variance requires
reversal because only a material variance prejudices a defendant’s substantial rights. Fuller v.
State, 73 S.W.3d 250, 263 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002) (Keasler, J., dissenting) (citing Gollihar, 46
S.W.3d at 247-48). In deciding if the variance is material, an appellate court looks to “whether
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the indictment, as written, informed the defendant of the charge against him sufficiently to allow
him to prepare an adequate defense at trial, and whether prosecution under the deficiently drafted
indictment would subject the defendant to the risk of being prosecuted later for the same crime.”
Gollihar, 46 S.W.3d at 257 (quoting United States v. Sprick, 233 F.3d 845, 853 (5th Cir. 2000)
(footnotes omitted)). Thus, the issue before the court in this case is: (1) whether the variance
deprived the defendant of notice of the charges; or (2) whether the variance subjects the
defendant to the risk of later being prosecuted for the same offense. See id. at 257, Fuller, 73
S.W.3d at 253. The majority’s analysis fails to correctly analyze the second prong of this
materiality analysis – the risk of later being prosecuted for the same offense.
A. Material Variance
1. Double Jeopardy
The Fifth Amendment provides that no person shall “be subject for the same offence to
be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb.” U.S. CONST. amend. V. The Double Jeopardy Clause
protects against a second prosecution for the same offense after acquittal or conviction.
Reynolds v. State, 4 S.W.3d 13, 19 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999); accord Ex parte Dixon, 964 S.W.2d
719, 722 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 1998, pet. ref’d). It has long been held that an acquittal of a
defendant on a charge of theft, because of a lack of proof of an alleged owner, does not bar the
prosecution of the defendant on a subsequent charge of theft from the rightful owner. See
Smotherman v. State, 415 S.W.2d 430, 431 (Tex. Crim. App. 1967) (former acquittal did not bar
subsequent prosecution where different owner alleged); Branch v. State, 20 Tex. Ct. App. 599
(1886) (appellant acquitted of stealing horse from Fabian Flores, subsequently indicted and
convicted for the same horse theft, but from a different owner, Antonio Flores). In the more
recent case of Bailey v. State, the court concluded that double jeopardy did not preclude the
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prosecution of the appellants for theft from the rightful owner when they were previously
prosecuted for the same theft from an entity with no ownership interest. Bailey, 87 S.W.3d at
126-27. Despite the majority’s attempt to distinguish Bailey, it is precisely on point and
controlling on the issue of double jeopardy.
In Bailey, the court had to determine “whether re-indicting appellants for the same course
of conduct while alleging a different victim” constituted double jeopardy. Id at 126. The State
first indicted the defendants for engaging in organized criminal activity involving theft from the
City of Houston. During trial, the court granted an acquittal because the State not only failed to
put on evidence of the theft of money from the City of Houston, but rather, had introduced
evidence that the theft was from a different owner—a contractor who was reimbursed by the City
of Houston. Id. at 125. The State subsequently re-indicted the defendants for the same theft of
property, but named the contractor as the owner of the property. The Court of Criminal Appeals
rejected the argument that the second prosecution was barred by double jeopardy principles.
“Evidence that appellants stole money from [the contractor] would not sustain a conviction under
the indictment alleging the victim to be the City of Houston. In other words, proof of one will not
prove the other. Thus, the offenses are not the same for double jeopardy purposes.” Id. at 127
(citation omitted). Under Bailey and its predecessors, and on the record before us, the State could
prosecute Byrd for the same course of conduct by naming Wal-Mart or another employee as the
owner.
The majority attempts to distinguish Bailey because it relies, in part, on cases decided
prior to Malik and Gollihar, but Bailey was decided after Malik and Gollihar. Bailey clearly
acknowledges that the owner of the stolen property may be used to distinguish one offense from
another. Id, In double jeopardy parlance, the owner defines the “allowable unit of prosecution.”
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See Sanabria v. United States, 437 U.S. 54, 69 (1978). Although the majority characterizes theft
as an offense against property with the gravamen of the offense “the property taken, not the
victim involved,” clearly the owner likewise defines an allowable unit of prosecution. The
majority may disagree with the Court of Criminal Appeals holding in Bailey, but its application to
the present case cannot be avoided.
There is no question that this case presents a unique circumstance. Based on the evidence
in the record, Morales has no relation to Wal-Mart. As the Bailey court explained, the evidence
showing Byrd stole items from one victim will not sustain a conviction under an indictment
alleging a different victim. Bailey, 87 S.W.3d at 127. “In other words, proof of one will not
prove the other.” Id.; see also Ex parte Gonzalez, 147 S.W.3d 474, 477 (Tex. App.—San Antonio
2004, pet. ref’d) (“With conduct-oriented statutes, each victim is the allowable unit of
prosecution.”). Had the State proved that Morales was the manager of Wal-Mart and thus, a
special owner, double jeopardy would have precluded any subsequent prosecution of Byrd for the
same course of conduct. See Ex parte Coleman, 940 S.W. 2d 96, 100 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996).
2. Hypothetically Correct Jury Charge
Having determined the State’s allegation of Morales as owner was material and must be
proven, Morales’ name must be included in the hypothetically correct jury charge. See Gollihar,
46 S.W.3d at 257 (allegations giving rise to material variances must be included in
hypothetically correct jury charge). In the context of this case, the hypothetically correct jury
charge mirrors the charge actually given to the jury that named Mike Morales as the owner. The
State was, therefore, required to prove that Morales was the owner of the property. The State
presented four witnesses—two police officers and two loss prevention officers from Wal-Mart.
But the record is silent regarding Morales—there was no testimony regarding Morales’s identity,
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his employment with Wal-Mart, any description of his responsibilities with Wal-Mart, or that he
possessed a greater right to the property than did Byrd. Although the State may have proved that
the property was owned by Wal-Mart, the State failed to prove that Mike Morales was the owner
of the property, or more specifically that Mike Morales had a greater right to possession of the
property than did Byrd. Because the evidence is legally insufficient to convict Byrd under the
standard set forth in Gollihar, I respectfully dissent.
Rebecca Simmons, Justice
Publish
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