[Cite as State v. Jacobs, 2015-Ohio-4353.]
STATE OF OHIO ) IN THE COURT OF APPEALS
)ss: NINTH JUDICIAL DISTRICT
COUNTY OF SUMMIT )
STATE OF OHIO C.A. No. 27545
Appellee
v. APPEAL FROM JUDGMENT
ENTERED IN THE
MICHAEL JACOBS COURT OF COMMON PLEAS
COUNTY OF SUMMIT, OHIO
Appellant CASE No. CR 2013 10 2761
DECISION AND JOURNAL ENTRY
Dated: October 21, 2015
SCHAFER, Judge
{¶1} Defendant-Appellant, Michael Jacobs, appeals the judgment of the Summit
County Court of Common Pleas convicting him of unlawful sexual conduct with a minor and
corrupting another with drugs and sentencing him to a total prison term of four years. For the
reasons that follow, we affirm the trial court’s judgment.
I.
{¶2} The Summit County Grand Jury indicted Jacobs on the following charges: (1)
gross sexual imposition in violation of R.C. 2907.05(A)(4), a felony of the third degree; (2)
unlawful sexual conduct with a minor in violation of R.C. 2907.04(A), (B)(3), a felony of the
third degree; and (3) corrupting another with drugs in violation of R.C. 2925.02(A)(4)(a), a
felony of the fourth degree. The charges arose from alleged incidents that occurred between
2008 and 2013 when S.H., the victim, was between 11 and 15 years old. Jacobs is the
stepbrother of S.H.’s mother and S.H. considered him to be her uncle.
2
{¶3} During this time period, Jacobs was alleged to have touched S.H. inappropriately
on her breasts and vagina. These incidents occurred while S.H. visited Jacobs’ house, and on
some occasions, Jacobs purportedly gave marijuana to S.H. and her boyfriend, Brian Hunt.
Hunt, the son of a police officer, was present during some of the purported incidents of
inappropriate touching and he eventually convinced S.H. to report these allegations to the police
in April 2013.
{¶4} This matter proceeded to a jury trial. S.H. testified to the allegations described
above and she stated that Jacobs made sexually suggestive comments about C.D., one of her
friends. During her testimony, a companion dog sat at S.H.’s feet while she was in the witness
stand. Hunt’s testimony relayed his observation of Jacobs sexually touching S.H. and giving her
marijuana while visiting Jacobs’ house. He further indicated that he smoked marijuana with S.H.
and Jacobs and that he heard Jacobs’ sexually suggestive comments about C.D. Jacobs testified
in his own defense and denied ever touching S.H. in a sexual manner or making sexually
suggestive comments about C.D. He also asserted that S.H. only reported her allegations after he
confronted Hunt and her about the theft of prescription medications from his house and
threatened to call the police.
{¶5} Two medical professionals with Akron’s Children Hospital testified regarding the
examination that was performed on S.H. after she brought her allegations to the police. Donna
Abbott, a nurse practitioner, diagnosed S.H. as suffering from sexual abuse and indicated that it
was not unusual for such victims to abstain from disclosing the abuse for a significant period of
time. She also opined that S.H. did not give any indication during the examination that she
lying. Cassandra Galloway, S.H.’s counselor with Child Guidance and Family Solutions,
3
testified that S.H. suffers from posttraumatic stress disorder and that she has never recanted her
accusations against Jacobs.
{¶6} The State rebutted Jacobs’ suggestion that S.H. and Hunt had a motive to
fabricate their allegations by offering the testimony of Detective Linda Rinear of the Summit
County Sheriff’s Office. She indicated that in April 2013, she interviewed Jacobs regarding
S.H.’s allegations. At that time, he did not inform Detective Rinear about any confrontation with
S.H. and Hunt over the theft of prescription medications from his house. Rather, Jacobs
suggested that S.H. may have reported the allegations because he would not allow Hunt to stay
overnight with her at Jacobs’ house. The video recording of the police interview was admitted
into evidence.
{¶7} After receiving this evidence, the jury retired to deliberate. During the course of
its deliberations, the jurors asked several questions of the trial court, including specifics about the
factual record, the effect of their deadlock on one count, whether a transcript would be provided,
and whether they could write down notes in the evening and then use them the next day during
deliberations. The trial judge answered these questions outside the presence of counsel for the
State and Jacobs. The jury eventually returned guilty verdicts on the unlawful sexual conduct
and corruption of another with drugs counts. However, it found Jacobs not guilty of gross sexual
imposition. The trial court subsequently sentenced Jacobs to four years for the unlawful sexual
conduct conviction and 15 months for the corrupting another with drugs conviction. The trial
court ordered that the sentences be served concurrently, leaving a total prison term of four years.
{¶8} Jacobs filed this timely appeal, presenting six assignments of error for our review.
To facilitate our analysis, we elect to address the assignments out of order.
4
II.
Assignment of Error I
Appellant was denied his right to a fair trial by an impartial jury when the
trial court failed to correct a misstatement of the law by the prosecution.
{¶9} In his first assignment of error, Jacobs contends that the trial court erred by failing
to correct the assistant prosecutor’s representation to potential jurors during jury selection that
the trial judge did not want the jury to return a deadlocked verdict. We disagree.
{¶10} Jacobs challenges the following exchange between the assistant prosecutor and a
potential juror:
Juror: Otherwise, it’s just like you’re saying before, one against one,
unless you can make me think that that guy that was victimized is legitimate, that
he has a substantiation, there’s higher –
Prosecutor: But you’ve got to do that if you’re on the jury.
Juror: No. You can hang.
Prosecutor: The Judge doesn’t want you to hang. When you go back there,
you’re going to be required to have a unanimous decision.
Juror: Unless you can do it conclusively – that’s your responsibility to
convince me.
Jacobs did not object when the assistant prosecutor said that the trial judge did not want the jury
to hang. This failure to object operates as a forfeiture of all but plain error. State v. Miller, 9th
Dist. Lorain Nos. 10CA009922, 10CA009915, 2012-Ohio-1263, ¶ 46. The plain error doctrine,
as it is outlined in Crim.R. 52(B), may only be invoked when the following three elements apply:
First, there must be an error, i.e., a deviation from the legal rule. * * * Second,
the error must be plain. To be “plain” within the meaning of Crim.R. 52(B), an
error must be an “obvious” defect in the trial proceedings. * * * Third, the error
must have affected “substantial rights” * * * and affected the outcome of the trial.
5
State v. Barnes, 94 Ohio St.3d 21, 27 (2002). We are cautioned that notice of plain error “is to
be taken with the utmost caution, under exceptional circumstances, and only to prevent a
manifest miscarriage of justice.” State v. Long, 53 Ohio St.2d 91 (1978), paragraph three of the
syllabus.
{¶11} After considering the assistant prosecutor’s statement to the potential juror, we
determine that it does not reveal that the trial court committed plain error by failing to sua sponte
correct it. Jacobs has not provided any authority to support his conclusory argument that the
statement was incorrect or constituted an obvious defect in the trial proceedings. See App.R.
16(A)(7) (requiring briefs to have “[a]n argument containing the contentions of the appellant
with respect to each assignment of error * * * with citations to the authorities * * * on which
appellant relies”). Indeed, the assistant prosecutor’s statement appears consistent with jury
instructions that have been approved by both the Supreme Court of Ohio and the Court of
Appeals. See, e.g., State v. Gapen, 104 Ohio St.3d 358, 2004-Ohio-6548, ¶ 121 (approving jury
instruction that included admonishment that “[i]t is desirable that this case be decided”); State v.
Becerra, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 87374, 2006-Ohio-5245, ¶ 30 (stating that it was “entirely
appropriate” for trial court to instruct jurors that “[t]he completion of this trial is of great
importance to the parties and to the court”). Having failed to establish the existence of an error
or obvious defect in the trial proceedings, we must reject Jacobs’ argument.
{¶12} Accordingly, we overrule Jacobs’ first assignment of error.
Assignment of Error III
Appellant was denied his right to a fair trial and due process of law when
expert witness’s [sic] were permitted to testify on the credibility of the victim
in this case.
6
{¶13} In his third assignment of error, Jacobs asserts that the trial court erred by
allowing both Nurse Abbott and Ms. Galloway to testify regarding S.H.’s credibility. We
disagree.
{¶14} Jacobs did not object to this testimony when it was offered at trial. Accordingly,
he has forfeited all but plain error. State v. Yarber, 102 Ohio App.3d 185, 195 (12th Dist.1995).
{¶15} In raising this issue, Jacobs relies on the Ohio Supreme Court’s declaration in
State v. Boston, 46 Ohio St.3d 108 (1989), that “[a]n expert may not testify to the expert’s
opinion of the veracity of the statements of a child declarant.” Id. at syllabus. This declaration
was refined nine years later when the Court determined that “[a]n expert witness’s testimony that
the behavior of an alleged child victim of sexual abuse is consistent with behavior observed in
sexual abused children is admissible under the Ohio Rules of Evidence.” State v. Stowers, 81
Ohio St.3d 260, 261 (1998). Moreover, since Boston, several districts have found that a trial
court does not commit reversible error when it allows a witness’s opinion testimony about the
veracity of an alleged child sex abuse victim’s allegations so long as the child victim herself
testifies. See, e.g., State v. L.E.F., 10th Dist. Franklin No. 13AP-1042, 2014-Ohio-4585, ¶ 29
(“Furthermore, [the child victim] testified at trial and the jury was able to independently
ascertain the credibility of the victim.”); State v. Smith, 12th Dist. Butler No. CA2004-02-039,
2005-Ohio-63, ¶ 21-22 (finding no Boston violation where three of the four child victims
testified); In re W.P., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 84114, 2004-Ohio-6627, ¶ 13 (“With the victim’s
testimony, the juvenile court was able to ascertain the credibility of the victim; whereas in
Boston, there was no independent indicia of reliability save for the expert witness who vouched
for the child victim.”).
{¶16} Here, Jacobs challenges the following testimony from Nurse Abbott:
7
Q: And have you had the occasion to diagnose and treat children who have, in
fact, withheld disclosure, as [S.H.] did in this case, for many years?
A: Most of the children we see don’t report right away. And that’s why most
of the children we see, we’re able to just schedule for an appointment as opposed
to having them come in quickly, because it’s not something that just happened.
***
Q: Okay. The number of years that we’re dealing with here with [S.H.]
where she’s reporting this started when she was 11, which would have been about
four years before you met with her, would that be unusual?
A: No.
Q: Was there anything that you saw in the course of * * * the hospital exams
that were done * * * that would * * * indicate that [S.H.] was lying or making a
story up?
A: No.
Q: Have you had occasion to come across children that were in fact,
fabricating the story?
A: We have seen children that we have heard later on from other agencies
involved that the child wasn’t being truthful when we saw them.
We determine that there is no plain error in the trial court’s admission of this testimony. Nurse
Abbott’s indication that S.H.’s delay in reporting her allegations of sexual activity with Jacobs
was common for sexual abuse victims falls under the ambit of Stowers and was not improper.
As to her evaluation of S.H.’s honesty during the exam process, any error was harmless since
S.H. also testified, which allowed the jurors to make their own credibility determination. See
State v. Bump, 3d Dist. Logan No. 8-12-04, 2013-Ohio-1006, ¶ 83 (collecting cases where
reviewing courts found that the trial court’s admission of opinion testimony regarding the
credibility of the victim was harmless since the victim testified). Additionally, we note that any
prejudice resulting from this testimony was reduced when Nurse Abbott testified that there have
been instances when child victims were untruthful with her.
8
{¶17} We likewise conclude that the trial court did not plainly err by allowing the
following testimony from Ms. Galloway:
Q: At any time during her meetings at your office, has [S.H.] ever disclosed
that what she has said happened with regard to Mr. Jacobs was not true?
A: No.
Q: She never recanted her statements?
A: No.
This testimony does not constitute an evaluation of S.H.’s credibility. Rather, it merely relates
that S.H. has not changed her allegations when discussing this matter with Ms. Galloway.
Indeed, when directly asked whether S.H. ever lied to her, Ms. Galloway explicitly refused to
make a credibility evaluation by testifying, “I don’t know. If she has, she hasn’t told me.” See
In re W.P. at ¶ 14 (rejecting appellant’s argument that the victim’s mother impermissibly
testified to the veracity of the victim since “upon review of the transcript, the victim’s mother did
not testify as to her daughter’s truthfulness”).
{¶18} Accordingly, we overrule Jacobs’ third assignment of error.
Assignment of Error V
Appellant was denied his right to a fair trial when the trial court permitted
the prosecution to have the Summit County Prosecutor’s Office’s companion
dog present during the victim’s testimony.
{¶19} In his fifth assignment of error, Jacobs argues that the trial court erred by allowing
S.H. to testify while a companion dog rested as her feet. We disagree.
{¶20} The trial court is vested with broad discretion as to how to control and order the
interrogation of witnesses at trial. State v. Young, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 18874, 2002 WL
471846, * 3 (Mar. 29, 2002), citing State v. McGuire, 80 Ohio St.3d 390, 400-401 (1997). A
trial court abuses its discretion when its decision is “unreasonable, arbitrary, or unconscionable.”
9
Blakemore v. Blakemore, 5 Ohio St.3d 217, 219 (1983). When applying the abuse of discretion
standard, a reviewing court is precluded from simply substituting its own judgment for that of the
trial court. Pons v. Ohio State Med. Bd., 66 Ohio St.3d 619, 621 (1993).
{¶21} Evid.R. 611(A) provides as follows:
The court shall exercise reasonable control over the mode and order of
interrogating witnesses and presenting evidence so as to (1) make the
interrogation and presentation effective for the ascertainment of truth; (2) avoid
needless consumption of time, and (3) protect witnesses from harassment or
undue embarrassment.
When applying Evid.R. 611(A) in the context of a criminal prosecution for alleged sexual abuse
of a minor child, courts should “recognize that the protection of child victims of sexual abuse
forms an important public policy goal in this state and across the nation.” State v. Eastham, 39
Ohio St.3d 307, 310 (1988). Due to this recognition, “[s]pecial accommodations * * * are often
allowed for child victims of sexual abuse to minimize the emotional trauma and stress of having
to testify in a courtroom full of strangers, along with the accused.” State v. Gutierrez, 3d Dist.
Hancock No. 5-10-14, 2011-Ohio-3126, ¶ 100; see also Holder, All Dogs Go to Court: The
Impact of Court Facility Dogs as Comfort for Child Witnesses on a Defendant’s Right to a Fair
Trial, 50 Hous.L.Rev. 1155, 1158 (2013) (“Children experience unique challenges on the
witness stand, and in response, they receive special accommodations.”).
{¶22} It appears as though Evid.R. 611(A)’s application to the use of a companion dog
is a matter of first impression in both this Court and this state. In considering how to rule on this
issue, we are mindful that other districts have found no reversible error when child victims have
been allowed to testify via closed-circuit television from another room, In re Howard, 119 Ohio
App.3d 33, 38 (12th Dist.1997), while sitting in a religious minister’s lap, State v. Branch, 3d
Dist. Allen No. 1-12-44, 2013-Ohio-3192, ¶ 93, and while holding a teddy bear, State v. Presley,
10
10th Dist. Franklin No. 02AP-1354, 2003-Ohio-6069, ¶ 45. We are also aware that courts in
other states have decided that the use of a companion dog during a child victim’s testimony does
not constitute reversible error. E.g., People v. Chenault, 227 Cal.App.4th 1503, 1515 (2014)
(permitting use of companion dog for 11- and 13-year old sexual abuse victims since “[w]e do
not believe the presence of a support dog is inherently more prejudicial than the presence of a
support person”); People v. Tohom, 969 N.Y.S.2d 123, 132 (N.Y.App.2013) (permitting use of
companion dog for 15-year old sexual abuse victim since “we perceive no rational reason why *
* * a court’s exercise of sensitivity should not be extended to allow the use of a comfort dog
where it can be shown that such animal can ameliorate the psychological and emotional stress of
the testifying child witness”).
{¶23} A review of the case law also produces the Connecticut Appellate Court’s
decision in State v. Devon D., 150 Conn.App. 514 (2014). There, the court concluded that trial
courts have “the inherent general discretionary authority to permit a suitably trained dog to sit
near a witness when a need clearly is demonstrated[.]” Id. at 549. But, it found that the facts of
that case did not warrant the use of a companion dog since the child witness had only met the
companion dog an hour before testifying and had indicated that she was “quite afraid of the dog
initially.” Id. at 550. The court also noted that the companion dog had never been used before at
trial and was not a certified service dog. Id.
{¶24} These cases reveal three principles that guide us here. First, trial courts are in the
best position to determine how to control trial proceedings, especially the mode of interrogating
witnesses. Second, in light of the trial courts’ position and their discretion, it is not erroneous for
them to approve a variety of special allowances for child victims of sexual abuse. And, third,
11
these special allowances may include using a companion dog during the child victim’s testimony
under certain circumstances.
{¶25} Based on the circumstances of this matter, we cannot conclude that the trial court
abused its discretion by allowing S.H. to testify while a companion dog sat at her feet. It is
critical to our resolution of this issue to recount the assistant prosecutor’s representations
regarding the use of the companion dog:
Judge, the State is making a motion to have the office’s companion dog present
during the victim’s testimony. She came into my office last week and when she
was there, she saw [the companion dog] and bonded with him immediately. She
requested, even before I had met with her, that he be present. She wanted to see
him again when she was in my office. And she, in fact, is with him right now as
she sits in the witness room.
These representations were buttressed when S.H. testified that the dog’s presence made her feel
“more comfortable.” The record also reflects that the companion dog is trained and has been
used in a variety of trials before the Summit County Court of Common Pleas. In light of these
circumstances, which are markedly different from those addressed in Devon D., as well as
evidence indicating that S.H. suffers from psychological ailments that relate to her sexual abuse
diagnosis, we cannot second-guess the trial court’s determination on this point.
{¶26} Jacobs’ trial counsel objected to the use of the companion dog on the basis that
S.H. was 17 years old at the time of the trial. But, Jacobs has failed to offer any authority to
support the proposition that there is a certain age cut-off for the use of special procedures on
behalf of alleged sexual abuse victims. See App.R. 16(A)(7). Compare State v. Torres, 60
Conn.App. 562, 570 (2000) (permitting 20-year old victim to testify with her fiancé seated next
to her about sexual abuse that occurred during her childhood). We also believe it is relevant to
note that while S.H. was 17 years old at the time of trial, she was testifying about alleged sexual
12
abuse that occurred when she was between 11 and 15 years old and which had caused her to
suffer from psychological trauma.
{¶27} In sum, Evid.R. 611(A) authorizes trial courts to allow an alleged victim to testify
with a companion dog present under particular circumstances. Based on the circumstances and
arguments raised in this matter, we cannot conclude that the trial court abused its discretion by
allowing S.H. to testify with a companion dog at her feet.
{¶28} Accordingly, we overrule Jacobs’ fifth assignment of error.
Assignment of Error VI
The trial court abused its discretion in admitting other acts testimony in this
case.
{¶29} In his sixth assignment of error, Jacobs contends that the trial court should have
excluded evidence of his sexually-charged comments regarding C.D. as impermissible other acts
evidence under Evid.R. 404(B). We disagree.
{¶30} Before analyzing the admissibility of this evidence, we must outline the scope of
our review. Jacobs challenges both S.H.’s and Hunt’s testimony that he made a statement
indicating he would perform a sex act on C.D. At trial, Jacobs timely objected to this testimony,
but no specific basis for the objection was contemporaneously stated on the record. The State
argues that the objections were based on impermissible hearsay. Jacobs counters that they were
based on impermissible other acts testimony under Evid.R. 404(B).
{¶31} Evid.R. 103(A)(1) requires that a party seeking to exclude evidence state “a
timely objection or motion to strike * * * [that includes] the specific ground for objection, if the
specific ground was not apparent from the context[.]” The challenged testimony from S.H. is as
follows:
13
Q: So, the days that you were talking about [days with standardized testing
occurring at school], what is it that you heard Michael Jacobs say and to who?
[Trial Counsel]: Objection.
The Court: Overruled. You may answer.
A: [Describing Jacobs’ statement of his desire to perform a sex act on C.D.]
Hunt’s testimony on this point proceeded as follows:
Q: Have you ever heard Mr. Jacobs say anything inappropriate regarding
underage kids? * * * What have you heard him say?
[Trial counsel]: Objection.
The Court: Overruled.
***
A: Well, * * * we went over for testing – the school had testing, and you
don’t have to be there until 11 or so. And we went to [Jacobs]’ house during the
week and he had smoked marijuana with us. And this girl, [C.D.], was there
[Hunt then described Jacobs’ statement of his desire to perform a sex act on
C.D.].
{¶32} We determine that the basis for these objections was impermissible hearsay.
Later in S.H.’s testimony, Jacobs’ trial counsel responded to the assistant prosecutor’s question,
“Did you ever hear Mr. Jacobs say anything else like that?” by stating, “Renew my objection for
the record, Your Honor. Hearsay testimony.” This renewal of the objection combined with the
assistant prosecutor’s previous question referring to Jacobs making a statement creates a context
that reflects an objection on the basis of hearsay testimony. We see no reason to reach a
different conclusion in regard to Hunt’s testimony since the assistant prosecutor’s question there
also referred to Jacobs making a statement. Consequently, Jacobs only preserved appellate
review of his hearsay objection and he has not properly preserved the Evid.R. 404(B) issue. See
State v. Williams, 9th Dist. Summit No. 228277, 2006-Ohio-4720, ¶ 17 (finding that the
14
defendant forfeited evidentiary issue since the specific ground for the objection in trial court was
different from the one asserted on appeal). Rather, he has forfeited all but plain error in regard to
this issue. See State v. Tibbetts, 92 Ohio St.3d 146, 161 (2001) (“Because he failed to object at
trial on the specific ground raised here, Tibbetts has forfeited the issue, limiting us to a plain
error analysis [of the defendant’s Evid.R. 404(B) argument].”).
{¶33} Although Jacobs has preserved plain error review in regard to the Evid.R. 404(B)
issue, he has failed to argue the existence of plain error on appeal. This Court has repeatedly
noted that it will not sua sponte fashion an unraised plain error argument and then address it.
E.g., State v. McCrae, 9th Dist. Summit No. 27387, 2015-Ohio-1803, ¶ 8 (collecting cases). As
a result, we will not consider whether the testimony about Jacobs’ statement was properly
admitted under Evid.R. 404(B). See State v. Ellis, 9th Dist. Summit No. 27013, 2014-Ohio-
4186, ¶ 27 (“[A]s Ellis has failed to argue plain error on appeal, this Court will not consider
whether the admission of the disputed evidence within the context of Evid.R. 404(B) constituted
plain error.”).
{¶34} Accordingly, we overrule Jacobs’ sixth assignment of error.
Assignment of Error II
Appellant was denied his right to a fair trial by an impartial jury when the
trial court responded improperly to the juries [sic] questions.
{¶35} In his second assignment of error, Jacobs argues that the trial court erred by
failing to make the jury’s questions part of the record and by meeting with the jurors to answer
their questions without the presence of counsel. We disagree.
{¶36} As to Jacobs’ first argument, we determine that the jury questions were entered
into the record. The questions were included as an attachment to the exhibits and jury
15
instructions for the trial proceedings. Accordingly, there was no error on the trial court’s part for
the failure to include the jury questions in the record.
{¶37} As to Jacobs’ second argument, we likewise determine that the trial court did not
commit reversible error by answering the questions without counsel present. Jacobs provides no
authority to support his argument on this point. See App.R. 16(A)(7). He also fails to
demonstrate how the absence of both his trial counsel and counsel for the State prejudiced his
substantial rights. We additionally note that the record reflects that the trial judge consulted with
counsel before answering the jury’s question as to whether the jurors could write down their
thoughts at home and then use those notes during their deliberations. And, as to the other
questions, the trial court merely informed the jurors that no transcript would be provided and it
instructed jurors to keep deliberating and to rely on their collective memories. We can find no
prejudice in such benign responses.
{¶38} Accordingly, we overrule Jacobs’ second assignment of error.
Assignment of Error IV
Appellant’s convictions were based on insufficient evidence and against the
manifest weight fo [sic] the evidence.
{¶39} In his fourth assignment of error, Jacobs argues that his convictions were neither
supported by sufficient evidence nor consistent with the manifest weight of the evidence. We
disagree on both points.
{¶40} A sufficiency challenge of a criminal conviction presents a question of law, which
we review de novo. State v. Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d 380, 386 (1997). In carrying out this
review, our “function * * * is to examine the evidence admitted at trial to determine whether
such evidence, if believed, would convince the average mind of the defendant’s guilt beyond a
reasonable doubt.” State v. Jenks, 61 Ohio St.3d 259 (1991), paragraph two of the syllabus.
16
After such an examination and taking the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution,
we must decide whether “any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the
crime proven beyond a reasonable doubt.” Id. Although we conduct de novo review when
considering a sufficiency of the evidence challenge, “we neither resolve evidentiary conflicts nor
assess the credibility of witnesses, as both are functions reserved for the trier of fact.” State v.
Jones, 1st Dist. Hamilton Nos. C-120570, C-120751, 2013-Ohio-4775, ¶ 33.
{¶41} A sufficiency challenge is legally distinct from a manifest weight challenge.
Thompkins at 387. Accordingly, when applying the manifest weight standard, we are required to
consider the whole record, “weigh the evidence and all reasonable inferences, consider the
credibility of witnesses and determine whether, in resolving conflicts in the evidence, the trier of
fact clearly lost its way and created such a manifest miscarriage of justice that the conviction
must be reversed and a new trial ordered.” State v. Otten, 33 Ohio App.3d 339, 340 (9th
Dist.1986). Courts are cautioned to only reverse a conviction on manifest weight grounds “in
exceptional cases,” State v. Carson, 9th Dist. Summit No. 26900, 2013-Ohio-5785, ¶ 32, citing
Otten at 340, where the evidence “weighs heavily against the conviction,” Thompkins at 387.
{¶42} This matter implicates Jacobs’ conviction on unlawful sexual conduct in violation
of R.C. 2907.04 and corrupting another with drugs in violation of R.C. 2925.02(A)(4)(a). R.C.
2907.04(A) relevantly provides that:
No person who is eighteen years of age or older shall engage in sexual conduct with
another * * * when the offender knows the other person is thirteen years of age or older
but less than sixteen years of age, or the offender is reckless in that regard.
Unlawful sexual conduct constitutes a third degree felony where the offender is at least 10 years
older than the victim. R.C. 2907.04(B)(3). Sexual conduct is relevantly defined as
vaginal intercourse between a male and a female; anal intercourse, fellatio, and
cunnilingus between persons regardless of sex; and without privilege to do so, the
17
insertion, however slight, or any part of the body or any instrument, apparatus, or
other object into the vaginal or anal opening of another.
R.C. 2907.01(A).
{¶43} R.C. 2925.02(A)(4), meanwhile, pertinently provides that “[n]o person shall
knowingly * * * furnish or administer a controlled substance to a juvenile who is at least two
years the offender’s junior, when the offender knows the age of the juvenile or is reckless in that
regard[.]” Pursuant to R.C. 2925.01(A), a controlled substance for the purposes of R.C. 2925.02
is defined as “a drug, compound, mixture, preparation or substance included in schedule I, II, III,
IV or V.” R.C. 3719.01(C). Marijuana is a schedule I drug. R.C. 3719.41(C)(19).1
{¶44} Although Jacobs couches this assignment of error as challenging both the
sufficiency of the evidence and the manifest weight, Jacobs acknowledges S.H.’s testimony that
he inserted his finger into her vagina and performed oral sex on her on several occasions. He
also acknowledges that S.H. testified to Jacobs giving her marijuana. This testimony was
sufficient to support both of Jacobs’ convictions. See State v. Johnson, 9th Dist. Lorain No.
13CA010496, 2015-Ohio-1689, ¶ 13 (concluding that testimony of an eyewitness was “alone
sufficient to support [the defendant]’s conviction”).
{¶45} Rather than focusing on sufficiency, Jacobs’ fourth assignment of error turns on
his manifest weight argument that the State’s witnesses, particularly S.H. and Hunt, were not
credible and that his testimony was. See United States v. Henderson, 626 F.3d 326, 341 (6th
Cir.2010) (stating that an “implicit attack on witness credibility is simply a challenge to ‘the
weight of the government’s evidence and not the sufficiency of the evidence’”), quoting United
1
There was also testimony at trial indicating that Jacobs provided Zanaflex pills to S.H.
Although the State represented Zanaflex to be a controlled substance at trial, it does not appear
that Zanaflex’s active ingredient, tizanidine hydrochloride, is listed on any of the schedules
contained in R.C. 3719.41.
18
States v. Graham, 622 F.3d 445, 449 (6th Cir.2010). But, as a reviewing court that relies on a
“cold, paper record,” we must abstain from supplanting the jury’s evaluation of credibility. In re
B.B., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 81948, 2003-Ohio-5920, ¶ 31 (“Because the versions of events
presented by the State and B.B. were so diametrically opposed in almost all relevant aspects, we
are unwilling to simply choose B.B.’s version, as he would have us do[.]”); see also Johnson at ¶
15 (“Further, the mere fact that [the defendant] offered his own self-serving contradictory
testimony does not support a reversal on manifest weight grounds since the trier of fact ‘“is free
to believe all, part, or none of the testimony of each witness.”’”), quoting State v. Cross, 9th Dist.
Summit No. 25487, 2011-Ohio-3250, ¶ 35, quoting Prince v. Jordan, 9th Dist. Lorain No.
04CA008423, 2004-Ohio-7184, ¶ 35. This principle especially applies here since we discern no
reason in the record to second-guess the trial court’s determination of credibility and Jacobs’
guilt.
{¶46} S.H. testified in detail to the sexual activity that occurred between Jacobs and her.
See State v. Barnes, 12th Dist. Brown No. CA2010-06-009, 2011-Ohio-5226, ¶ 95 (rejecting
manifest weight argument where the victim gave “detailed testimony”). Additionally, Hunt’s
testimony corroborated S.H.’s testimony regarding Jacobs providing marijuana to her and he said
that he observed Jacobs touch S.H.’s breasts and bottom. The jury could certainly choose to
believe S.H.’s corroborated testimony as opposed to Jacobs’ uncorroborated testimony.
{¶47} Furthermore, the credibility of Jacobs’ testimony was effectively diminished
when he was confronted with his statements to police. Jacobs testified that S.H. and Hunt were
motivated to fabricate their allegations because of the purported confrontation over the theft of
prescription drugs from Jacobs’ house. On cross-examination, Jacobs explicitly testified that he
told Detective Rinear about this confrontation during his police interview. But, this claim was
19
directly contradicted when Detective Rinear testified in rebuttal that Jacobs did not divulge any
confrontation of S.H. and Hunt over prescription drugs despite the fact that it allegedly occurred
a mere month earlier. The video recording of Jacobs’ police interview confirmed Detective
Rinear’s testimony and it reflected that when pressed about S.H.’s possible motives, Jacobs
simply stated that she could have brought forth the allegations because he refused to allow Hunt
to stay overnight at his house. In light of this inconsistency in Jacobs’ explanation for S.H.’s
allegations, we cannot determine that the jury lost its way and caused a manifest miscarriage of
justice. See State v. Lopez, 90 Ohio App.3d 566, 583 (9th Dist.1993) (“[T]he credibility of
defendant’s witnesses was severely damaged by the inconsistencies in their stories from one
telling to the next and, in regard to Comley, the number of times his story changed completely.
We cannot certify that a miscarriage of justice occurred in this case.”).
{¶48} In sum, there is sufficient evidence in the record to sustain Jacobs’ convictions
and his convictions are not against the manifest weight of the evidence. Accordingly, we
overrule Jacobs’ fourth assignment of error.
III.
{¶49} Having overruled all of Jacobs’ assignments of error, we affirm the judgment of
the Summit County Court of Common Pleas.
Judgment affirmed.
There were reasonable grounds for this appeal.
20
We order that a special mandate issue out of this Court, directing the Court of Common
Pleas, County of Summit, State of Ohio, to carry this judgment into execution. A certified copy
of this journal entry shall constitute the mandate, pursuant to App.R. 27.
Immediately upon the filing hereof, this document shall constitute the journal entry of
judgment, and it shall be file stamped by the Clerk of the Court of Appeals at which time the
period for review shall begin to run. App.R. 22(C). The Clerk of the Court of Appeals is
instructed to mail a notice of entry of this judgment to the parties and to make a notation of the
mailing in the docket, pursuant to App.R. 30.
Costs taxed to Appellant.
JULIE A. SCHAFER
FOR THE COURT
WHITMORE, J.
CONCURS.
CARR, P. J.
CONCURRING IN JUDGMENT ONLY.
{¶50} I concur but write separately to emphasize the extreme importance of responding
to jury questions in a proper manner and making a record of the communications whether in
open court or in written responses.
{¶51} Generally, a defendant has the right to be present with counsel when a judge
communicates with the jury regarding jury instructions. State v. Abrams, 39 Ohio St.2d 53
(1974). “Consequently, any communication between the court and the jury outside the presence
of a defendant is error and may be grounds for a new trial.” State v. Jones, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga
21
No. 88203, 2007-Ohio-1717, ¶ 15, citing Bostic v. Connor, 37 Ohio St.3d 144, 149 (1988); Kirk
v. State, 14 Ohio 511 (1846); Jones v. State, 26 Ohio St. 208 (1875).
{¶52} However, not all improper communications are prejudicial and warrant a new
trial. Improper communications between a judge and the jury
constitute good cause for a new trial only if the communications prejudiced the
defendant's right to a fair trial. Abrams, 39 Ohio St.2d at 56; State v. Jenkins, 15
Ohio St.3d 164, 233-237 (1984). When the communications are substantive, such
as when the trial court clarifies an instruction or provides an additional instruction
to the jury, courts have found that the error is prejudicial. See State v. Alvarado,
8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 78629, 2001 WL 1075724 (Sept. 13, 2001). But when
the trial court merely restates previously given instructions, the communication
has been found to be harmless. See Abrams, supra.
Jones, 2007-Ohio-1717, ¶ 16.
{¶53} In addition, even though a defendant has the right to be present when the trial
court responds to a jury question in open court, he does not have that same right when the judge
responds to a question in writing as long as counsel is present. State v. Campbell, 90 Ohio St.3d
320, 346 (2000).
APPEARANCES:
NATHAN A. RAY, Attorney at Law, for Appellant.
SHERRI BEVAN WALSH, Prosecuting Attorney, and HEAVEN DIMARTINO, Assistant
Prosecuting Attorney, for Appellee.