No. 2--06--0096 Filed: 3-5-08
IN THE
APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS
SECOND DISTRICT
THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ) Appeal from the Circuit
ILLINOIS, ) Court of Boone County.
)
Plaintiff-Appellee, )
)
v. ) No. 04--CF--260
)
ALAN J. LARSON, ) Honorable
) Gerald F. Grubb,
Defendant-Appellant. ) Judge, Presiding.
JUSTICE HUTCHINSON delivered the opinion of the court:
In December 2005, a jury found defendant, Alan J. Larson, guilty of committing the offenses
of aggravated cruelty to an animal (510 ILCS 70/3.02 (West 2004)) and possession of a firearm
without a firearm owner's identification (FOID) card (430 ILCS 65/2(a)(1) (West 2004)). Following
the trial court's denial of defendant's motion for a new trial, the trial court imposed a sentence of 12
months' probation. Defendant appeals, presenting three issues for our review: (1) whether his
conviction of aggravated cruelty to an animal must be reversed because the statute defining the
offense is unconstitutionally vague; (2) whether the State proved him guilty beyond a reasonable
doubt of the offense of aggravated cruelty to an animal; and (3) whether the State proved him guilty
beyond a reasonable doubt of the offense of possession of a firearm without a FOID card. We affirm.
On October 12, 2004, defendant was charged with committing the offenses of aggravated
cruelty to an animal and possession of a firearm without a FOID card, stemming from an incident on
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October 10, 2004, where defendant shot the family dog. On March 1, 2005, defendant filed a motion
to declare the aggravated-cruelty-to-an-animal statute unconstitutional. Defendant argued, inter alia,
that the statute was void for vagueness and that it provided inadequate notice for compliance.
Following argument of the parties, the trial court found the statute constitutional and denied
defendant's motion.
The case proceeded to trial on December 6, 2005. Linda Larson, defendant's wife, testified
that she and defendant had been married for 16 years. They had three children, Olle, John, and
Tracey, who were 15, 14, and 13 years of age, respectively. Linda testified that defendant had been
unemployed for approximately three years.
Linda testified that, in 2002, the family had a pet dog, a German shepherd. Linda testified that
the dog had a skin disease, and they ultimately had to take the dog to the veterinarian to be
euthanized. In March 2003, the family fostered and then adopted a pet dog, a Rhodesian ridgeback
named Sinai, from Kathy Bakken. Linda testified that the family had no problems with Sinai. Linda
testified that Sinai was initially shy around the family for a couple of weeks, but then became
integrated with the family. Linda testified that Sinai never displayed any aggressive tendencies toward
anyone and never bit anyone.
Linda further testified that, in November 2003, her father moved in with the family for
approximately six months. Linda testified that her father suffered from dementia and that she was his
guardian. Linda testified that her father got along very well with Sinai and that Sinai was never
violent or aggressive toward him.
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Linda testified that the family decided that Sinai needed a playmate, and they later adopted
another dog, named Sheba. Linda testified that Sinai and Sheba got along with each other and that
Sinai never displayed any aggressive behavior toward Sheba.
Linda testified that, on October 10, 2004, defendant drove her to work. At approximately
3:30 p.m. that day, defendant picked her up from work, and they went to a store in Rockford. Linda
testified that, on their way to the store, defendant told her "there's going to be one less dog" when
she got home. Linda testified that she said to defendant, "you didn't kill Sinai," and defendant replied
that he had. Linda testified that defendant said "they had a hole and they dragged him to the hole."
Linda testified that she was very upset and crying, but defendant was calm and normal. Linda
testified that she went into the store, where she called a friend from work and told her that defendant
had shot Sinai with a gun.
Linda further testified that they then went to Target, and she went in by herself. Linda
testified that, when she came out of Target, their vehicle was surrounded by police squad cars. Linda
testified that she spoke with Boone County Detective Jerry Ashens on her cell phone. Linda testified
that defendant was transported to the Boone County police department, and she returned home.
Linda testified that their children were home when defendant shot the dog.
Linda testified that Sinai "loved everybody," but that, in the two weeks before the shooting,
Sinai was protecting her more and barking at defendant. Linda testified that, during those two weeks,
she and defendant had begun dissolution proceedings. Linda testified that defendant had threatened
to kill Sinai but that she did not believe that he would do so.
Linda testified that, on October 11, 2004, the police came to the house and took all of
defendant's firearms. Linda testified that the firearms had always been kept hidden in the basement,
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but, when the police came to the house, the firearms were found in the trunk of their car in their
driveway.
Jerry Ashens from the Boone County sheriff's department testified that, on October 10, 2004,
he was dispatched to the Larson residence for a welfare check. Ashens testified that the dispatcher
told him that Linda had received information that defendant was going to do harm to one of the
family pets, and her employer was concerned about her well-being. Ashens testified that he went to
the Larson residence and spoke with the son Olle. Ashens testified that Olle telephoned his parents,
and Ashens then spoke with Linda, who told Ashens that she was upset because defendant had shot
and killed Sinai. Ashens testified that he subsequently spoke with defendant, who admitted to
shooting the dog with his .45-caliber handgun. Defendant told Ashens that he shot the dog at least
three times and that he shot the dog because it had been growling and barking at him. Ashens
testified that defendant told him that he buried the dog.
Ashens further testified that he asked defendant whether he had a FOID card, and defendant
replied he did but that it had expired in 2002. Ashens testified that the police subsequently seized
defendant's weapons from the trunk of his vehicle, and one of the weapons seized was a .45-caliber
handgun. Ashens identified defendant's FOID card in evidence, which reflected an expiration date
of January 1, 2002.
Kathy Bakken, the regional coordinator for the Midwest region of the Rhodesian Ridgeback
Rescue, testified that, prior to the Larsons' fostering and adopting Sinai, she fostered Sinai for
approximately four months. Bakken testified that Sinai was submissive to all of her other dogs and
did not exhibit aggression. Bakken testified that, in May 2003, when she turned Sinai over to the
Larsons, she told them that they could return Sinai to her if for any reason Sinai did not work out
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with them. Bakken testified that the Larsons never advised her of any problems with Sinai. Bakken
testified that she assisted the Larsons in adopting Sheba in September 2003.
Bakken further testified that, on October 11, 2004, she was notified of the incident involving
Sinai. Bakken testified that, on October 12, 2004, she traveled to the Larson residence and reclaimed
Sheba. Bakken testified that she asked defendant where Sinai was and defendant replied that he had
shot Sinai. Bakken testified that defendant's demeanor seemed very calm and conversational.
The State rested, and Olle Larson, defendant's father, testified on behalf of defendant. Olle
Larson testified that, on August 28, 2004, he was at the Larson residence for a birthday party, and
Sinai bit him on the leg. Olle Larson testified that the incident startled him but the bite did not pierce
his skin and there was no bruising.
Defendant's son Olle testified that, approximately three months after Sinai came to live with
them, the dog bit him on his nose and hand. Olle testified that he told his mother about the bites but
that she did not do anything about it. Olle testified that he observed Sinai bite defendant numerous
times. Olle testified that Sinai was friendly toward women and unfriendly toward men. Olle testified
that Sinai acted aggressively toward visitors. Olle testified that Sinai became more aggressive after
the family adopted Sheba.
Olle further testified that, on October 10, 2004, defendant left the house to pick up Linda,
and, approximately two hours later, the police arrived at the house. Olle testified that he told the
police that his parents might be having a dispute because the dog was gone and that "dad got rid of
the dog." Olle testified that he told the police it was possible that a gun was involved.
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On cross-examination, Olle admitted that he did not receive medical treatment for the dog
bites he received. Olle testified that Sinai was already gone on October 10, 2004, when the police
arrived, and he denied seeing what happened to Sinai.
Defendant's son John testified that Sinai did not like him, his brother, or his dad. John testified
that, sometime in October 2004, Sinai bit him in the face. John testified that Sinai also bit his brother,
defendant, and a Scouting friend. John testified that he was afraid of the dog. John testified that, on
October 10, 2004, he was on a Scouting trip with his brother. He testified that, when they returned
home, Sinai was gone and he did not know what happened to the dog.
Defendant's daughter, Tracey, testified that Sinai was a good dog at first. Tracey testified
that, after Sinai became comfortable, he began tearing up her parents' pillows and bed sheets. Tracey
testified that Sinai liked women but hated men. Tracey testified that she observed Sinai and Sheba
fight. She also testified that she observed Sinai bite her grandfather Olle, her aunt Kim, one of her
brothers, and a few of her brothers' friends. Tracey testified that Sinai barked constantly, even after
she went to bed. Tracey testified that Sinai never bit her but she was afraid of Sinai. Tracey testified
that she had not seen Sinai since October 10, 2004, and did not see what happened to the dog.
Tracey testified that she was relieved that the dog was gone. On cross-examination, Tracey admitted
that she had a strained relationship with her mother.
Defendant testified that he had been in the Army from 1977 to 1988, having left the military
with the rank of captain. Defendant testified that he had been unemployed since January 2002. In
2003 he and Linda were preparing to file for bankruptcy because they were approximately $110,000
in debt. Defendant testified that they had incurred approximately $3,000 in veterinarian bills for their
previous dog, the German shepherd. Defendant testified that in December 2002 he and his father
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took the German shepherd to a veterinarian's office to be euthanized, and he was charged $75 for the
services.
Defendant testified that he recalled agreeing "under duress" to adopt Sinai and recalled signing
a contract to adopt Sinai. Defendant testified that Sinai eventually took over the house and became
aggressive. Defendant testified that Sinai became even more aggressive after they adopted Sheba.
Defendant testified that Sinai bit him on both ankles and his buttocks; the bites were painful but did
not break the skin. Defendant further testified that, a few days before October 10, 2004, at
approximately midnight or 1 a.m., Sinai attacked him on his way to use the bathroom, and Sinai
chased him into his sons' bedroom. Defendant testified that he stayed in his sons' bedroom the rest
of the night. Defendant testified that he never beat or mistreated Sinai.
Defendant testified that, on October 10, 2004, he took Linda to work. Defendant testified
that, when he returned home, Sinai growled, bared its teeth at him, and appeared aggressive.
Defendant testified that, "[a]fter having received counsel" from two ministers and five psychologists,
he collared and leashed Sinai and took him outside, approximately one-half mile from the house.
Defendant testified that he took a magazine, seven rounds of ammunition, and his Colt .45 pistol and
shot the dog in the head three times. Defendant testified that the dog died but did not seem to suffer.
Defendant testified that he did not take Sinai to the veterinarian because he did not have the
money to euthanize the dog. Defendant testified that he asked Linda to return Sinai but that she
would not agree to it. Defendant testified that he believed it was economically and spiritually
necessary to do what he did.
On cross-examination, defendant admitted that Sinai had no medical problems other than
some allergies that required special food. Defendant could not recall whether Bakken offered to take
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back Sinai. Defendant admitted that he contacted Bakken about problems with Sheba but not Sinai.
Defendant also admitted that the ministers he spoke with never told him that he should shoot the dog.
Defendant admitted that Sinai did not bite or attack anyone on October 10, 2004.
Joseph Frost II, a veterinarian from Belvidere, testified that the Department of Agriculture
adopted the American Veterinary Medical Association panel's report on euthanasia. Frost testified
that the report on euthanasia reflected that, under the proper circumstances, the use of a gunshot to
the brain was a conditionally acceptable method of euthanizing an animal. On cross-examination,
Frost agreed that the use of an accurately delivered gunshot was recommended as the method of last
resort, that is, when other methods could not be used. Frost also agreed that the report stated that
personnel performing physical methods of euthanasia must be well trained and monitored for each
type of physical technique performed.
The defense rested, and the State called its rebuttal witnesses. Linda testified that Sinai never
destroyed any furniture or woodwork in the house, but, when the family adopted Sheba, the dogs
would run through the house and ricochet off a bed, damaging blankets or pillows. Linda testified
that she never observed Sinai bite defendant or the children and that neither defendant nor the
children ever told her that Sinai had bitten them. Linda testified that defendant's only complaint about
Sinai was the barking. Linda testified that defendant never asked her to return Sinai to the Rhodesian
Ridgeback Rescue operation.
Bakken testified that, when she turned Sinai over to the Larsons, she told them that, if they
could not keep Sinai, they needed to return Sinai and she would keep him. Bakken also testified that
defendant did not appear to be under any sort of duress when he signed the contract to adopt Sinai.
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Bakken added that, during the time she fostered Sinai, the dog never displayed any aggressive
tendencies toward her husband or other men.
Following the State's rebuttal, the parties presented their closing arguments, and the trial court
instructed the jury. The jury found defendant guilty of both charges, and the trial court entered its
judgment on the verdict.
Defendant filed a motion for a new trial, and on January 24, 2006, the trial court conducted
a hearing. Following arguments, the trial court denied defendant's motion. The case proceeded to
sentencing, where the trial court imposed a sentence of 12 months' probation. Defendant filed a
timely notice of appeal.
Defendant first contends that his conviction must be reversed because the aggravated-cruelty-
to-an-animal statute is unconstitutionally vague. The statute, which is section 3.02 of the Humane
Care for Animals Act (the Act) (510 ILCS 70/3.02 (West 2004)), states:
"No person may intentionally commit an act that causes a companion animal to suffer
serious injury or death. Aggravated cruelty does not include euthanasia of a companion
animal through recognized methods approved by the Department of Agriculture.
A person convicted of violating Section 3.02 is guilty of a Class 4 felony." 510 ILCS
70/3.02 (West 2004).
Specifically, defendant argues that a reasonable person cannot determine from the statute what acts
or methods are permissible means to euthanize one's own companion animal. Defendant argues that
the statute fails to define "euthanasia" and "recognized methods approved by the Department of
Agriculture." Defendant also argues that section 3.02 of the Act is an abrogation of his common-law
property right to dispose of his property and that, therefore, the statute must be strictly construed.
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Defendant concludes that the statute is incapable of any valid application because it provides no
standard of conduct at all.
A statute is presumed constitutional, and the party challenging the statute bears the burden
of demonstrating its invalidity. People v. Boand, 362 Ill. App. 3d 106, 138-39 (2005), citing People
v. Malchow, 193 Ill. 2d 413, 418 (2000). Reviewing courts have a duty to construe the statute in a
manner that upholds its constitutionality if it can be done reasonably, and any doubt must be resolved
in favor of the statute's validity. Boand, 362 Ill. App. 3d at 139, citing Malchow, 193 Ill. 2d at 418.
The fundamental principle of statutory construction is to ascertain and give effect to the legislature's
intent. People v. Pierce, 226 Ill. 2d 470, 475-76 (2007), citing People v. Pack, 224 Ill. 2d 144, 147
(2007). The language of the statute is the best indication of the legislature's intent, and it should be
given its plain and ordinary meaning. Pierce, 226 Ill. 2d at 476, citing Pack, 224 Ill. 2d at 147.
Where the language of the statute is clear and unambiguous, we must apply it as written, without
resort to extrinsic aids of statutory construction. People v. Collins, 214 Ill. 2d 206, 214 (2005). We
further note that the traditional canons or maxims of statutory construction are not rules of law, but
rather are "merely aids in determining legislative intent and must yield to such intent." In re
Application of the County Treasurer, 214 Ill. 2d 253, 259 (2005). The constitutionality of a statute
is a question of law, subject to de novo review. Boand, 362 Ill. App. 3d at 139, citing People v.
Carney, 196 Ill. 2d 518, 526 (2001).
A statute is void for vagueness only if it fails to (1) "provide the kind of notice that would
enable a person of ordinary intelligence to understand what conduct is prohibited," or (2) "provide
explicit standards for those who apply it, thus authorizing or even encouraging arbitrary and
discriminatory enforcement." People v. Law, 202 Ill. 2d 578, 582-83 (2002). Whether a statute is
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void for vagueness must be determined in the factual context of each case. People v. Falbe, 189 Ill.
2d 635, 639 (2000). The tests for assessing whether a law is vague are not capable of mechanistic
application. City of Chicago v. Pooh Bah Enterprises, Inc., 224 Ill. 2d 390, 443 (2006). In any
context, though, "there are limits to the degree of precision attainable by the English language." City
of Chicago, 224 Ill. 2d at 444. In Ward v. Rock Against Racism, 491 U.S. 781, 105 L. Ed. 2d 661,
109 S. Ct. 2746 (1989), the United States Supreme Court recognized that "perfect clarity and precise
guidance have never been required even of regulations that restrict expressive activity." Ward, 491
U.S. at 794, 105 L. Ed. 2d at 677, 109 S. Ct. at 2755. Moreover, "when judging the constitutionality
of a rule or statute, common sense cannot and should not be suspended." City of Chicago, 224 Ill.
2d at 444, citing Anderson v. Milwaukee County, 433 F.3d 975, 978 (7th Cir. 2006).
The aggravated-cruelty-to-an-animal statute must satisfy two requirements to comport with
the standards of due process. First, the statute's prohibitions must be sufficiently definite, when
measured by common understanding and practices, to inform a person of ordinary intelligence what
conduct is lawful and what conduct is unlawful. People v. Izzo, 195 Ill. 2d 109, 113 (2001). Second,
the statute must provide "sufficiently definite standards for law enforcement officers and triers of fact
such that its application does not depend merely on their private conceptions." Izzo, 195 Ill. 2d at
113. So long as a defendant's conduct clearly falls within the statutory proscription, a defendant may
be prosecuted under the statute in harmony with due process, even though the statute may be vague
as to other conduct. Izzo, 195 Ill. 2d at 113, citing People v. Anderson, 148 Ill. 2d 15, 28 (1992).
Defendant is correct that, in the eyes of common law, a pet "is an item of personal property."
Jankoski v. Preiser Animal Hospital, Ltd., 157 Ill. App. 3d 818, 820 (1987); see also Sentell v. New
Orleans & Carrollton R.R. Co., 166 U.S. 698, 700, 41 L. Ed. 1169, 1170, 17 S. Ct. 693, 694 (1897)
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("[b]y the common law, as well as by the law of most, if not all, the States, dogs are so far recognized
as property"). This view of a pet as an item of personal property still prevails in many jurisdictions,
although it is deemed outdated by animal-law scholars. See M. Livingston, The Calculus of Animal
Valuation: Crafting a Viable Remedy, 82 Neb. L. Rev. 783, 787-803 (2004); see also R. Miller,
Annotation, Damages for Killing or Injuring Dog, 61 A.L.R. 5th 635 (1998). However, a reviewing
court will not engage in statutory construction if the statutory language is unambiguous. See Collins,
214 Ill. 2d at 214 (where the language of the statute is clear and unambiguous, it will be applied as
written, without resort to extrinsic aids of statutory construction). Therefore, in the event we find
no ambiguity in the statutory language, the maxim of strict construction will have no application. See
People v. Perry, 224 Ill. 2d 312, 333 (2007).
In the present case, we determine that the aggravated-cruelty-to-an-animal statute is not
vague. We recognize that criminal acts cannot always be defined with absolute precision. City of
Chicago v. Powell, 315 Ill. App. 3d 1136, 1147 (2000), citing People v. Burpo, 164 Ill. 2d 261
(1995). Section 3.02 of the Act prohibits a defendant from intentionally engaging in a course of
conduct that causes a companion animal to suffer death or serious injury. 510 ILCS 70/3.02 (West
2004). Although defendant argues that a reasonable person cannot determine from the statute what
acts or methods are permissible means to euthanize one's own companion animal, we note first that
the scope of punishable conduct is limited by the individual's specified intent to cause the companion
animal to suffer serious injury or death. Second, although the legislature chose to frame in general
terms the prohibited conduct as "an act" and the prohibited result as causing a companion animal to
suffer serious injury or death, it is well settled that " '[i]mpossible standards of specificity *** are not
required.' " People v. Parkins, 77 Ill. 2d 253, 256 (1979), quoting People v. Schwartz, 64 Ill. 2d 275,
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280 (1976). Consequently, we determine that application of the ordinary and popular meaning of the
statutory language and recognition of the evil the statute intends to prevent, i.e., the intentional killing
or injuring of companion animals, provides adequate notice of prohibited conduct and prevents
arbitrary enforcement. See Parkins, 77 Ill. 2d at 257. We believe that a person of ordinary
intelligence would reasonably know that, absent an affirmative defense, she or he may not simply grab
a firearm, take the family dog outside, and shoot the dog in the head three times so as to kill it. We,
therefore, conclude that the aggravated-cruelty statute is not unconstitutionally vague on its face.
Defendant apparently takes issue with the second sentence of the statute, which sets out what
conduct does not constitute aggravated cruelty, that is, "euthanasia of a companion animal through
recognized methods approved by the Department of Agriculture." 510 ILCS 70/3.02 (West 2004).
Defendant argues that the statute fails to define "euthanasia" and "recognized methods approved by
the Department of Agriculture."
Many statutes and regulations are necessarily lengthy and replete with exceptions and
conditions because they address diverse matters of considerable complexity. People v. Conlan, 189
Ill. 2d 286, 292 (2000). In the present case, the contested word and phrase are not particularly
complex, difficult to understand, or open to interpretation. Section 2.09 of the Act defines the phrase
"humanely euthanized" as "the painless administration of a lethal dose of an agent or method of
euthanasia as prescribed in the Report of the American Veterinary Medical Association Panel on
Euthanasia published in the Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, March 1, 2001
(or any successor version of that Report), that causes the painless death of an animal." 510 ILCS
70/2.09 (West 2004). The word "euthanize" is defined as "the act of inducing humane death in an
animal." 2000 Report of the American Veterinary Medical Ass'n Panel on Euthanasia, 218 Journal
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of the Am. Veterinary Med. Ass'n, No. 5, 672 (March 1, 2001). Our review of the aggravated-
cruelty statute does not reveal inconsistent terminology or terms without definition or meaning that
cannot be discerned from their context. In our context, it appears that "euthanasia" would refer to
the painless or humane killing of a companion animal.
With respect to the phrase, the "recognized methods approved by the Department of
Agriculture," this too is unambiguous. A statute's reference to another source or document may
render the statute more laborious to follow, but it is not our role to rewrite the statute according to
our preferences. See Conlan, 189 Ill. 2d at 292-93. The issue before us is whether the statute is
comprehensible such that it provides fair notice of what is prohibited. Conlan, 189 Ill. 2d at 293. The
reference to the recognized methods approved by the Department of Agriculture is an aid in
understanding what methods of euthanasia the statute permits and not a hindrance to comprehension.
Having thoroughly reviewed the aggravated-cruelty-to-an-animal statute, we find that it is
comprehensible and that it does provide fair notice of what conduct is prohibited. We believe that
anyone who earnestly attempts to understand the statute can fully comprehend its terms and phrases
and, more important, understand what is prohibited. See Conlan, 189 Ill. 2d at 293.
In his reply brief, defendant presents various hypothetical situations in which, he argues, if an
owner does not consider the animal a pet, the aggravated-cruelty-to-an-animal statute would not
apply to the owner, and the owner could not then be charged with committing the offense of
aggravated cruelty to an animal if the owner were to kill the animal. Our supreme court has held,
however, that a statute is not unconstitutionally vague merely because one can imagine hypothetical
situations in which the meaning of some terms might be called into question. Izzo, 195 Ill. 2d at 113.
Again, the validity of the law must be judged in light of the particular facts of the present case. See
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Falbe, 189 Ill. 2d at 639. The scenarios posited by defendant are not at issue here. Rather, the events
giving rise to defendant's prosecution involve the intentional killing of Sinai, the family pet, using a
.45-caliber handgun.
Defendant was charged with the specific unlawful act of intentionally shooting and killing the
family dog with a .45-caliber handgun, a violation of the Act (510 ILCS 70/3.02 (West 2004)), and
not with any vague conduct. Inasmuch as defendant is the party challenging the constitutionality of
a statute, he bears the burden of clearly establishing the constitutional violation. See People v.
Wright, 194 Ill. 2d 1, 24 (2000). Upon our review of the issue presented, we determine that
defendant has failed to satisfy such burden.
Defendant's second contention is that the State failed to prove him guilty beyond a reasonable
doubt of the offense of aggravated cruelty to an animal. When a challenge to the sufficiency of the
evidence is presented on appeal, it is not the reviewing court's function to retry a defendant. People
v. Evans, 209 Ill. 2d 194, 209 (2004). In assessing whether the evidence against a defendant was
sufficient to prove guilt beyond a reasonable doubt, a reviewing court must determine " 'whether,
after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact
could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.' " (Emphasis in
original.) People v. Cooper, 194 Ill. 2d 419, 430-31 (2000), quoting Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S.
307, 318-19, 61 L. Ed. 2d 560, 573, 99 S. Ct. 2781, 2788-89 (1979). This standard applies to
appeals of all criminal convictions, whether the nature of the evidence presented is circumstantial or
direct. Cooper, 194 Ill. 2d at 431. The State is not required to exclude every reasonable hypothesis
of innocence (People v. Pintos, 133 Ill. 2d 286, 291 (1989)), and the jury need not be satisfied beyond
a reasonable doubt of each link in the chain of circumstances (People v. McDonald, 168 Ill. 2d 420,
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443 (1995)). Proof of guilt beyond a reasonable doubt does not require proof beyond any possibility
of a doubt. People v. Rush, 294 Ill. App. 3d 334, 337 (1998). Moreover, when the determination
of a defendant's guilt or innocence depends upon the credibility of the witnesses and the weight to
be given their testimony, it is for the trier of fact to resolve any conflicts in the evidence. Rush, 294
Ill. App. 3d at 337, citing People v. White, 209 Ill. App. 3d 844, 868 (1991). We, as a reviewing
court, are not to substitute our own judgment for that of the jury. Cooper, 194 Ill. 2d at 431; Rush,
294 Ill. App. 3d at 337.
Here, defendant does not point to any particular element of the offense of which he was
convicted and then claim that the State failed to present evidence sufficient to find him guilty beyond
a reasonable doubt. Rather, defendant appears to focus his argument on the exception to the offense,
that is, defendant argues that the evidence overwhelmingly established that he euthanized his own dog
in accordance with the statute. Defendant argues that the evidence established that Sinai was a
"psycho dog" that bit everyone but Linda. Defendant argues in his brief that he, as a reasonable and
responsible parent and citizen, was concerned for his family's physical and emotional well-being, as
well as his liability were the dog to hurt a member of the community. Defendant argues that a
veterinarian's euthanization method was financially prohibitive and points to the veterinarian Frost's
testimony where he agreed that an accurately delivered gunshot was an acceptable method of
euthanasia.
Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the State, a rational trier of fact could
have found defendant guilty of aggravated cruelty to an animal and rejected defendant's claim of
euthanasia. The relevant evidence was undisputed by most accounts that, on October 10, 2004,
defendant took Sinai outside and away from home and shot the dog three times using a .45-caliber
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handgun, causing the death of Sinai. Defendant admitted as much to Linda, Ashens, and Bakken.
From this evidence, a rational trier of fact could have concluded that defendant intentionally
committed an act, i.e., using a .45-caliber handgun to shoot Sinai, that caused Sinai to suffer death,
a violation of the aggravated-cruelty-to-an-animal statute.
Moreover, the jury was well aware of defendant's testimony in which he explained why he
killed Sinai and why he chose to use one particular method instead of another. However, the jury was
not required to believe it. See People v. Peterson, 306 Ill. App. 3d 1091, 1101 (1999). The jury
heard Linda testify that Sinai never showed any aggressive tendencies or bit anyone and that the
family even adopted another Rhodesian ridgeback. The jury heard Bakken testify that, when she
turned Sinai over to the Larsons, she told them that they could return Sinai to her for any reason if
Sinai did not work out with them. The jury also heard Frost testify that an accurately delivered
gunshot was recommended as a last resort and that personnel performing physical methods of
euthanasia must be well trained and monitored for each type of physical technique performed. The
jury had the responsibility to determine the credibility of the witnesses and resolve conflicts in the
evidence. See Rush, 294 Ill. App. 3d at 337, citing White, 209 Ill. App. 3d at 868. Having heard all
of the witnesses' testimony, the jury was not required to believe that, on October 10, 2004, defendant
had no means of dealing with Sinai's problems but to take a loaded firearm and shoot the dog.
Defendant argues in the alternative that the trial court erroneously refused to give the jury an
instruction based on defendant's defense of necessity. We find defendant's argument waived for lack
of development. See Official Reports Advance Sheet No. 12 (June 7, 2006), R. 341(h)(7), eff.
September 1, 2006 ("argument" must contain "the contentions of the appellant and the reasons
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therefor, with citation of the authorities and the pages of the record relied on," and "[p]oints not
argued are waived").
We hold that a rational trier of fact could have concluded beyond a reasonable doubt that
defendant was criminally culpable for shooting the family dog on October 11, 2004. Accordingly,
we will not disturb the jury's verdict.
Defendant's third contention is that the State failed to prove him guilty beyond a reasonable
doubt of the offense of possession of a firearm without a FOID card. Section 2(a)(1) of the Firearm
Owners Identification Card Act (430 ILCS 65/2(a)(1) (West 2004)) provides that "[n]o person may
acquire or possess any firearm within this State without having in his or her possession a Firearm
Owner's Identification Card previously issued in his or her name by the Department of State Police
under the provisions of this Act." Defendant argues that he could not have been properly convicted
because the evidence showed that he possessed a FOID card previously issued to him, although it was
expired. Defendant concludes that, because the jury was not instructed on any issue of expiration or
validity, his conviction must be reversed.
Defendant's argument seems to be that a rational jury could not have found him guilty because
the statute itself does not require a valid FOID card, only one that has been previously issued. "It is
the jury's function to determine the accused's guilt or innocence, and this court will not reverse a
conviction unless the evidence is so improbable as to justify a reasonable doubt of defendant's guilt."
People v. Frieberg, 147 Ill. 2d 326, 359 (1992). "Jurors do not leave their common sense behind
when they enter court." People v. Rollins, 108 Ill. App. 3d 480, 488 (1982). Again, when reviewing
the sufficiency of the evidence supporting a criminal conviction, it is not the function of this court to
retry the defendant. Evans, 209 Ill. 2d at 209. In the present case, Ashens identified defendant's
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FOID card in evidence. The FOID card reflected that it had expired on January 1, 2002. From this
evidence, a rational trier of fact could have concluded that the FOID card ceased to be a proper and
effective card; otherwise, the purpose of displaying an expiration date would be rendered
meaningless. When viewed in the light most favorable to the State, the evidence adduced at trial
permitted a rational trier of fact to conclude that defendant knowingly possessed a firearm on October
10, 2004, without a FOID card. We therefore will not disturb the jury's verdict.
For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the judgment of the circuit court of Boone County.
Affirmed.
BYRNE, P.J., and CALLUM, J., concur.
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