No. 2—09—0554
Opinion filed January 28, 2011
______________________________________________________________________________
IN THE
APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS
SECOND DISTRICT
______________________________________________________________________________
THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE ) Appeal from the Circuit Court
OF ILLINOIS, ) of De Kalb County.
)
Plaintiff-Appellee, )
)
v. ) No. 07—CF—625
)
BRIAN HORSMAN, ) Honorable
) Robbin J. Stuckert,
Defendant-Appellant. ) Judge, Presiding.
_____________________________________________________________________________
JUSTICE ZENOFF delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
Justices Bowman and Burke concurred in the judgment and opinion.
OPINION
On May 26, 2009, the trial court sentenced defendant, Brian Horsman, to 30 months’
conditional discharge and 180 days’ incarceration in the De Kalb County jail upon his plea of guilty
to the offense of felony driving while his license was revoked (625 ILCS 5/6—303(a), (d—3) (West
2006)). Defendant appeals, contending that the trial court erred in refusing his request for a sentence
of electronic home monitoring instead of jail. We affirm.
BACKGROUND
On November 20, 2007, the State charged defendant with felony driving while his license was
revoked, alleging that he had committed six prior such violations. Defendant entered an open plea
of guilty to the charge on November 10, 2008. At a sentencing hearing on February 17, 2009,
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defendant requested that he be placed on electronic home monitoring as a means of fulfilling the
statutory requirement that he be sentenced to imprisonment. The trial court rejected the argument
that electronic home monitoring fulfilled the imprisonment requirement, and the court sentenced
defendant to 180 days’ incarceration in the De Kalb County jail. The sentencing order reflects that
defendant was given work release. On May 26, 2009, the trial court denied defendant’s motion to
reconsider his sentence, and defendant filed a timely appeal.
ANALYSIS
In pleading guilty to the charge, defendant admitted that his driver’s license had been revoked
due to a conviction of driving under the influence (DUI) and that he had at least four prior
“violations” for driving while his license was revoked. Section 6—303(d—3) of the Illinois Vehicle
Code (Code) applied and provided as follows:
“Any person convicted of a fourth [or subsequent] violation of this Section is guilty of a Class
4 felony and must serve a minimum term of imprisonment of 180 days if the revocation was
for a violation of Section 11—401 or 11—501 of this Code, or a similar out-of-state offense,
or a similar provision of a local ordinance, *** or a statutory summary suspension under
Section 11—501.1 of this Code.” 625 ILCS 5/6—303(d—3) (West 2006).
Accordingly, defendant admits that he had to be sentenced to a minimum of 180 days’ imprisonment.1
He contends that electronic home monitoring as an alternative to jail is allowed under section
6—303(d—3).
1
The provision that a defendant serve a minimum term of imprisonment constitutes a
mandatory minimum sentence, meaning that a defendant must be incarcerated for at least a certain
specified period of time. People ex rel. Birkett v. Jorgensen, 216 Ill. 2d 358, 363 (2005).
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We first address whether this issue is moot. The parties concede mootness because defendant
has completed his jail sentence. Nevertheless, both parties contend that the public interest exception
to the doctrine of mootness applies. We agree.
The public interest exception allows the court to consider an otherwise moot case when (1)
the question presented is of a public nature; (2) there is a need for an authoritative determination for
the future guidance of public officers; and (3) there is a likelihood of future recurrence of the
question. In re Alfred H.H., 233 Ill. 2d 345, 355 (2009). The public interest exception is narrowly
construed and requires a clear showing of each criterion. Alfred H.H., 233 Ill. 2d at 355-56. In
Alfred H.H., our supreme court held that the sufficiency-of-the-evidence issue raised there was not
of sufficient breadth, or of broad enough public interest, to satisfy the first prong. However, the court
gave examples of types of issues that fulfill the first requirement, which included a question about a
statutorily required notice. Alfred H.H., 233 Ill. 2d at 356-57. Here, the issue involves statutory
construction, which is of broad public interest and therefore of a public nature. The second prong
is met here because this is an issue of first impression, and there does not appear to be any
authoritative determination within Illinois law. In re Charles K., No. 4—10—0203, slip op. at 13
(Ill. App. Nov. 23, 2010). Consequently, there is a “pressing need” for this court to issue an advisory
opinion. See Felzak v. Hruby, 226 Ill. 2d 382, 393 (2007). Regarding the third prong, there is a
likelihood of future recurrence of the question because, as the record in this case reveals, two
different trial judges in the same circuit ruled differently on the question in two separate cases.
Accordingly, we hold that the public interest exception applies, and we proceed to consider the merits
of defendant’s argument.
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The cardinal rule of statutory construction is to ascertain and give effect to the intent of the
legislature. JB4 Air LLC v. Department of Revenue, 388 Ill. App. 3d 970, 973 (2009). The best
indication of legislative intent is the plain and ordinary meaning of the statutory language. JB4 Air,
388 Ill. App. 3d at 973. When the language of a statute is clear and unambiguous, it must be applied
without the use of other aids of construction. JB4 Air, 388 Ill. App. 3d at 973. However, if a statute
is capable of being understood by reasonably well-informed persons in two or more different ways,
the statute will be deemed ambiguous, and the court may consider extrinsic aids of construction to
discern the legislature’s intent. Solon v. Midwest Medical Records Ass’n, 236 Ill. 2d 433, 440
(2010). Questions of pure statutory construction are reviewed de novo. Jorgensen, 216 Ill. 2d at
363.
At issue is the definition of the word “imprisonment” in section 6—303(d—3). Defendant
contends that nothing in the statute precludes electronic home monitoring. Defendant’s argument
is based on a syllogism. He argues that “imprisonment” requires that a person be in custody;
electronic home monitoring is a form of custody; therefore, electronic home monitoring satisfies the
“imprisonment” condition of section 6—303(d—3). Alternatively, defendant argues that, if the
statute is ambiguous, we are required to apply the rule of lenity.
The statute does not supply a definition of “imprisonment.” When a statute contains
undefined terms, it is appropriate to use a dictionary to ascertain the plain and ordinary meaning of
those terms. People v. Davison, 233 Ill. 2d 30, 40 (2009). Webster’s Third New International
Dictionary defines “imprisonment” as “the act of imprisoning or the state of being imprisoned.”
Webster’s Third New International Dictionary 1137 (1986). “Imprison” means “to put in prison:
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confine in a jail.” Webster’s Third New International Dictionary 1137 (1986). This is the beginning
of our inquiry.
Legislative intent can also be ascertained from the use of the term in other sections of the
same or other Illinois statutes. In re Application of the County Collector, 356 Ill. App. 3d 668, 670
(2005). While the legislature did not define the term “imprisonment” in section 6—303(d—3), it
defined it in the Unified Code of Corrections as follows:
“ ‘Imprisonment’ means incarceration in a correctional institution under a sentence of
imprisonment and does not include ‘periodic imprisonment’ under Article 7.” 730 ILCS
5/5—1—10 (West 2008).
The State relies on this definition for its position that the word “imprisonment” in section
6—303(d—3) unambiguously means incarceration in a correctional institution rather than
confinement by electronic home monitoring. Yet, our analysis cannot end with section 5—1—10,
because we must examine defendant’s argument that the Electronic Home Detention Law recognizes
that electronic home monitoring is a form of imprisonment.
Section 5—8A—3 of the Electronic Home Detention Law (Law) (730 ILCS 5/5—8A—3
(West 2008)) allows for certain individuals serving terms of imprisonment to be released from a
correctional institution and placed in an electronic home detention program. A person serving a
sentence for a conviction of a Class 1 felony, other than an excluded offense,2 may be placed in an
electronic home detention program for a period not to exceed the last 90 days of incarceration. 730
2
Excluded offenses are predatory criminal sexual assault of a child; aggravated criminal sexual
assault; criminal sexual assault; aggravated criminal sexual abuse; and felony criminal sexual abuse.
730 ILCS 5/5—8A—3(d) (West 2008).
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ILCS 5/5—8A—3(b) (West 2008). A person serving a sentence for a conviction of a Class X felony,
other than an excluded offense, may be placed on electronic home detention for a period not to
exceed the last 90 days of incarceration, provided that the person was sentenced after the effective
date of the Law and was not prohibited from the program in the sentencing order. 730 ILCS
5/5—8A—3(c) (West 2008). Subsection (e) provides that a person serving a sentence for a
conviction of a Class 2, 3, or 4 felony offense that is not an excluded offense may be placed in the
program pursuant to Department of Corrections administrative directives. 730 ILCS 5/5—8A—3(e)
(West 2008). The Law attaches other conditions to release into an electronic home detention
program, including that the person is 55 years of age or older, the person is serving a determinate
sentence, and the person has served at least 25% of the sentenced prison term. 730 ILCS
5/5—8A—3(d) (West 2008). Section 5—8A—4.1 of the Law then makes a person who fails to
comply with a condition of the program in one of the ways described subject to arrest and prosecution
for the crime of escape. One of the elements of the crime of escape is that the offender escaped from
a penal institution or from the custody of an employee of a penal institution. 720 ILCS 5/31—6
(West 2008). These provisions seem to lead to the conclusion that electronic home monitoring is a
form of imprisonment.
Yet, we cannot conclude from the language of the Law, discussed above, that the legislature
intended the word “imprisonment” as used in section 6—303(d—3) of the Code to mean electronic
home detention, because we recognize that the legislature may require a sentence to be served in a
traditional prison or jail setting. This is evident in the Law, which excludes certain offenders from
participation in an electronic home detention program. Additionally, we recognize that the legislature
imposed conditions on participation in an electronic home detention program. On the other hand, the
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legislature provided that persons sentenced to conditional discharge, as defendant in our case was,
may apply for electronic home detention. 730 ILCS 5/5—8A—3(f)(3) (West 2008). Consequently,
we conclude that the word “imprisonment” as used in section 6—303(d—3) is ambiguous, and we
must resort to the use of extrinsic aids to determine its meaning.
Examples from case law reinforce our conclusion that “imprisonment” as used in section
6—303(d—3) is ambiguous. In People v. Moss, 274 Ill. App. 3d 77, 80 (1995), the court held that
the defendant, who was serving a sentence for burglary and was released on electronic home
monitoring, was committed to the Department of Corrections and thus when he sold drugs from the
environs of his home, he did so within a penal institution. In People v. Moncrief, 276 Ill. App. 3d
533, 538 (1995), this court held that the defendant, a parolee from the Department of Corrections
who was on electronic home monitoring as a condition of parole, was committed to the Department
of Corrections and thus was subject to consecutive sentencing. To say that the defendants in Moss
and Moncrief were committed to the Department of Corrections does not answer the question of
what the legislature intended by its use of the word “imprisonment” in section 6—303(d—3). Both
defendants were initially sentenced to the Department of Corrections and were then released on
electronic home monitoring. Neither served his full sentence on electronic home monitoring as
defendant in our case proposed to do. In Moss, the defendant and his mother signed an agreement
that their home was an extension of the defendant’s assigned placement in a correctional facility,
which was an important factor in the court’s decision. Moss, 274 Ill. App. 3d at 79.
As we have determined that the word “imprisonment” is ambiguous, we now turn to extrinsic
aids of construction to discern what the legislature intended. One type of extrinsic aid courts use to
determine legislative intent is the legislative history of the statute. People v. De Leon, 387 Ill. App.
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3d 1035, 1040 (2009). The legislative history behind the enhancement of the penalties for multiple
convictions of driving while one’s license is suspended or revoked as a result of a DUI conviction is
instructive. Senator Dan Cronin, the bill’s chief Senate sponsor, expressed the legislature’s
frustration with the incorrigibility of offenders who repeatedly drive with revoked licenses and, in his
opinion, pose such a threat that they need to be kept “locked up.” 94th Ill. Gen. Assem., Senate
Proceedings, May 11, 2005, at 96 (statements of Senator Cronin).
This punishment goal is at odds with the realities of electronic home monitoring, as expressed
by one court:
“[W]hile at home, an offender enjoys unrestricted freedom of activity, movement, and
association. He can eat, sleep, make phone calls, watch television, and entertain guests at his
leisure. Furthermore, an offender confined to his home does not suffer the same surveillance
and lack of privacy that he would if he were actually incarcerated.” (Internal quotation marks
omitted.) Commonwealth v. Kyle, 874 A.2d 12, 21(Pa. 2005).
In rejecting electronic home monitoring as an option, the trial court in our case uttered the same
sentiments.
The Fourth District of the Illinois Appellate Court has declared that electronic home
monitoring is not intended to be punishment. Hadley v. Montes, 379 Ill. App. 3d 405, 411 (2008).
In Hadley, the plaintiff was an inmate at Lawrence Correctional Center, having been committed
before the passage of the Law. Hadley, 379 Ill. App. 3d at 406. He was paroled with the
requirement that he submit to electronic home monitoring while on parole. Hadley, 379 Ill. App. 3d
at 406. He filed suit against the Prisoner Review Board members on the grounds that electronic
home detention made his punishment more onerous and that the retroactive application of the Law
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violated the ex post facto clause of the United States Constitution (U.S. Const., art. I, §§9, 10).
Hadley, 379 Ill. App. 3d at 406-07. The trial court granted the defendants’ motion to dismiss the
plaintiff’s complaint, and the plaintiff appealed. The appellate court affirmed and stated:
“[T]he passage of the [Law] did not impose punishment. The purpose of the parole and
mandatory supervised release programs is not to punish offenders but to extend the
Department of Correction’s [sic] ‘control over the conduct of persons who repeatedly are
denied parole and who when released have only minimal incentives to conform to society’s
standards.’ [Citation.] Here, the purpose of electronic monitoring was not to punish plaintiff
but to foster his return to society through a supervised transition from prison life.” Hadley,
379 Ill. App. 3d at 411.
Even if we were to view electronic home monitoring as a type of punishment appropriate to
the situation in the instant case—in the sense that it would restrict some freedom of movement—it
is not the equivalent of imprisonment. That was the holding in People v. Stocke, 212 Ill. App. 3d 547,
551 (1991), abrogated on other grounds by People v. Lowe, 153 Ill. 2d 195 (1992), where the
defendant argued that his sentence of home confinement was prohibited because he could not be
imprisoned for a petty offense. The court disagreed that home confinement was the equivalent of
imprisonment, stating, “To the contrary, we think it is quite different from imprisonment ***.”
Stocke, 212 Ill. App. 3d at 551.
In our case, defendant stipulated that he had “at least” four prior “violations” of section
6—303. The record shows that the instant offense was his seventh violation. Defendant
demonstrated himself to be one of those incorrigible offenders who prompted the legislature to enact
higher penalties. The legislature’s intent to punish these serial offenders would be inconsistent with
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the availability of the relative nonpunishment of electronic home monitoring in lieu of actual
incarceration inside a penal institution, which includes a county jail. See People v. Campa, 217 Ill.
2d 243, 255 (2005) (commitment to county jail is incarceration). Accordingly, the trial court did not
err in denying defendant’s request to serve his term of imprisonment on electronic home monitoring.
Defendant argues that we must apply the rule of lenity in this case. It is well settled that the
rule of lenity does not require a court to construe a statute so rigidly as to defeat the intent of the
legislature. In re Detention of Powell, 217 Ill. 2d 123, 142 (2005). Here, we have determined that
the intent of the legislature was to require actual incarceration within a penal institution, and to apply
the rule of lenity would defeat the legislature’s intent. Accordingly, we affirm the judgment of the
circuit court of De Kalb County.
Affirmed.
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