THIRD DIVISION
December 5, 2007
No. 1-05-4073
THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, ) Appeal from the
) Circuit Court of
Plaintiff-Appellee, ) Cook County.
)
v. )
)
LEONTEA CALHOUN, ) Honorable
) David P. Sterba,
Defendant-Appellant. ) Judge Presiding.
PRESIDING JUSTICE QUINN delivered the opinion of the court:
Defendant Leontea Calhoun entered a plea of guilty to two
counts of reckless homicide and was subsequently sentenced to
concurrent terms of 20 years’ imprisonment. On appeal, defendant
contends that the circuit court violated his due process rights
by failing to provide him with the opportunity to choose to be
sentenced under the statute in effect at the time of the offense
or the law in effect at the time of sentencing.
BACKGROUND
Defendant was charged by indictment with four counts of
reckless homicide and two counts of felony aggravated driving
under the influence. On April 4, 2005, the circuit court
conducted a plea hearing where defendant indicated his desire to
plead guilty to two counts of reckless homicide. He further
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indicated that he understood that no agreement had been made with
the State regarding a sentencing recommendation or with the court
as to what sentence would be imposed.
During the plea proceedings, the court admonished defendant
that reckless homicide was a Class 2 felony, punishable by a
penitentiary sentence within the range of 6 to 28 years and a 2-
year period of mandatory supervised release. The court then
admonished defendant pursuant to Supreme Court Rule 402 (177 Ill.
2d R. 402). The factual basis for defendant’s plea showed that
about 3:35 a.m. on December 28, 2002, defendant was driving a
vehicle with a blood alcohol content of 0.268, three times above
the legal limit. Defendant ran a red light at the intersection
of 111th Street and Ridgeland Avenue and struck the vehicle
occupied by Noell and Nicole Cahill, causing their deaths. The
court determined that defendant’s plea was made knowingly and
voluntarily and that the factual basis supported the plea; then
it entered findings of guilty on the two offenses and continued
the case for sentencing.
On November 16, 2005, the court sentenced defendant to
concurrent terms of 20 years’ imprisonment. Defendant
subsequently filed a motion to reconsider his sentence, arguing
that it was excessive and that the circuit court failed to
adequately consider the mitigating evidence. The court denied
the motion.
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ANALYSIS
In this appeal, defendant first contends that his cause
should be remanded for a new sentencing hearing because the
circuit court violated his due process rights by failing to
inform him of his right to choose to be sentenced under the law
in effect at the time the offense was committed or the law in
effect at the time of sentencing. Defendant acknowledges that he
failed to raise this issue in his written posttrial motion to
reconsider his sentence, but he argues that we should review the
issue as "plain error" and because the error resulted from the
ineffective assistance of his plea counsel.
In the context of a sentencing hearing, a reviewing court
may consider a forfeited error under the plain error doctrine
when the evidence is closely balanced or the error is so
fundamental that it may have deprived the defendant a fair
sentencing hearing. People v. Hall, 195 Ill. 2d 1, 18 (2000);
People v. Thomas, 178 Ill. 2d 215, 251 (1997). For the reasons
to follow, we do not find this to be such a case.
A defendant is "entitled to be sentenced under either the
law in effect at the time of the offense or the law in effect at
the time of sentencing." People v. Hollins, 51 Ill. 2d 68, 71
(1972). A defendant’s due process rights are violated if he is
not advised of his right to elect the statute under which he
should be sentenced and he does not expressly waive that right.
Hollins, 51 Ill. 2d at 71.
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"[Where] any punishment is mitigated by the provisions of a
new law, defendant can consent to the application of the new
provision if it became effective prior to his sentencing."
People v. Land, 178 Ill. App. 3d 251, 260 (1988). If, however,
the newly enacted statute changes the nature or substantive
elements of an existing offense, rather than merely reducing the
applicable punishment, defendant is not entitled to choose the
statute under which he may be sentenced and may be convicted and
sentenced under the law in effect at the time the offense was
perpetrated. People v. Martinez, 371 Ill. App. 3d 363, 371
(2007), citing Land, 178 Ill. App. 3d at 260-61.
On the date of the offense (December 28, 2002) in this case,
section 9-3 of the Criminal Code of 1961 classified reckless
homicide as a Class 3 felony, punishable by two to five years’
imprisonment. 720 ILCS 5/9-3(d)(2) (West 2000). In addition,
section 9-3(e) of the Criminal Code stated that in cases
involving reckless homicide in which the defendant was determined
to have been under the influence of alcohol or drugs as an
element of the offense, the offense was a Class 2 felony, for
which a person, if sentenced to imprisonment, shall be sentenced
to a term of not less than 3 years, nor more than 14 years. 720
ILCS 5/9-3(e) (West 2000).
On July 18, 2003, approximately 2½ years prior to the date
of sentencing, the Illinois General Assembly amended section 9-3
of the Criminal Code to reflect that reckless homicide generally
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remained a Class 3 felony punishable by two to five years’
imprisonment. 720 ILCS 5/9-3(d)(2) (West 2004). Under Public
Act 93-213 (Pub. Act 93-213, eff. July 18, 2003), section 9-3(e),
which previously had raised reckless homicide involving driving
under the influence of alcohol or drugs from a Class 3 to a Class
2 felony, punishable by 3 to 14 years’ imprisonment, was
eliminated.
Based on that development, defendant contends that he was
prejudiced by the court’s failure to advise him that he had the
right to choose between the two sentencing options where he
received a sentence that was four times greater than the maximum
sentence permitted under the law at the time of sentencing.
This same argument was raised and rejected by this court in
Martinez, 371 Ill. App. 3d at 374-75. In Martinez, 371 Ill. App.
3d at 373-74, this court recognized the general entitlement of
defendant to be sentenced under the law in effect at the time of
the offense or at the time of sentencing, but found that the
substantive changes made to the reckless homicide statute under
Public Act 93-213 precluded that option. We also found that the
Act repealed parts of section 9-3 of the Criminal Code (720 ILCS
5/9-3(d)(2) (West 2000)), which affected the nature and substance
of the reckless homicide statute, and noted that the General
Assembly had created a new category of offense under the driving-
under-the-influence statute replacing the provisions eliminated
from the reckless homicide statute by the Act (see 625 ILCS 5/11-
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501(d) (West 2004)). Martinez, 371 Ill. App. 3d at 374. We also
concluded that the General Assembly did not intend the punishment
to be less stringent for those who drive under the influence of
alcohol or drugs and cause death and, accordingly, that defendant
was not entitled to take advantage of the more favorable
sentencing provisions created by the Act. Martinez, 371 Ill.
App. 3d at 374.
The same result was obtained in People v. Lush, 372 Ill.
App. 3d 629, 637-38 (2007), where the Fourth District agreed with
the holding and reasoning set forth in Martinez. In that case,
defendant raised the same due process issue, and the court
determined that because Public Act 93-213 resulted in substantive
changes to the reckless-homicide statute, defendant was not
entitled to elect to be sentenced under section 9-3(d)(2) of the
Criminal Code (720 ILCS 5/9-3(d)(2) (West 2004)), the more
favorable reckless-homicide sentencing provision created by
Public Act 93-213. Lush, 372 Ill. App. 3d at 638.
We find no reason to depart from the reasoning or conclusion
drawn in Martinez or Lush and likewise find that, based on the
substantive changes made to the reckless homicide statute,
defendant was not entitled to choose under which statute he would
like to be sentenced. Martinez, 371 Ill. App. 3d at 375. We
thus find no error by the circuit court to invoke the exception
to the waiver rule. Thomas, 178 Ill. 2d at 251-52.
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Defendant further claims that this court should not impute
waiver to his sentencing claim because his trial counsel was
ineffective for failing to ensure his ability to exercise his
legal right to be sentenced under the law in effect at the time
of sentencing and for failing to preserve this issue in the
motion to reconsider his sentence. The State responds that
because defendant was not entitled to be sentenced under the law
in place at the time of sentencing, his counsel was not
ineffective for not informing him of the alleged claim or raising
it in the postplea motion.
To prevail on a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel,
defendant must show that his attorney’s performance fell below an
objective standard of reasonableness under prevailing
professional norms and that he was prejudiced by the deficient
performance. Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687-88, 80
L. Ed. 2d 674, 693, 104 S. Ct. 2052, 2064 (1984). Where
defendant fails to make the requisite showing under either prong
of this test, his claim is defeated. People v. Palmer, 162 Ill.
2d 465, 475-76 (1994). To show prejudice, defendant must show
there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s
unprofessional errors, the result of the proceedings likely would
have been different. People v. Manning, 334 Ill. App. 3d 882,
892 (2002).
As noted above, the substantive nature of the changes made
by Public Act 93-213 to the Criminal Code precluded defendant
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from choosing the statute under which he would be sentenced.
Therefore, counsel was not remiss in failing to tell defendant
that he had such a sentencing option, and defendant cannot
establish prejudice from counsel’s failure to include this issue
in his motion to reconsider his sentence. Defendant, therefore,
cannot meet either prong of the Strickland test to establish his
claim of ineffective assistance of trial counsel.
CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the judgment of the
circuit court of Cook County.
Affirmed.
MURPHY, J., concurs.
JUSTICE NEVILLE, dissenting:
The majority holds that Calhoun was not entitled to make an
election about which statute he was sentenced under because the
nature and substance of the reckless homicide statute was changed
when the legislature promulgated Public Act 93-213 and repealed
subsections 9-3(b), (c), (e) and (e-5) and added subsections 9-3(e-
7), (e-8) and (e-9) to the reckless homicide statute. I disagree.
I believe that a close reading of the reckless homicide statute
reveals that while Public Act 93-213 repealed subsections 9-3(b),
(c), (e) and (e-5) and added subsections 9-3(e-7), (e-8) and (e-9),
the public act did not amend or change the elements of the offense
of reckless homicide codified in subsection 9-3(a). Because Public
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Act 93-213 did not amend or change the elements of the offense of
reckless homicide codified in subsection 9-3(a), the legislature
did not change the nature and substance of the statute. Therefore, Calhoun's due process rights
were violated when the trial court did not permit him to elect to be sentenced either (1) under the
2000 law in effect at the time of the offense, or (2) under the 2004 law in effect at the time of
sentencing. See also People v. Gancarz, 369 Ill. App. 3d 154 (2006). Accordingly, I respectfully
dissent.
PLAIN ERROR REVIEW
The majority holds that the defendant is not entitled to plain error review (1) because the
evidence was not closely balanced, and (2) because the error was not so fundamental that it deprived
the defendant of a fair sentencing hearing. I disagree. Illinois law is clear that a defendant is
entitled to be sentenced under either the law in effect at the time of the offense or the law in effect
at the time of sentencing. People v. Hollins, 51 Ill. 2d 68, 71 (1972). Moreover, a defendant’s due
process rights are violated if (1) he is not advised of his right to elect the statute under which he
should be sentenced, and (2) he does not expressly waive that right. Hollins, 51 Ill. 2d at 71. "If,
however, the newly enacted statute changes the nature or substantive elements of an existing
offense, [a] defendant may be convicted and sentenced under the law in effect at the time the offense
was [committed]." People v. Martinez, 371 Ill. App. 3d 363, 371 (2007). The Illinois Supreme Court
has held that "[t]he imposition of an unauthorized sentence affects substantial rights" and that plain
error review extends to such matters. People v. Hicks, 181 Ill. 2d 541, 545 (1998). Because Public
Act 93-213 did not change the nature or substantive elements of the reckless homicide statute, and
because Calhoun was not permitted to decide under which law he would be sentenced, his sentence
was unauthorized and affected his substantial rights. Accordingly, I would review his sentence
under the plain error doctrine. See Hicks, 181 Ill. 2d at 545.
MARTINEZ AND LUSH DO NOT SUPPORT THE MAJORITY'S POSITION
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The defendant argues that his due process rights were violated when the court failed to
advise him that he had the right to choose between two sentencing options because the sentence he
received under the 2000 sentencing law was four times greater than the maximum sentence
permitted under the 2004 sentencing law. The majority rejects this argument and cites People v.
Martinez, 371 Ill. App. 3d 363, 371 (2007) and People v. Lush, 372 Ill. App. 3d 629 (2007), in
support of its position. I think the majority's reliance on Martinez and Lush is misplaced.
In Martinez, this court held that a defendant’s due process rights were not violated by the
circuit court’s failure to advise him of the option of receiving a sentence under the statute that was
in effect on the date of the offense or the statute that was in effect on the date he was sentenced.
Martinez, 371 Ill. App. 3d at 371; 720 ILCS 5/9-3 (West 2000). The Martinez court also held that
because the amendments to the reckless homicide statute were substantive and thus affected the
nature and substance of the crime of reckless homicide, the defendant was barred from choosing
under which reckless homicide statute he would be sentenced. Martinez, 371 Ill. App. 3d at 374.
The Martinez court noted that Public Act 93-213 repealed the enhancing elements (subsections 9-
3(e) and (e-5)) in the reckless homicide statute when an individual was convicted of reckless
homicide while intoxicated. Martinez, 371 Ill. App. 3d at 374, citing Public Act 93-213, eff. July
18, 2003. Furthermore, the Martinez court noted that the public act amended section 9-3 of the
Criminal Code by adding several subsections (subsections 9-3(e-7), (e-8), (e-9)), all of which
permitted defendants convicted of reckless homicide to be punished as Class 2 felons under
circumstances that were not permitted prior to the amendments. Martinez, 371 Ill. App. 3d at 374.
Lastly, the Martinez court found that the legislature created the offense of aggravated driving under
the influence and codified it in the Illinois Vehicle Code in order to replace subsection 9-3(b) of the
Code, one of the sections that Public Act 93-213 repealed in the reckless homicide statute. Martinez,
371 Ill. App. 3d at 372, citing 625 ILCS 5/11-501(d) (West 2004). According to the Martinez court,
the aforementioned amendments were substantive changes to the offense of reckless homicide that
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barred Martinez from taking advantage of the more favorable sentencing provisions in the statute
in effect at the time he was sentenced. Martinez, 371 Ill. App. 3d at 374. The Lush court agreed
with the holding and reasoning of Martinez. Lush, 372 Ill. App. 3d at 638.
I disagree with the majority's reliance on the Martinez and Lush cases, with the majority's
reasoning and construction of the reckless homicide statute and with the majority's conclusion that
the repeal of subsections 9-3(b), (c), (e) and (e-5) and the additions of subsections 9-3(e-7), (e-8)
and (e-9) to the reckless homicide statute affected the substantive elements of the crime of reckless
homicide.
The majority fails to state in which subsection of the reckless homicide statute the elements
are codified. The Illinois Supreme Court reviewed subsection 9-3(a) of the reckless homicide
statute (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1987, ch. 38, par. 9-3(a))1 and held that the elements of reckless homicide are
as follows: (1) that the individual was operating a motor vehicle; (2) that the individual
unintentionally caused a death while operating the vehicle; and (3) that the acts which caused the
death were performed recklessly so as to create a likelihood of death or great bodily harm to some
person. People v. Wilson, 143 Ill. 2d 236, 245 (1991), citing Ill. Rev. Stat. 1987, ch. 38, par. 9-3(a).
According to Wilson, the elements of the offense of reckless homicide are codified in subsection
9-3(a). Wilson, 143 Ill. 2d at 245. While the supreme court has found that intoxication is not an
element of the offense of reckless homicide (Wilson, 143 Ill. 2d at 245), the court did note that
intoxication is probative of the issue of recklessness. People v. Smith, 149 Ill. 2d 558, 563 (1992).
Although the Wilson court reviewed the 1987 version of subsection 9-3(a) of the Criminal Code
(Wilson, 143 Ill. 2d at 245), it should be noted that the language is almost identical in the 1987,
2000 and 2004 versions of subsection 9-3(a) of the Criminal Code. Compare Ill. Rev. Stat. 1987,
1
Now 720 ILCS 5/9-3(a) (West 2004).
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ch. 38, par. 9-3(a) 2; 720 ILCS 5/9-3(a)( West 2002)3; 720 ILCS 5/9-3(a) (West 2004)4. Therefore,
because the language in the 1987, 2000 and 2004 versions of subsection 9-3(a) of the Criminal Code
is almost identical, it is clear that the elements of the offense of reckless homicide did not change
after the legislature promulgated Public Act 93-213. Compare Ill. Rev. Stat. 1987, ch. 38, par. 9-
3(a), 720 ILCS 5/9-3(a) (West 2000); 720 ILCS 5/9-3(a) (West 2004).
When Public Act 93-213 repealed subsections 9-3(b), (c), (e) and (e-5) and amended section
9-3 and added subsections 9-3(e-7), (e-8) and (e-9) to the reckless homicide statute, it did not change
the language or substantive elements that are codified in subsection 9-3(a) of the Code. Moreover,
when Public Act 93-213 incorporated the offense of aggravated driving under the influence into the
Illinois Vehicle Code (625 ILCS 5/11-501(d) (West 2004), there was no change in the substantive
2
"A person who unintentionally kills an individual without
lawful justification commits involuntary manslaughter if his acts
whether lawful or unlawful which cause the death are such as are
likely to cause death or great bodily harm to some individual,
and he performs them recklessly, except in cases in which the
cause of the death consists of driving of a motor vehicle, in
which case the person commits reckless homicide." Ill. Rev.
Stat. 1987, ch. 38, par. 9-3(a).
3
"A person who unintentionally kills an individual without
lawful justification commits involuntary manslaughter if his acts
whether lawful or unlawful which cause the death are such as are
likely to cause death or great bodily harm to some individual,
and he performs them recklessly, except in cases in which the
cause of the death consists of the driving of a motor vehicle or
operating a snowmobile, all-terrain vehicle, or watercraft, in
which case the person commits reckless homicide." 720 ILCS 5/9-
3(a) (West 2000).
4
"A person who unintentionally kills an individual without
lawful justification commits involuntary manslaughter if his acts
whether lawful or unlawful which cause the death are such as are
likely to cause death or great bodily harm to some individual,
and he performs them recklessly, except in cases in which the
cause of the death consists of the driving of a motor vehicle or
operating a snowmobile, all-terrain vehicle, or watercraft, in
which case the person commits reckless homicide." 720 ILCS 5/9-
3(a) (West 2004).
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elements in subsection 9-3(a), and there was no need to change the elements of reckless homicide
because aggravated driving under the influence is a lesser-included offense of reckless homicide.
People v. Green, 294 Ill. App. 3d 139, 149 (1997). Finally, if the majority compared the 2000
version of subsection 9-3(a) of the Criminal Code to the 2004 version of subsection 9-3(a) of the
Criminal Code, it would find that the class and sentence for the offense of reckless homicide were
not changed by Public Act 93-213. Compare 720 ILCS 5/9-3(d)(2) (West 2000)5 and 730 ILCS 5/5-
8-1(6) (West 2000)6 with 720 ILCS 5/9-3(d)(2) (West 2004) 7 and 730 ILCS 5/5-8-1(6) (West
2004).8 Accordingly, the majority is in error when it holds that Public Act 93-213 changed the
substantive elements of the offense of reckless homicide.
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, Public Act 93-213 did not change the language or the elements of the offense
of reckless homicide codified in subsection 9-3(a) of the Criminal Code and the Public Act did not
change the class of offense or sentence for a person convicted of reckless homicide.
Accordingly, I would hold that the trial court erred when it denied
Calhoun the option of choosing between being sentenced under the
2000 sentencing law in effect at the time of the offense or the
2004 sentencing law in effect at the time of sentencing, and I
5
Reckless homicide is a Class 3 felony. 720 ILCS 5/9-
3(d)(2) (West 2000).
6
For a Class 3 felony, the sentence shall be not less than
two years and not more than five years. 730 ILCS 5/5-8-1(6)
(West 2000).
7
Reckless homicide is a Class 3 felony. 720 ILCS 5/9-
3(d)(2) (West 2004).
8
For a Class 3 felony, the sentence shall be not less than
two years and not more than five years. 730 ILCS 5/5-8-1(6)
(West 2004).
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would affirm his conviction, vacate his sentence and remand his
case for resentencing.
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