This opinion will be unpublished and
may not be cited except as provided by
Minn. Stat. § 480A.08, subd. 3 (2014).
STATE OF MINNESOTA
IN COURT OF APPEALS
A14-1952
State of Minnesota,
Respondent,
vs.
Nathan John Reynolds,
Appellant
Filed November 16, 2015
Affirmed
Chutich, Judge
Dakota County District Court
File No. 19HA-CR-13-4059
Lori Swanson, Attorney General, St. Paul, Minnesota; and
James C. Backstrom, Dakota County Attorney, Heather D. Pipenhagen, Assistant County
Attorney, Hastings, Minnesota (for respondent)
Cathryn Middlebrook, Chief Appellate Public Defender, Jennifer K. Workman Jesness,
Assistant Public Defender, St. Paul, Minnesota (for appellant)
Considered and decided by Chutich, Presiding Judge; Ross, Judge; and Larkin,
Judge.
UNPUBLISHED OPINION
CHUTICH, Judge
Nathan John Reynolds appeals his conviction, challenging the district court’s
denial of his motion to suppress evidence. He also appeals the district court’s denial of
his motion for a downward dispositional sentencing departure. Because the district court
properly admitted Reynolds’s statements following his arrest, we affirm the conviction.
Because the district court did not abuse its broad discretion in sentencing Reynolds to the
144-month presumptive sentence, we affirm the denial of Reynolds’s sentencing motion.
FACTS
This case arose when West Saint Paul police learned that O.L., the ten-year-old
daughter of Reynolds’s former live-in girlfriend, alleged that Reynolds had sexually
abused her. O.L. disclosed to a social worker that sometime between January and July
2013, Reynolds touched her vagina with his hands, mouth, and penis. O.L. also stated
that Reynolds had masturbated in front of her. She said the sexual contact occurred while
she and her mother lived with Reynolds in West Saint Paul.
West Saint Paul Investigators Casey Kohn and Michael Eberlien developed
probable cause to believe Reynolds committed the offenses against O.L. Relying on
probable cause to conduct a warrantless arrest, the investigators went to Reynolds’s home
to arrest him on December 12, 2013. Reynolds’s current girlfriend, J.T., who was then
pregnant with Reynolds’s child, answered the door.
The parties dispute whether J.T. consented to the investigators’ entry. According
to Investigator Eberlien’s omnibus hearing testimony, J.T. expressly invited them in.
Investigator Kohn testified that J.T. allowed them to enter the house. J.T. testified that,
while the officers did not push her out of the way to enter, they stepped inside without
invitation.
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Once inside, Investigators Kohn and Eberlien arrested Reynolds, allowed him to
dress for the cold, and then escorted him to the police station for questioning. After
receiving Miranda warnings, Reynolds agreed to speak with Investigator Eberlien and
admitted to twice having oral sexual contact with O.L.’s vagina.
The state charged Reynolds with one count of first-degree criminal sexual
conduct. See Minn. Stat. § 609.342, subd. 1(a) (2014) (sexual penetration with a person
under 13, by a defendant more than 36 months older than the complainant). Reynolds
moved to suppress his statements to police following the arrest, arguing that they resulted
from a nonconsensual entry into his home. At a contested omnibus hearing, Investigator
Kohn, Investigator Eberlien, and J.T. testified about the circumstances of Reynolds’s
arrest.
The district court denied Reynolds’s suppression motion, finding that the
investigators’ testimony that they were given consent to enter was credible. The court
found that J.T.’s conduct—leaving the door open and stepping back while calling for
Reynolds—amounted to an invitation to enter the home, which the investigators
reasonably understood as consent.1
Reynolds agreed to a stipulated-facts trial under Minnesota Rule of Criminal
Procedure 26.01, subdivision 3, and he validly waived his jury-trial rights. The district
court convicted Reynolds, finding that the stipulated exhibits and Reynolds’s admissions
1
The district court additionally reasoned that J.T.’s testimony that she neither gave the
investigators permission to enter nor invited them in may have been motivated by a desire
to assist Reynolds, the father of her unborn child.
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established the offense beyond a reasonable doubt. Before sentencing, the district court
ordered presentence and psychosexual evaluations.
Reynolds moved for a downward dispositional departure, arguing that he was
particularly amenable to probation. At the sentencing hearing, the district court
confirmed that it had reviewed all materials pertinent to sentencing, including the
presentence investigation report, the psychosexual evaluation, and the letters of support
submitted on Reynolds’s behalf. Citing concern for Reynolds’s coping skills,2 the district
court denied Reynolds’s sentencing motion and sentenced him to the presumptive
sentence of 144 months.
Reynolds appeals.
DECISION
I. Suppression Motion
Reynolds argues that the district court erred by denying the motion to suppress his
statements given at the police station following his arrest. He contends that because
police entered his home without consent, his arrest was unconstitutional and his later
statements should have been suppressed. We disagree.
On appeal from the denial of a pretrial suppression motion, we review the district
court’s factual findings for clear error and its legal determinations de novo. State v.
Lemieux, 726 N.W.2d 783, 787 (Minn. 2007); State v. Harris, 590 N.W.2d 90, 98 (Minn.
1999). “Findings of fact are clearly erroneous if, on the entire evidence, we are left with
2
The presentence investigation report notes that Reynolds’s sex offender treatment
therapist opined that he does not know how to effectively cope with stress and anxiety.
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the definite and firm conviction that a mistake occurred.” State v. Diede, 795 N.W.2d
836, 846–47 (Minn. 2011).
The United States and Minnesota Constitutions prohibit unreasonable searches and
seizures. U.S. Const. amend. IV; Minn. Const. art. I, § 10. A warrantless entry into a
constitutionally protected area, such as one’s home, is “presumptively unreasonable.”
Payton v. New York, 445 U.S. 573, 586, 100 S. Ct. 1371, 1380 (1980); State v.
Thompson, 578 N.W.2d 734, 740 (Minn. 1998). Any evidence obtained as the result of
an unreasonable search must be suppressed. Wong Sun v. United States, 371 U.S. 471,
484, 83 S. Ct. 407, 416 (1963).
Valid consent is an exception to the warrant requirement. State v. Othoudt, 482
N.W.2d 218, 222 (Minn. 1992); State v. Howard, 373 N.W.2d 596, 599 (Minn. 1985)
(noting that the consent necessary under Payton, is “consent to enter, not consent to
arrest”). Consent may be given verbally or implied by nonverbal actions. Othoudt, 482
N.W.2d at 222. It must be voluntarily given and may not merely result from
acquiescence to authority. Howard, 373 N.W.2d at 599. The voluntariness of a party’s
consent is a factual inquiry that considers “all relevant circumstances.” Othoudt, 482
N.W.2d at 222 (citing Schneckloth v. Bustamonte, 412 U.S. 218, 227, 93 S. Ct. 2041,
2047–48 (1973)).
Neither party disputes that J.T. had actual authority to consent to the investigators’
entry. Instead, the parties disagree about whether J.T. did, in fact, consent. Reynolds
argues that J.T.’s act of stepping back with her hand on the door as she called for
Reynolds did not imply consent. But gestures and actions that are reasonably understood
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to invite entry objectively imply consent. See Illinois v. Rodriguez, 497 U.S. 177, 185–
86, 110 S. Ct. 2793, 2800 (1990) (reiterating that factual determinations made by police
need not always be correct, but must always be reasonable); State v. Vang, 636 N.W.2d
329, 333 (Minn. App. 2001) (finding that appellant’s son’s habit of answering the door,
leaving the first door ajar, and retreating into the home implied his consent).
The contested omnibus testimony illustrates that each investigator independently
understood from J.T.’s conduct that she had either invited them in or, at minimum,
allowed them to come inside on that December morning. Reynolds does not contest the
investigators’ description of J.T.’s conduct, and the district court found their testimony to
be credible. “We defer to the trier of fact on credibility assessments and reverse only if
the trier has committed clear error.” State v. Doren, 654 N.W.2d 137, 141 (Minn. App.
2002).
The record supports the district court’s finding that the investigators reasonably
understood J.T.’s conduct to imply consent to enter. Because valid consent is an
exception to the warrant requirement, Reynolds’s statements following the investigators’
warrantless entry were admissible.
II. Sentencing Motion
Reynolds argues that the district court abused its discretion by denying his motion
for a downward dispositional departure because he expressed remorse and was amenable
to probation. We are not persuaded by this contention.
This court affords a district court “great discretion in the imposition of sentences
and reverse[s] sentencing decisions only for an abuse of that discretion.” State v. Soto,
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855 N.W.2d 303, 307–08 (Minn. 2014) (quotation omitted). The district court exercises
its discretion by “deliberately considering circumstances for and against departure.”
State v. Mendoza, 638 N.W.2d 480, 483 (Minn. App. 2002), review denied (Minn. Apr.
16, 2002). Only in a “rare case” will this court reverse a district court’s imposition of the
presumptive sentence. State v. Kindem, 313 N.W.2d 6, 7 (Minn. 1981).
A district court must impose a presumptive sentence unless substantial and
compelling circumstances exist. Soto, 855 N.W.2d at 308. A sentencing court may
depart “only if aggravating or mitigating circumstances are present.” Id. (quotation
omitted). “Although the [district] court is required to give reasons for departure, an
explanation is not required when the court considers reasons for departure but elects to
impose the presumptive sentence.” State v. Van Ruler, 378 N.W.2d 77, 80 (Minn. App.
1985). This court “may not interfere with the sentencing court’s exercise of discretion, as
long as the record shows the sentencing court carefully evaluated all the testimony and
information presented before making a determination.” Id. at 80–81.
Reynolds argues that the imposition of the presumptive 144-month sentence was
an abuse of discretion because he demonstrated a particular amenability to probation. He
claims that several factors show his particular amenability to probation: his lack of a
criminal record, his remorse, his cooperative behavior with police, his respectful behavior
in court, and eight letters of support from friends and family. See State v. Trog, 323
N.W.2d 28, 31 (Minn. 1982) (outlining relevant factors that support a probationary
sentence, such as the defendant’s age, prior record, remorse, cooperation, attitude while
in court, and friend and family support). He also highlights that he voluntarily enrolled in
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and paid for sex-offender treatment, that he has been employed throughout the pendency
of his case, and that he remains current on his child-support payments.
The sentencing guidelines state that neither employment status nor marital status
should be used as a reason for a sentencing departure. Minn. Sent. Guidelines 2.D.2 &
cmt. 2.D.201 (“Employment is excluded as a reason for departure not only because of its
correlation with race and income levels, but also because this factor is manipulable—e.g.,
offenders could lessen the severity of the sentence by obtaining employment between
arrest and sentencing.”).
Reynolds correctly asserts that the remaining factors are relevant to his particular
amenability to probation. But neither the presence of some mitigating factors nor
evidence of amenability to probation mandates a dispositional departure. See State v.
Olson, 765 N.W.2d 662, 663–65 (Minn. App. 2009) (holding that a district court does not
abuse its discretion by refusing to depart “from a presumptively executed prison
sentence, even if there is evidence in the record that the defendant would be amenable to
probation”).
The sentencing hearing transcript shows that the district court deliberately
considered circumstances for and against departure before exercising its discretion. The
district court stated that it had reviewed each of the documents pertinent to sentencing
and expressed concern for the details emphasized in Reynolds’s presentence investigation
report, particularly his weak coping skills.
Reynolds also argues that, because he sought treatment and expressed remorse, he
was an atypical offender and should fall within the twenty-five percent of cases
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warranting a dispositional departure. The district court had broad discretion to consider
this argument, and this court will not interfere with the district court’s decision not to
credit this contention.
Given the depth of the district court’s deliberation and consideration, we conclude
that it did not abuse its discretion when it denied Reynolds’s sentencing motion. See
State v. Pegel, 795 N.W.2d 251, 254–55 (Minn. App. 2011) (holding that the district
court properly exercised its discretion by not departing where the record showed that it
considered all circumstances).
Affirmed.
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