[Until this opinion appears in the Ohio Official Reports advance sheets, it may be cited as State
ex rel. M.L. v. O’Malley, Slip Opinion No. 2015-Ohio-4855.]
NOTICE
This slip opinion is subject to formal revision before it is published in an
advance sheet of the Ohio Official Reports. Readers are requested to
promptly notify the Reporter of Decisions, Supreme Court of Ohio, 65
South Front Street, Columbus, Ohio 43215, of any typographical or other
formal errors in the opinion, in order that corrections may be made before
the opinion is published.
Slip Opinion No. 2015-Ohio-4855
THE STATE EX REL. M.L., APPELLANT, v. O’MALLEY, JUDGE, ET AL.,
APPELLEES.
[Until this opinion appears in the Ohio Official Reports advance sheets, it
may be cited as State ex rel. M.L. v. O’Malley, Slip Opinion No.
2015-Ohio-4855.]
Prohibition—Juvenile court, judge, and magistrate do not patently and
unambiguously lack jurisdiction—Relator has adequate remedy in ordinary
course of law—Court of appeals’ denial of writ affirmed.
(No. 2014-1659—Submitted July 7, 2015—Decided November 25, 2015.)
APPEAL from the Court of Appeals for Cuyahoga County, No. 101191,
2014-Ohio-3927.
_____________________
Per Curiam.
{¶ 1} Relator-appellant, M.L., instituted this action seeking a writ of
prohibition in the court of appeals to prohibit the Cuyahoga County Juvenile Court
from continuing to exercise jurisdiction over her minor child. M.L. asserts that
SUPREME COURT OF OHIO
New Jersey is the child’s home state for purposes of the Uniform Child Custody
Jurisdiction and Enforcement Act (“UCCJEA”), codified in Ohio at R.C. Chapter
3127, and argues that jurisdiction therefore lies in the New Jersey family court in
which an action over custody of the child was pending. However, M.L. is ineligible
for a writ of prohibition because the jurisdiction issue has been litigated both in
New Jersey and in Ohio, and the conclusion of both courts is that Ohio is the child’s
home state for purposes of the UCCJEA. Moreover, M.L. has an adequate remedy
at law by way of appeal of both the Ohio and New Jersey decisions regarding
jurisdiction as well as the juvenile court’s custody decision. We therefore affirm
the decision of the Eighth District Court of Appeals denying a writ of prohibition.
Facts and Procedural History
{¶ 2} M.L. is the natural mother of M.A.H., a daughter born on February
22, 2010. M.L. and the child’s father, J.H., never married. J.H. filed an application
to determine custody of M.A.H. on April 21, 2011, in the Cuyahoga County
Juvenile Court. Service on M.L. was never made, but Magistrate Eleanore E. Hilow
nevertheless entered an order granting custody to J.H. Meanwhile, M.L. moved
with M.A.H. to New Jersey on May 1, 2011.
{¶ 3} Under the authority of Magistrate Hilow’s order, M.A.H. was
removed from M.L.’s custody and placed in J.H.’s custody on December 3, 2011.
M.L. appealed Juvenile Division Judge Thomas F. O’Malley’s order adopting
Hilow’s ruling. The court of appeals reversed the juvenile court’s order granting
J.H. custody, concluding that the judgment was void for lack of service on M.L. In
re M.A.H., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 97963, 2012-Ohio-2318, ¶ 15-25.
{¶ 4} On July 6, 2012, J.H. filed a second application to determine custody
under a new case number. In November 2012, the trial court denied M.L.’s motion
to dismiss. In April 2013, the court of appeals dismissed an appeal of that ruling
for lack of a final, appealable order.
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January Term, 2015
{¶ 5} In the custody action, M.L. asserted that she had a pending custody
action in New Jersey. However, the family court in New Jersey issued an “order
for jurisdiction,” finding that Ohio had home-state jurisdiction under the UCCJEA.
The New Jersey court denied M.L.’s application to transfer jurisdiction to New
Jersey, ordering that Ohio retain jurisdiction.
{¶ 6} On the day before the New Jersey decision was issued, M.L. instituted
this action in the court of appeals seeking a writ of prohibition against respondents-
appellees, Judge O’Malley, Magistrate Hilow, and the Cuyahoga County Juvenile
Court. After respondents’ motion for summary judgment attached the New Jersey
entry, M.L. amended her complaint, continuing to assert that the case should
proceed in New Jersey because New Jersey had become the child’s home state by
the time J.H. filed his application in Cuyahoga County.
{¶ 7} The court of appeals denied the writ, holding that respondents did not
patently and unambiguously lack jurisdiction to conduct the child-custody
proceedings, because Ohio had home-state jurisdiction under the UCCJEA when
the initial child-custody determination was made. The court of appeals further held
that appeal provides an adequate remedy at law to address any error by the
Cuyahoga County Juvenile Court in determining its own jurisdiction.
Analysis
{¶ 8} To be entitled to the requested writ of prohibition, M.L. must establish
that (1) the Cuyahoga County Juvenile Court is about to exercise or has exercised
judicial power, (2) the exercise of that power is unauthorized by law, and (3)
denying the writ would result in injury for which no other adequate remedy exists
in the ordinary course of law. State ex rel. Bell v. Pfeiffer, 131 Ohio St.3d 114,
2012-Ohio-54, 961 N.E.2d 181, ¶ 18 and 23; State ex rel. Miller v. Warren Cty. Bd.
of Elections, 130 Ohio St.3d 24, 2011-Ohio-4623, 955 N.E.2d 379, ¶ 12.
Alternatively, M.L. is entitled to the writ if she can show a lack of jurisdiction in
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SUPREME COURT OF OHIO
Cuyahoga County that is patent and unambiguous. Chesapeake Exploration, L.L.C.
v. Oil & Gas Comm., 135 Ohio St.3d 204, 2013-Ohio-224, 985 N.E.2d 480, ¶ 11.
{¶ 9} In this case, other adequate remedies exist in the ordinary course of
law—namely, M.L. can appeal the Cuyahoga County Juvenile Court’s custody
decision, including the court’s determination that it had jurisdiction over M.A.H.’s
custody. See State ex rel. Florence v. Zitter, 106 Ohio St.3d 87, 2005-Ohio-3804,
831 N.E.2d 1003, ¶ 15, quoting State ex rel. Conkle v. Sadler, 99 Ohio St.3d 402,
2003-Ohio-4124, 792 N.E.2d 1116, ¶ 8 (“ ‘in the absence of a patent and
unambiguous lack of jurisdiction, a court having general subject matter jurisdiction
can determine its own jurisdiction, and a party challenging that jurisdiction has an
adequate remedy by appeal’ ”). See also State ex rel. V.K.B. v. Smith, 138 Ohio
St.3d 84, 2013-Ohio-5477, 3 N.E.3d 1184, ¶ 19, citing Ross v. Saros, 99 Ohio St.3d
412, 2003-Ohio-4128, 792 N.E.2d 1126 (appeal is an adequate remedy in cases
involving child custody). In addition, M.L. presumably can appeal the New Jersey
court’s determination that Ohio is the appropriate forum for determining custody.
{¶ 10} M.L. likens this case to State ex rel. V.K.B. v. Smith, in which we
determined that an appeal would not be an adequate remedy. As the court of
appeals in this case noted, however, that case is distinguishable because there the
child was removed from a parent who had been awarded custody, custody was
awarded to a nonparent, the juvenile court did not comply with the UCCJEA and
other applicable law, and the juvenile court had issued a temporary order with no
indication as to when a hearing or other action might be taken to resolve the case.
2014-Ohio-3927, ¶ 24. Nothing like these V.K.B. factors is present here, and M.L.
has an adequate remedy by way of appeal.
{¶ 11} The remaining question is whether the asserted lack of jurisdiction
in Ohio, as opposed to New Jersey, is patent and unambiguous. Respondents
undoubtedly have statutory jurisdiction to determine the custody of children in Ohio
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January Term, 2015
under R.C. 2151.23(A)(2). The dispute here is whether Ohio or New Jersey has
jurisdiction to determine M.A.H.’s custody under the UCCJEA.
{¶ 12} The UCCJEA, unlike its predecessor statute, gives jurisdictional
priority and exclusive continuing jurisdiction to the courts of the child’s “home
state.” Rosen v. Celebrezze, 117 Ohio St.3d 241, 2008-Ohio-853, 883 N.E.2d 420,
¶ 21. “Home state” in Ohio’s version of the UCCJEA is defined as
the state in which a child lived with a parent or a person acting as a
parent for at least six consecutive months immediately preceding the
commencement of a child custody proceeding and, if a child is less
than six months old, the state in which the child lived from birth
with any of them. A period of temporary absence of any of them is
counted as part of the six-month or other period.
R.C. 3127.01(B)(7). Under R.C. 3127.01(B)(5), a child-custody action is
“commenced” by the filing of the first pleading in a proceeding.
{¶ 13} According to the record here, M.A.H. lived in Ohio from birth until
at least April 30, 2011. Ohio was therefore M.A.H.’s home state when J.H. filed
his first application to determine custody on April 21, 2011. M.L. argues that
M.A.H.’s home state is now New Jersey, because the original custody order was
vacated, and M.A.H. has now lived with M.L. in New Jersey since 2011. M.L.
points out that the Cuyahoga County Juvenile Court gave the father’s second
application for custody a new case number.
{¶ 14} However, the original action for custody was vacated on the failure-
of-service issue, and the court of appeals explicitly declined to order the trial court
to dismiss it. In re M.A.H., 2012-Ohio-2318, ¶ 27-28. M.L. argues that vacating
the first order returned M.A.H. to her status before the “illegal” order. However,
as the court of appeals noted in this case, M.A.H.’s home state at the time the
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SUPREME COURT OF OHIO
original order was issued was Ohio. 2014-Ohio-3927, ¶ 20. Moreover, a new case
number alone does not negate the fact that J.H.’s original custody action was filed
when M.A.H.’s home state was undoubtedly Ohio.
{¶ 15} Therefore, the Cuyahoga County Juvenile Court arguably has
jurisdiction over this custody matter under at least two provisions of the UCCJEA.
Because Ohio appears to have been the home state of the child on the date of the
commencement of the proceeding, respondents have jurisdiction under R.C.
3127.15(A)(1) to determine custody.
{¶ 16} Even if there is a dispute in Ohio about the commencement of the
proceeding, New Jersey, after communicating with Magistrate Hilow, has declined
jurisdiction of the case and determined that Ohio is the more appropriate forum to
determine the custody of the child. Thus, “[a]ll courts having jurisdiction under
division (A)(1) or (2) of this section have declined to exercise jurisdiction on the
ground that a court of this state is the more appropriate forum to determine the
custody of the child * * *.” R.C. 3127.15(A)(3).
{¶ 17} An Ohio court therefore has jurisdiction to make an initial
determination regarding custody. R.C. 3127.15(A). Any lack of jurisdiction is not
patent and unambiguous.
Conclusion
{¶ 18} M.L. fails to meet the requirements for a writ of prohibition.
Respondents do not patently and unambiguously lack jurisdiction to proceed, and
appeal provides an adequate remedy in the ordinary course of law.
Judgment affirmed.
O’CONNOR, C.J., and PFEIFER, O’DONNELL, LANZINGER, KENNEDY,
FRENCH, and O’NEILL, JJ., concur.
_________________
Gerald R. Walton & Associates, Gerald R. Walton, and John J. Schneider,
for appellant.
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January Term, 2015
Timothy J. McGinty, Cuyahoga County Prosecuting Attorney, and Charles
E. Hannan, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for appellees.
_________________
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