State v. Thomason

#27301-a-LSW

2015 S.D. 90

IN THE SUPREME COURT
OF THE
STATE OF SOUTH DAKOTA

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STATE OF SOUTH DAKOTA, Plaintiff and Appellee,

v.

KENNETH DALE THOMASON a/k/a
KENNETH D. THOMASON JR., Defendant and Appellant.

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APPEAL FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF
THE FOURTH JUDICIAL CIRCUIT
LAWRENCE COUNTY, SOUTH DAKOTA

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THE HONORABLE RANDALL L. MACY
Judge

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MARTY J. JACKLEY
Attorney General

CAROLINE SRSTKA
Assistant Attorney General
Pierre, South Dakota Attorneys for plaintiff
and appellee.

ELLERY GREY
Grey Law Prof. LLC
Rapid City, South Dakota Attorneys for defendant
and appellant.

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ARGUED ON
SEPTEMBER 1, 2015

OPINION FILED 11/18/15
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WILBUR, Justice

[¶1.] After this Court vacated defendant’s conviction of aggravated theft by

deception, the State brought new charges against defendant for forgery and offering

false or forged instruments for filing, registering, or recording in a public office.

Defendant moved to dismiss the charges asserting that double jeopardy, collateral

estoppel, and res judicata barred the State’s successive prosecution. Defendant

further asserted that the indictment should be dismissed for improper venue. The

circuit court denied defendant’s motion to dismiss, and a jury found defendant

guilty of all charges. Defendant appeals. We affirm.

Background

[¶2.] In 2014, this Court vacated Kenneth Dale Thomason Jr.’s (Ken)

conviction of aggravated theft by deception. State v. Thomason, 2014 S.D. 18, 845

N.W.2d 640. We held that the State failed to prove all the elements of the offense.

Id. ¶ 30. After we vacated his conviction, the State charged Ken with two counts of

forgery in violation of SDCL 22-39-36 and SDCL 22-3-3 (aid and abet), and two

counts of offering false or forged instruments “for filing, registering, or recording in

a public office” in violation of SDCL 22-11-28.1 and SDCL 22-3-3 (aid and abet).

Ken moved the circuit court to dismiss the charges. He asserted that double

jeopardy, collateral estoppel, and res judicata barred the State’s subsequent

prosecution of him because the State had a full and fair opportunity to litigate the

newly-indicted charges during the first trial. Ken also moved to dismiss the

indictment for improper venue. The circuit court denied Ken’s motion to dismiss.

During a jury trial in October 2014, the State presented much of the same evidence

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and testimony it had presented during the first trial. See Thomason, 2014 S.D. 18,

845 N.W.2d 640.

[¶3.] In the second trial, the State presented evidence that Ken and his wife

Kim purchased the Gold Town Hotel in Lead, South Dakota on a contract for deed

in 2004. Kim’s mother, Barbara Langlois, testified that she loaned Ken and Kim

money for a down payment on the contract. In exchange for the loan, Ken and Kim

gave Barbara a quitclaim deed to the Hotel. Barbara did not file the deed

immediately. She, however, continued to loan Ken and Kim money for the Hotel.

Barbara testified that she loaned them $328,133.01 in September 2006 because Ken

and Kim were facing foreclosure on the Hotel. She claimed that in total she loaned

Ken and Kim approximately $500,000.

[¶4.] According to Barbara, she “got mad” because Ken and Kim were not

paying on their loans. She explained that she contacted her attorney Brad

Schreiber to assist in recovering money from Ken and Kim. Schreiber testified that

he advised Barbara to file her 2005 quitclaim deed and serve an eviction notice on

Ken and Kim. Barbara filed the quitclaim deed in November 2007 and served Ken

and Kim an eviction notice. Thereafter, Schreiber assisted Ken, Kim, and Barbara

in arriving at an agreement related to the debt.

[¶5.] On January 7, 2008, the parties signed a “Letter of Intent/Agreement.”

The letter explained that it was intended “to memorialize numerous emails,

telephone conversations and correspondence concerning the [Hotel] and the debt

due and owing to Barbara Langlois.” The letter noted that Ken was set to close on a

loan for $350,000 on January 9, 2008, but that Barbara’s recently-recorded 2005

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quitclaim deed could impact that loan. Schreiber testified that Ken refused to say

where the loan was coming from because Ken believed Barbara might interfere.

Nonetheless, the Letter of Intent/Agreement set forth that, following the loan

closing and no later than January 14, 2008, Ken and Kim would pay Barbara

$200,000 as partial payment on the debt due and owing. Ken and Kim also agreed

to “enter into and execute a promissory note and mortgage in favor of Barbara

Langlois in an amount not less than $300,000[.]” In exchange for Ken and Kim

executing the agreement, Barbara would provide Ken and Kim a quitclaim deed

conveying to them all her interest in the Hotel.

[¶6.] The parties signed the Letter of Intent/Agreement, and Schreiber

testified that he gave Ken a quitclaim deed. Although Barbara conveyed her

interest in the Hotel to Ken and Kim, she also conveyed an equal interest to Ken’s

son, Kenneth Dale Thomason, III (Dale). Barbara testified that she included Dale

within the conveyance because she wanted Dale to be part owner of the Hotel.

Schreiber testified that, by including Dale on the deed, Ken and Kim would not be

able to sell the Hotel unless all three parties—Ken, Kim, and Dale—signed off on

the conveyance.

[¶7.] On January 14, 2008, Ken did not remit payment of $200,000 to

Barbara. Rather, Ken emailed Schreiber and informed him the money would come

in a week. Schreiber claimed that Ken told him that he was able to close on the

loan. When payment did not arrive in a week, Schreiber attempted to contact Ken.

Schreiber learned that Ken and Kim had left the country and were in the

Dominican Republic. This concerned Schreiber and he decided to conduct a title

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search on the Hotel. Through Lawrence Title Company, Schreiber learned that

“there [were] some strange things going on.” He received a copy of a joint warranty

deed that conveyed the Hotel to a “Chris and Shalece Vinson” and a “Special Power

of Attorney” instrument appointing Ken and Kim as Dale’s attorney-in-fact to

execute legal documents related to the Hotel. Schreiber testified that the joint

warranty deed bore the signature of “Kenneth Dale Thomason, III” with a “POA”

notation. Schreiber relayed this information to Barbara.

[¶8.] Unable to contact Ken and Kim, Barbara filed a complaint with the

Lead Police Department. On May 1, 2008, a Lawrence County Grand Jury indicted

Ken on charges of aggravated theft by deception over $100,000 in violation of SDCL

22-30A-3. When Ken and Kim returned from the Dominican Republic in 2012, a

grand jury issued a superseding indictment, which added charges of aiding and

abetting and an alternate charge of aggravated theft by obtaining property without

paying.

[¶9.] A jury found Ken guilty of aggravated theft by deception and this

Court reversed. See Thomason, 2014 S.D. 18, 845 N.W.2d 640. Relevant here is

Dale’s testimony from the first trial. Dale testified in the first trial that he did not

sign the Special Power of Attorney used in the transaction between Ken, Kim, and

the Vinsons on January 10, 2008. He further testified that he did not authorize Ken

or Kim to convey his interest in the Hotel. The State relied on the allegedly forged

Special Power of Attorney and the fact Ken signed the joint warranty deed on Dale’s

behalf as evidence that Ken was guilty of aggravated theft by deception.

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[¶10.] In the second trial, Dale again testified that he did not sign the Special

Power of Attorney and did not give Ken authority to enter into the agreement with

the Vinsons on his behalf. The Special Power of Attorney bore a notary signature

by an “Adrian Polk” from Florida. Dale testified that he had never met Polk,

though he was aware that Polk operated a pawn shop in Florida. According to Dale,

on January 10, 2008—the day of the transaction—he was in Illinois with a broken

vehicle. Dale relayed that Ken had called him and requested that he sign a power

of attorney so Ken and Kim could obtain a mortgage on the Hotel. Dale refused and

told Ken to wait until he returned to South Dakota. When Dale returned to South

Dakota, Ken told Dale that they found a way to get the loan without him.

[¶11.] Dale first learned of the agreement between Ken, Kim, and the

Vinsons approximately two months after Ken and Kim had left for the Dominican

Republic. According to Dale, Chris Vinson arrived at the Hotel and began to change

the locks. Chris told Dale about the agreement and that Dale was issued a check

for one third of the sale price. The State entered a copy of the check into evidence at

trial. The check bore Dale’s signature. Dale testified that he did not sign the check.

He claimed that he had no knowledge of the check and did not give Ken authority to

sign his name. Kim testified that Ken signed Dale’s name on the check and joint

warranty deed and included the POA notation on the joint warranty deed.

[¶12.] John Billion also testified. Billion is general counsel and the chief

operating officer for Getty Abstract & Title Company in Sioux Falls, South Dakota.

He described the January 10, 2008 transaction between Ken, Kim, and the Vinsons.

Billion was not personally involved in the closing, but testified that he reviewed all

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the documents in preparation for his testimony. He then explained that the closing

involved a lease-to-buy-back agreement whereby the Vinsons would pay Ken, Kim,

and Dale $350,000 and receive title to the Hotel as security. Under the agreement,

Ken, Kim, and Dale were to pay the loan over several years, and Ken and Kim were

to continue to occupy and manage the Hotel.

[¶13.] According to Billion, the closing occurred in Sioux Falls because the

Vinsons were Sioux Falls residents. However, Getty Abstract merely facilitated the

closing and execution of documents. Billion explained that because the property is

located in Lawrence County, the documents were required to be filed and recorded

with the Lawrence County Register of Deeds.

[¶14.] Billion then testified about the closing process. After paying

approximately $140,000 in expenses, Getty Abstract issued separate disbursement

checks to Ken, Kim, and Dale for $68,895.71 each. Getty Abstract also prepared a

settlement statement, which detailed the contract price, amounts received, and

amounts disbursed. Ken signed Dale’s name and included a “POA” notation

acknowledging receipt of the settlement statement. Ken further signed an “Owners

Affidavit” on Dale’s behalf with “POA” notation. This affidavit indicated that it was

to be returned to Lawrence Title Company and that it was required by “Lawrence

Title Company to issue its [title] insurance on the property” owned by Ken, Kim,

and Dale. According to Billion, Lawrence Title Company was to handle the filing

and recording with the register of deeds. At the conclusion of the closing, Getty

Abstract sent Lawrence Title Company the completed paperwork, including the

joint warranty deed and Special Power of Attorney, by overnight mail.

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[¶15.] Ruthie Weirs is a senior title examiner and the office manager at

Lawrence Title Company. She testified that Lawrence Title Company became

involved in the transaction on a request from the lender to do a title search and

issue title insurance on the property. According to Weirs, Lawrence Title Company

prepared a report and sent it to the lender. Lawrence Title Company also received

the joint warranty deed and Special Power of Attorney from Getty Abstract and

recorded both with the Lawrence County Register of Deeds Office. Sheree Green

from the Lawrence County Register of Deeds Office testified that the Special Power

of Attorney and joint warranty deed were recorded with the Lawrence County

Register of Deeds Office on January 29, 2008.

[¶16.] Adrian Polk testified about the Special Power of Attorney instrument.

He stated that he did not notarize the instrument for Dale. Although Polk had been

a notary for the State of Florida, he let his seal expire in September 2001. He last

saw his seal located in his desk drawer at the store. He first learned that his seal

had disappeared in 2010, after an attorney from South Dakota called and inquired

about the Special Power of Attorney bearing Polk’s notary seal. Polk has known

Ken since 2002, when Ken worked at Polk’s pawn shop in Florida. Polk

acknowledged that he may have met Dale in the past, but claimed that he did not

know Dale.

[¶17.] At the conclusion of the State’s case, Ken moved for a judgment of

acquittal asserting lack of venue, res judicata, collateral estoppel, and double

jeopardy. In regard to improper venue, Ken argued that the State failed to present

any evidence that he possessed or forged any document in Lawrence County or that

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he altered or created any document in Lawrence County. Ken next argued that res

judicata barred the State’s second prosecution because the State was essentially

relitigating an issue that could have been litigated in Ken’s first trial. In particular,

he asserted that ”[i]nstead of arguing grand theft, they’re simply taking one

component of that, the alleged forgery, and using that to come back and get a

second bite at the apple.” Lastly, Ken claimed that collateral estoppel and double

jeopardy precluded the State from using the same evidence and witnesses in the

second prosecution as it had used in the first trial.

[¶18.] The court denied Ken’s motion for a judgment of acquittal. The court

concluded that there were sufficient facts before the jury to decide venue. It further

ruled that the State’s second prosecution for different charges involving different

elements did not implicate double jeopardy, collateral estoppel, or res judicata. The

jury found Ken guilty of all charges, and the court sentenced Ken to a term of years

on each charge to run concurrently. Ken appeals and raises the following issues for

our review:

1. Whether the circuit court erred when it ruled that double
jeopardy and res judicata do not apply.

2. Whether the circuit court erred when it denied Ken’s motion
to dismiss for improper venue.

Standard of Review

[¶19.] Whether a person is twice placed in jeopardy is a question of law

reviewed de novo. State v. Lafferty, 2006 S.D. 50, ¶ 4, 716 N.W.2d 782, 784 (citing

State v. Cates, 2001 S.D. 99, ¶ 6, 632 N.W.2d 28, 33). Venue, however, is a question

for the trier of fact. State v. Haase, 446 N.W.2d 62, 65 (S.D. 1989). Therefore, on

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appeal, we accept “the evidence and the most favorable inferences that the jury

might have fairly drawn therefrom to support the verdict.” Id. at 65-66 (citing State

v. Boyles, 260 N.W.2d 642 (S.D. 1977)).

Analysis

Double Jeopardy and Res Judicata

[¶20.] Ken argues that double jeopardy and res judicata preclude the State

from retrying him on the same facts under a new theory of guilt when the State had

a full and fair opportunity to prosecute him for the newly-indicted charges in its

first trial. Ken directs this Court to Bank of Hoven v. Rausch, for the proposition

that “a person should not be twice vexed for the same cause and public policy is best

served when litigation has a repose.” See 449 N.W.2d 263, 266 (S.D. 1989). More

specifically, Ken relies on this Court’s four-part test in Springer v. Black, for his

argument that res judicata precludes the State’s successive prosecution. See 520

N.W.2d 77, 79 (S.D. 1994). The test questions: “(1) [w]hether the issue decided in

the former adjudication is identical to the present issue; (2) whether there was a

final judgment on the merits; (3) whether the parties in the two actions are the

same or in privity; and (4) whether there was a full and fair opportunity to litigate

the issues in the prior adjudication.” Id. Ken then asserts that the first part is met

because “both trials were virtually identical as they involved nearly all of the same

witnesses and exhibits” and because the harm to be redressed “in the second

litigation is essentially the same harm [the State] tried to address in the first

litigation[.]” The second and third factors are met because the parties are the same

and there was a final judgment on the merits after this Court reversed Ken’s first

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conviction. Lastly, according to Ken, the fourth factor is met because “no additional

discovery was conducted and more importantly no substantively new evidence was

presented during the second trial.”

[¶21.] In response, the State asserts that the Blockburger test controls. The

Blockburger test provides: “[W]here the same act or transaction constitutes a

violation of two distinct statutory provisions, the test to be applied to determine

whether there are two offenses or only one, is whether each provision requires proof

of a fact which the other does not.” Blockburger v. United States, 284 U.S. 299, 304,

52 S. Ct. 180, 182, 76 L. Ed. 2d 306 (1932); State v. Weaver, 2002 S.D. 76, ¶ 10, 648

N.W.2d 355, 359. The State then contends that double jeopardy and res judicata do

not bar the State’s successive prosecution because aggravated theft by deception,

forgery, and offering false or forged instruments for filing, registering, or recording

are separate crimes that require proof of additional facts the others do not.

[¶22.] “The Fifth Amendment of the United States Constitution and Article

Six of the South Dakota Constitution forbids placing a person in jeopardy twice for

the same offense.” State v. Danielson, 2010 S.D. 58, ¶ 7, 786 N.W.2d 354, 356

(citing U.S. Const. amend. V; S.D. Const. art. VI, § 9). In State v. Dillon, we

recognized that “[t]hese provisions shield criminal defendants from both multiple

prosecutions and multiple punishments for the same criminal offense if the

Legislature did not intend to authorize multiple punishments in the same

prosecution.” 2001 S.D. 97, ¶ 13, 632 N.W.2d 37, 43 (emphasis added); United

States v. Dixon, 509 U.S. 688, 704, 113 S. Ct. 2849, 2860, 125 L. Ed. 2d 556 (1993).

However, “[t]he defense of double jeopardy has no application to another or different

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offenses.” State v. Pickering, 88 S.D. 548, 552, 225 N.W.2d 98, 100 (1975). “[T]he

constitutional and statutory prohibitions against double jeopardy apply only to a

second prosecution for the same act and crime, both in law and in fact, upon which

the first prosecution was based.” Id.

[¶23.] Here, Ken was first charged and convicted of aggravated theft by

deception over $100,000 in violation of SDCL 22-30A-3. That statute provides in

relevant part that:

Any person who obtains property of another by deception is
guilty of theft. A person deceives if, with intent to defraud, that
person:

(1) Creates or reinforces a false impression, including
false impressions as to law, value, intention, or other
state of mind. However, as to a person’s intention to
perform a promise, deception may not be inferred from
the fact alone that that person did not subsequently
perform the promise; . . .

(3) Fails to correct a false impression which the deceiver
previously created or reinforced, or which the deceiver
knows to be influencing another to whom the deceiver
stands in a fiduciary or confidential relationship[.]

Id. At Ken’s first trial, the State alleged that Ken violated SDCL 22-30A-3 when he

obtained the proceeds of the lease-to-buy-back agreement by deception and did not

pay Barbara $200,000 as agreed to in the Letter of Intent/Agreement. Thomason,

2014 S.D. 18, ¶ 18, 845 N.W.2d at 644.

[¶24.] In its successive prosecution, the State charged and convicted Ken of

two counts of forgery in violation of SDCL 22-39-36, and two counts of offering false

or forged instruments for filing, registering, or recording in violation of SDCL 22-11-

28.1. Forgery occurs when “[a]ny person who, with intent to defraud, falsely makes,

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completes, or alters a written instrument of any kind, or passes any forged

instrument of any kind[.]” SDCL 22-39-36. A violation of SDCL 22-11-28.1 occurs

when “[a]ny person who offers any false or forged instrument, knowing that the

instrument is false or forged, for filing, registering, or recording in a public office,

which instrument, if genuine, could be filed, registered, or recorded under any law

of this state or of the United States[.]” At the second trial, the State presented

evidence that Ken passed the forged Special Power of Attorney and joint warranty

deed with the intent to defraud and offered the false or forged documents for filing,

registering, or recording in a public office.

[¶25.] From our review of the State’s successive prosecution of Ken, we

cannot say that the State placed Ken twice in jeopardy for the same criminal

offense. The successive prosecution did not involve “the same act and crime, both in

law and in fact, upon which the first prosecution was based.” See Pickering, 88 S.D.

at 552, 225 N.W.2d at 100. Although the State used Ken’s conduct related to the

Special Power of Attorney and joint warranty deed in both trials, the State did not

litigate in the first trial whether Ken in fact caused those documents to be forged

with the intent to defraud. The State also did not use the evidence to litigate

whether he offered those documents for filing, registering, or recording. Rather, the

act litigated in Thomason was whether Ken “obtained by deception [Barbara’s]

property worth over $100,000[.]” See 2014 S.D. 18, ¶ 17, 845 N.W.2d at 644

(emphasis added). Furthermore, on the face of the statutes defining the offenses, it

is clear the crimes of (1) aggravated theft by deception, (2) forgery, and (3) offering a

false or forged instrument for filing, registering, or recording are distinct and

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separate. See Dixon, 509 U.S. at 703-05, 113 S. Ct. at 2859-60 (Blockburger test

satisfied); see also Pickering, 88 S.D. at 552-54, 225 N.W.2d at 100-01. Because the

State’s successive prosecution did not place Ken twice in jeopardy, the circuit court

did not err when it ruled that double jeopardy did not apply.

[¶26.] However, Ken further contends that the principles of res judicata

embodied within the Double Jeopardy Clause mandate that the State “should have”

prosecuted him for all charges during the first trial. Ken emphasizes that the State

had a full and fair opportunity in the first trial to prosecute him for the charges it

brought in the second trial. He directs this Court to Justice Brennan’s concurring

opinion in Ashe v. Swenson, which suggests that “except in most limited

circumstances, [the State must] join at one trial all the charges against a defendant

that grow out of a single criminal act, occurrence, episode, or transaction.” See 397

U.S. 436, 453-54, 90 S. Ct. 1189, 1199, 25 L. Ed. 2d 469 (1970) (Brennan, J.,

concurring). We, however, held in Pickering “that the plea of double jeopardy is

available only when the separate offenses are in substance the same, so that the

evidence which proves the one would prove the other and if an essential element of

one is not necessarily present in the other there is no former jeopardy.” 88 S.D. at

553, 225 N.W.2d at 101. Because, here, Ken was not twice placed in jeopardy for

the same act and because the offenses are separate and distinct, the State’s

successive prosecution did not violate his constitutional rights under the Fifth

Amendment of the United States Constitution and Article Six of the South Dakota

Constitution.

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Improper Venue

[¶27.] Ken next asserts that the circuit court erred when it did not dismiss

the indictment for improper venue. He claims that the State presented no evidence

that he “possessed, altered, forged or passed with intent to defraud the relevant

documents in Lawrence County.” Rather, according to Ken, the State only

presented evidence that Getty Abstract in Sioux Falls caused the Special Power of

Attorney and joint warranty deed to be filed in Lawrence County.

[¶28.] A defendant has a right to be prosecuted in the county where the crime

was committed. S.D. Const. art. VI, § 7; SDCL 23A-16-3. The State has the burden

of proving proper venue by a preponderance of the evidence. State v. Iwan, 2010

S.D. 92, ¶ 9, 791 N.W.2d 788, 789. Direct proof, however, is not required. State v.

Greene, 86 S.D. 177, 182-83, 192 N.W.2d 712, 715 (1971). Venue “is sufficiently

established ‘if the circumstances and evidence tend to the conclusion in a manner

satisfactory to the jury that the place of the crime corresponds with that set forth in

the information.’” Id. (quoting State v. Dale, 66 S.D. 418, 284 N.W.2d 770 (1939)).

[¶29.] Here, the jury received three instructions on venue. The court

informed the jury that in order to return a guilty verdict it must “determine if venue

is proper in Lawrence County” as to each charge and that the State has the burden

of proving that Ken committed the acts charged within Lawrence County. The

court further instructed the jury: (1) “When a public offense is committed partly in

one county and partly in another county or the acts or effects thereof constituting or

requisite to the offense occur in two or more counties, the venue is in either county”;

and (2) “Where the commission of a public offense involves the use of the mail, the

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venue of the offense is in any county where the letter is deposited or delivered, or

where it is received by the person to whom it is addressed.”

[¶30.] From our review of the record, there is sufficient evidence for the jury

to have concluded that venue was proper in Lawrence County on all charges. Ken

resided in Lawrence County. The Hotel is located in Lawrence County. Further,

Ken and Kim were the record owners of the Hotel with previous experience

executing mortgage documents related to the Hotel in Lawrence County. The State

presented evidence of email exchanges between Ken and Schreiber evincing Ken’s

knowledge that the original documents related to a deed on the Hotel would need to

be filed in Lawrence County. Concerning the lease-to-buy-back agreement, Ken

signed an owner’s affidavit, which indicated that it would be mailed to Lawrence

Title Company. The settlement statement, also signed by Ken, provided that

payments were to be made in Lawrence County. From the evidence, the jury could

reasonably infer that Ken offered the false or forged Special Power of Attorney and

joint warranty deed (via his knowledge that Getty Abstract would mail the

documents to Lawrence County to complete the closing) for filing, registering, or

recording in Lawrence County. See SDCL 22-11-28.1. Ken could not complete his

intended conveyance without having the Special Power of Attorney and joint

warranty deed recorded in Lawrence County. Contra Iwan, 2010 S.D. 92, ¶ 14, 791

N.W.2d at 790-91 (no knowledge that check for insufficient funds would be mailed

to a different county).

[¶31.] Further, although there is no direct evidence that Ken forged the

Special Power of Attorney, the crime of forgery is of a nature to be completed in

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secrecy. Here, the jury heard that Ken called Dale prior to Ken’s trip to Sioux Falls

and asked Dale to execute a power of attorney. The jury could reasonably infer

from this that Ken’s forgery scheme began in Lawrence County. The jury could

further infer that Ken’s forgery scheme continued in Lawrence County when Ken,

with the intent to defraud, caused the Special Power of Attorney and joint warranty

deed to be passed in Lawrence County in order to complete the lease-to-buy-back

agreement conveying Dale’s interest in the Hotel. See SDCL 22-39-36. Therefore,

the evidence and most favorable inferences therefrom support that the State

established venue in Lawrence County by a preponderance of the evidence.

[¶32.] We affirm.

[¶33.] GILBERTSON, Chief Justice, and ZINTER, SEVERSON, and KERN,

Justices, concur.

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