People v. Hearn CA4/1

Filed 12/17/15 P. v. Hearn CA4/1

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

COURT OF APPEAL, FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

DIVISION ONE

STATE OF CALIFORNIA

THE PEOPLE, D067193

Plaintiff and Respondent,

v. (Super. Ct. No. SCD205388)

WILLIAM HENRY HEARN,

Defendant and Appellant.

APPEAL from a postjudgment order of the Superior Court of San Diego County,

David J. Danielsen, Judge. Affirmed.

Law Offices of Russell S. Babcock and Russell S. Babcock, under appointment by

the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and Appellant.

Kamala D. Harris, Attorney General, Julie L. Garland, Assistant Attorney General,

Michael Pulos and Annie Featherman Fraser, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and

Respondent.
 INTRODUCTION

William Henry Hearn is serving, as a third strike recidivist offender, a state prison

sentence of 25 years to life imposed in 2008 under the version of California's Three

Strikes law (Pen. Code,1 §§ 667, subds. (b)–(i), 1170.12, subds. (a)–(d)) that predated the

enactment of the Three Strikes Reform Act of 2012 (Proposition 36 or the Reform Act).

A jury convicted Hearn of four felony firearm-related offenses for which he is serving his

life sentence: (1) possession of a firearm by a felon (count 1: former § 12021, subd.

(a)(1)),2 (2) carrying a concealed firearm in a vehicle (count 2: former § 12025, subd.

(a)(1) (hereafter section 12025(a)(1))),3 (3) carrying a loaded firearm in public (count 3:

former § 12031, subd. (a)(1) (hereafter section 12031(a)(1)),4 and (4) possession of

ammunition by a felon (count 4: former § 12316, subd. (b)(1)).5 Hearn pleaded guilty to

one count of misdemeanor spousal battery (count 5: § 243, subd. (e)(1)).

On May 16, 2008, Hearn admitted he had suffered a prison prior (§§ 667.5, subd.

(b), 668) and the court found he had suffered two strike priors (§§ 667, subds. (b)-(i),

1 All further statutory references are to the Penal Code unless otherwise specified.

2 This offense is now governed by section 29800, subdivision (a).

3 This offense is now governed by section 25400, subdivision (a).

4 This offense is now governed by section 25850, subdivision (a).

5 This offense is now governed by section 30305, subdivision (a).

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1170.12, 668). On that same date, the court6 sentenced Hearn to an indeterminate state

prison term of 25 years to life. Specifically, the court imposed a term of 25 years to life

for his count 1 conviction of possession of a firearm by a felon. For each of his

convictions of carrying a concealed firearm in a vehicle (count 2) and carrying a loaded

firearm in public (count 3), the court imposed but stayed under section 654 a term of 25

years to life. The court imposed a concurrent term of 25 years to life for Hearn's count 4

conviction of possession of ammunition by a felon. In Hearn's prior appeal, this court

modified the judgment by ordering that execution of the concurrent count 4 life sentence

be stayed under section 654.7

Following the voters' approval of Proposition 36 in November 2012, Hearn filed a

petition under section 1170.126 of the Reform Act requesting that his indeterminate life

sentence be recalled and that he be resentenced to a determinate sentence as a second

strike offender. The court denied the petition, finding the record of conviction showed

Hearn was armed with a firearm when he committed his latest offenses, and, thus, he was

ineligible for relief based on a statutory exclusion (the armed-with-a-firearm exclusion)8

that applies if "[d]uring the commission of the current offense, the defendant . . . was

armed with a firearm . . . ." (§§ 667, subd. (e)(2)(C)(iii), 1170.12, subd. (c)(2)(C)(iii),

italics added.)

6 Honorable David M. Gill.

7 We take judicial notice of our unpublished opinion in People v. Hearn (Apr. 24,
2009, D053108.) (Evid. Code, §§ 452, subd. (d), 459, subd. (a).)

8 People v. White (2014) 223 Cal.App.4th 512, 523 (White).
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 Hearn appeals the order denying his petition, contending (1) the court's finding

that he was ineligible for a recall of his sentence under the Reform Act was not supported

by substantial evidence and violated his right to due process under the Fourteenth

Amendment, and (2) he was entitled under the Sixth and Fourteenth Amendments "to

have a jury determine beyond a reasonable doubt whether . . . he had been armed with a

firearm."

Based on the charges and record of conviction, we conclude that substantial

evidence supports the court's findings that Hearn was armed with a firearm when he

committed his current offenses, and, thus, that he was ineligible for a recall of his

sentence. We also conclude under well-established case law that Hearn was not entitled

to a jury trial on the issue of his eligibility for a recall of his life sentence and for

resentencing under the Reform Act.

BACKGROUND

A. Factual Background

The record in the current appeal does not contain a transcript of the 2008 trial.

This court's unpublished opinion in Hearn's prior appeal, of which we take judicial notice

(see fn. 7, ante) and which is part of the record of conviction in this case (see People v.

Woodell (1998) 17 Cal.4th 448, 456), summarized the jury's verdicts and the nature of

Hearn's current offenses, his count 5 guilty plea and his admission he had a served a prior

prison term, the court's finding he had suffered two prior strikes, and the details of his

current sentence. The opinion did not summarize the evidence presented at the trial.

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 Hearn's sole contention in his first appeal was that his count 4 concurrent 25-year-

to-life sentence should have been stayed under section 654. He did not contend the

evidence was insufficient to support his convictions. We agreed with Hearn's claim of

sentencing error and modified his count 4 sentence by staying execution of the sentence

under section 654.

B. Proposition 36 and the Armed-with-a-Firearm Exclusion

In Teal v. Superior Court (2014) 60 Cal.4th 595, the California Supreme Court

succinctly explained the basic provisions of Proposition 36 and the petition procedure at

issue here for recalling a sentence imposed under the pre-Proposition 36 version of the

Three Strikes law:

"On November 6, 2012, the California electorate approved
Proposition 36, otherwise known as the Three Strikes Reform Act of
2012 (the Act), which became effective the next day. Before the
Act's passage, the 'Three Strikes' law provided that a recidivist
offender with two or more qualifying strikes was subject to an
indeterminate life sentence if the offender was convicted for any
new felony offense. [Citation.] The Act amended the Three Strikes
law so that an indeterminate life sentence may only be imposed
where the offender's third strike is a serious and/or violent felony or
where the offender is not eligible for a determinate sentence based
on other disqualifying factors. [Citations.] The Act also enacted
section 1170.126, establishing a procedure for an offender serving an
indeterminate life sentence for a third strike conviction that is not
defined as a serious and/or violent felony to file a petition for recall
of sentence. (§ 1170.126, subd. (b).)" (Teal, at pp. 596-597, fn.
omitted.)

The petitioning inmate is eligible for resentencing if all three of the following

eligibility criteria set forth in subdivision (e) of section 1170.126 are satisfied: "'(1) the

[inmate] is serving an indeterminate life sentence for a crime that is not a serious or

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violent felony; (2) the life sentence was not imposed for any of the offenses appearing in

sections 667[, subdivision (e)(2)(C)] and 1170.12[, subdivision (c)(2)(C)]; and (3) the

inmate has no prior convictions for any of the offenses appearing in clause (iv) of section

667[, subdivision (e)(2)(C)] or section clause (iv) of section 1170.12[(c)(2)(C)].'" (White,

supra, 223 Cal.App.4th at p. 522, italics omitted.)

Under the armed-with-a-firearm exclusion set forth in the Reform Act, the

petitioning inmate is statutorily ineligible for resentencing relief if "[d]uring the

commission of the current offense, the defendant . . . was armed with a firearm . . . ."

(§§ 667, subd. (e)(2)(C)(iii) & 1170.12, subd. (c)(2)(C)(iii), which are cross-referenced in

§ 1170.126, subd. (e)(2); see White, supra, 223 Cal.App.4th at p. 523.)

As this court explained in White, a person is "armed with a firearm" within the

meaning of the armed-with-a-firearm exclusion if he personally carries a firearm or

otherwise has ready access to a firearm. (White, supra, 223 Cal.App.4th at pp. 524-525,

citing People v. Bland (1995) 10 Cal.4th 991, 997 (Bland) ["'[i]t is the availability−the

ready access−of the weapon that constitutes arming'"].)

If the petitioning inmate satisfies all three of the foregoing resentencing eligibility

criteria, the trial court must resentence the inmate as a second strike offender unless the

court, in the exercise of its discretion under subdivision (f) of section 1170.126,

determines that such resentencing would pose an unreasonable risk of danger to public

safety. (White, supra, 223 Cal.App.4th at p. 522.)

In determining whether a defendant is ineligible for resentencing under the

Reform Act, a trial court examines the "conduct that occurs during the commission of an

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offense." (People v. Bradford (2014) 227 Cal.App.4th 1322, 1333.) Thus, the trial court

must "consider the nature of a petitioner's prior conviction. Specifically, the court must

consider whether, during the commission of an offense that has been [most-recently

adjudicated], 'the defendant used a firearm, was armed with a firearm or deadly weapon,

or intended to cause great bodily injury to another person.'" (Id. at pp. 1338-1339, italics

added.) "[T]he statutory language and framework of Proposition 36 contemplate a

determination of a petitioner's eligibility for resentencing based on the record of

conviction" as that phrase is defined in the line of cases addressing whether a prior

conviction is a serious felony. (Bradford, at p. 1338, citing People v. Guerrero (1988) 44

Cal.3d 343 & People v. Woodell, supra, 17 Cal.4th 448.) The record of conviction

includes (among other things) the trial and appellate record of the conviction and any

appellate opinion in the case. (People v. Woodell, supra, 17 Cal.4th at p. 456.)

C. Discussion of the Evidence at the 2008 Sentencing Hearing

The appellate record contains the transcript of the sentencing proceeding held on

May 16, 2008. Before it sentenced Hearn, the court heard and denied a defense motion

under People v. Superior Court (Romero) (1996) 13 Cal.4th 497 (Romero motion), to

dismiss one or more of Hearn's prior strikes. The court and the parties discussed Hearn's

current offenses. As pertinent here, the prosecutor argued that "[w]e've got four counts,

all of which included using a pistol, either shooting somebody or shooting at somebody."

(Italics added.) Indicating that the court had presided over the trial, the prosecutor stated

that during the trial she "proved through ballistics that that gun had just been fired, so you

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can consider everything you heard in the course of this trial. [¶] So the entire criminal

history includes both possessing, using guns, shooting at people . . . ."

The court responded, "I recall part of the evidence was that it went through a wall

and into a bedroom where there was [a] child?" The prosecutor indicated that the court

was correct.

The court then stated, "No thanks to [Hearn] that nobody [was] hurt or killed. And

the circumstances of that—that was—I thought that was rather outrageous that somebody

was tailgating him or something so he got upset about that. So instead of just flipping the

guy off or honking the horn or something like that, he gets the gun and cranks off several

rounds. That just shows either a gross lack of judgment on his part or gross lack of

control of his anger." (Italics added.) The court then stated, "[T]hose are facts of the

situation where he was convicted that I can consider, not just the presence of the weapon,

but he actually fired [it]. [T]hank God nobody was actually hurt or injured, but you've

got to believe that those people throughout this house didn't consider that to be a minor

matter when the bullet came by." (Italics added.) Defense counsel then submitted, and

the court denied, Hearn's Romero motion. The court then imposed the sentence.

D. Hearn's Petition

In early December 2013, following the passage of Proposition 36, Hearn filed his

petition under section 1170.126 arguing he was eligible under the Reform Act for the

recall of his life sentence and for resentencing as a second strike offender. The People

filed no written opposition.

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 On December 16, 2014, the court9 heard Hearn's petition and stated it was taking

judicial notice "of the findings of the jury as expressed in their verdicts." Without an

objection from defense counsel, the court summarized the jury's verdicts. The court

found there was "a fairly clear indication that he was armed" and indicated it had read

Hearn's petition.

The court asked, "Anything further?" Hearn's counsel responded, "Your Honor,

we would just reiterate at the very least we believe this is the prosecution's burden to

show [Hearn] is ineligible. We received no moving papers, no record of conviction, no

paperwork at all in regards to [Hearn's] eligibility. Other than that, we would submit."

The court then asked the prosecutor, "Anything from the People?" The prosecutor

replied, "The People adopt and incorporate by reference the underlying record of

conviction and the court's analysis and submit."

The court then denied Hearn's petition, finding he was "ineligible per the statute."

Hearn's appeal from the order denying his petition followed.

DISCUSSION

I. SUFFICIENCY OF THE EVIDENCE AND DUE PROCESS

Hearn contends the order denying his petition must be reversed because the court's

finding that he was ineligible for a recall of his sentence under the Reform Act was not

supported by substantial evidence and it violated his right to due process under the

Fourteenth Amendment. We reject Hearn's contentions.

9 Honorable David J. Danielsen.
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 A. Sufficiency of the Evidence

Substantial evidence supports the court's findings that Hearn was armed with a

firearm when he committed his current offenses within the meaning of the armed-with-a-

firearm exclusion, and, thus, that he was ineligible for a recall of his life sentence and for

resentencing under the Reform Act. As pertinent here, the record of conviction shows the

jury found Hearn guilty of carrying a concealed firearm in a vehicle (§ 12025(a)(1)) as

charged in count 2, and of carrying a loaded firearm in public (§ 12031(a)(1)) as charged

in count 3. When the court sentenced Hearn in 2008, section 12025(a)(1) provided that a

person was guilty of carrying a concealed firearm in a vehicle if he "carrie[d] concealed

within any vehicle which [was] under his or her control or direction any pistol, revolver,

or other firearm capable of being concealed upon the person." Section 12031(a)(1)

provided that a person was "guilty of carrying a loaded firearm when he or she carrie[d]

a loaded firearm on his or her person or in a vehicle while in any public place or on any

public street in an incorporated city or in any public place or on any public street in a

prohibited area of unincorporated territory."

As already discussed, a person is "armed with a firearm" within the meaning of the

armed-with-a-firearm exclusion if he personally carries a firearm or otherwise has ready

access to a firearm. (White, supra, 223 Cal.App.4th at pp. 524-525, citing Bland, supra,

10 Cal.4th at p. 997.)

By the plain, express terms of the two statutes under which Hearn was convicted

of counts 2 and 3 by proof beyond a reasonable doubt in this case−sections 12025 (a)(1)

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and 12031(a)(1)−he was "armed with a firearm," as under both statutes he "carried" the

firearm.

Hearn suggests the evidence is insufficient to show he was armed with a firearm

when he committed his offenses because the firearm in question could have been stored

in the trunk of the vehicle he was driving so that he had no ready access to it.

Specifically, citing People v. Jones (1977) 72 Cal.App.3d 624 (Jones), he asserts that "[a]

defendant may carry a concealed firearm in a vehicle . . . and not be armed with that

firearm. He may, for example, have placed the firearm in the trunk of his car."

Hearn's reliance on Jones is unavailing. In Jones, a police officer on patrol late at

night saw the defendant driving a car that had no rear license plate illumination. (Jones,

supra, 72 Cal.App.3d at p. 626.) The officer made a routine traffic stop and asked the

defendant to step out of the car after the defendant's answers to questioning led the officer

to suspect the defendant was impersonating a police officer. (Ibid.) When the officer

asked the defendant whether he had any weapons in the trunk, the defendant said that he

did not and gave the officer permission to search the trunk. (Id. at p. 627.) When the

officer opened the trunk and found a small briefcase, the defendant said the briefcase was

his and gave the officer permission to open it. (Ibid.) The officer found a loaded

handgun inside the briefcase. (Ibid.) At trial, the defendant claimed the officer did not

directly ask for defendant's permission to search the car. (Ibid.) The trial court found the

search had been conducted pursuant to a valid consent. (Ibid.) The defendant was

convicted of carrying a loaded firearm in a vehicle in violation of section 12031. (Jones,

at p. 625.) On appeal, the defendant claimed the consent to search was vitiated by the

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prolonged detention and interrogation that preceded it and that, in any event, the scope of

the search exceeded the parameter of the consent. (Id. at p. 627.) The Court of Appeal

rejected the defendant's claims and affirmed the judgment. (Id. at p. 628.)

A case is not authority for a proposition it does not address. (People v. Alvarez

(2002) 27 Cal.4th 1161, 1176 (Alvarez).) Here, Hearn's reliance on Jones, supra, 72

Cal.App.3d 624, is unavailing because it did not address the issue of whether a defendant

found guilty of carrying a loaded firearm in the trunk of his car in violation of section

12031 had ready access to, and thus was armed with, that firearm. Jones did not hold the

defendant in that case was not armed with the handgun found in the briefcase in the trunk

of his car. (See Jones, at pp. 626-628.)

Hearn also relies on People v. Hodges (1999) 70 Cal.App.4th 1348, where the

defendant was convicted of carrying a concealed weapon in a vehicle in violation of

section 12025(a). (Hodges, at p. 1352.) That case arose when the defendant stepped out

of his car and a police officer found a gun in an unlocked case behind the passenger seat.

(Ibid.) Hearn's reliance on Hodges is misplaced because it did not address the issue of

whether a defendant found guilty of carrying a concealed firearm in an unlocked case

behind the passenger seat of a vehicle in violation of section 12025(a) had ready access

to, and thus was armed with, that firearm. (See Alvarez, supra, 27 Cal.4th at p. 1176.)

Hodges did not hold the defendant in that case was not armed with the firearm found in

the unlocked case behind the passenger seat his car. (See Hodges, at p. 1352.)

Here, the nature of the pertinent charges alleged in counts 2 (§ 12025(a)(1)) and 3

(§ 12031(a)(1)) and the record of Hearn's conviction of those offenses establish that, even

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if Hearn kept the firearm in the trunk of his vehicle, he had ready access to that firearm

and, thus, was armed with it within the meaning of the armed-with-a-firearm exclusion.

The parties have cited no case authority, and we are aware of none, that is exactly on

point. However, case law involving analogous factual scenarios supports our conclusion

that substantial evidence supports the court's finding that Hearn was armed with a firearm

when he committed his offenses. In People v. Searle (1989) 213 Cal.App.3d 1091

(Searle), for example, the defendant pleaded guilty to carrying a concealed firearm in a

vehicle in violation of section 12025(a). (Searle, at p. 1095.) The record of conviction

showed the defendant carried the loaded handgun in a compartment in the back of his car.

(Ibid.) On appeal, the Searle court concluded the defendant was armed with that firearm

because it was located in his car and was available for use even though it was in a

compartment in the back of his car. (Id. at p. 1099.)

More recently, in People v. Elder (2014) 227 Cal.App.4th 1308 (Elder)— a case

that did not involve a vehicle—the defendant, who (like Hearn) had been convicted of

being a felon in possession of a firearm, appealed an order denying his petition for the

recall of his 1995 indeterminate life sentence and for resentencing under the Reform Act.

(Elder, at pp. 1311-1312.) The record of conviction showed that law enforcement

officers, in executing a search warrant at the defendant's apartment, found a handgun in

an unlocked safe in a bedroom. (Id. at p. 1317.) In finding the defendant was ineligible

for resentencing, the trial court found the prosecution had proved beyond a reasonable

doubt that the defendant possessed the firearm under conditions in which it was readily

available for use even though it was stored in a safe, and thus the defendant was armed

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during his commission of his commitment offense. (Ibid.) The Court of Appeal affirmed

the order, concluding the trial court properly found the defendant was ineligible for

resentencing under the Reform Act. (Id. at pp. 1317-1318.)

Here, the record of conviction shows Hearn was convicted of carrying a concealed

firearm in his car. Even if, as Hearn suggests, he may have placed the firearm in the

trunk of his car, the record of conviction shows he had ready access to that firearm, and,

thus, he was armed with it when he committed his commitment offenses. (See Searle,

supra, 213 Cal.App.3d at pp. 1095, 1099; Elder, supra, 227 Cal.App.4th at p. 1317.)

Accordingly, we conclude substantial evidence supports the court's finding that Hearn

was armed with a firearm within the meaning of the armed-with-a-firearm exclusion

when he committed his offense and therefore he was ineligible for resentencing under the

Reform Act.10

B. Due Process

Hearn also contends the order denying his petition must be reversed because the

court's finding he was ineligible for a recall of his sentence under the Reform Act

violated his right to due process under the Fourteenth Amendment. Specifically, he

asserts the court violated his constitutional right to due process because the court "did not

give [him] access to the record it considered [or a] chance to contest the evidence against

him."

10 In light of our conclusion, we need not address Hearn's claim that in determining
the issue of his eligibility for resentencing, the court improperly considered statements
made during the 2008 sentencing proceeding, because (Hearn asserts) "the sentencing
hearing does not form part of [his] record of conviction."
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 Hearn's contention is unavailing. His own petition for the recall of his life

sentence and for resentencing under the Reform Act correctly reflects the portion of the

record of conviction concerning the relevant charges against him at issue here and the

fact of his conviction of those offenses. Specifically, Hearn's petition correctly stated that

he "was convicted of the following crime[s]: Penal Code sections 12012(a), 12025(a)(1),

12031(a)(1) . . . ." In his prior appeal, Hearn did not challenge the sufficiency of the

evidence supporting the jury's findings that he "carrie[d]" a firearm in his car within the

meaning of sections 12025(a)(1) (count 2) and 12031(a)(1) (count 3), and he does not do

so in this appeal. Furthermore, a formal hearing is not required on the initial eligibility

determination because a trial court is limited to the record of conviction and cannot

consider new evidence. (People v. Bradford, supra, 227 Cal.App.4th at p. 1341.) Thus,

as Hearn was not entitled to a hearing with respect to whether he was eligible for

resentencing under the Reform Act, his due process rights were not violated.

II. HEARN HAD NO RIGHT TO A JURY TRIAL ON THE ISSUE OF ELIGIBILITY

Last, relying in large part on Apprendi v. New Jersey (2000) 530 U.S. 466

(Apprendi),11 Hearn claims he was entitled under the Sixth and Fourteenth Amendments

"to have a jury determine beyond a reasonable doubt whether . . . he had been armed with

a firearm."

11 In Apprendi, supra, 530 U.S. at page 490, the court held that, "[o]ther than the fact
of a prior conviction, any fact that increases the penalty for a crime beyond the prescribed
statutory maximum must be submitted to a jury, and proved beyond a reasonable doubt."
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 However, Hearn correctly acknowledges that "the Court of Appeal has held that

petitioners for recall of sentences under section 1170.126 are not entitled to have a jury

decide eligibility under the reasonable doubt standard." (See People v. Guilford (2014)

228 Cal.App.4th 651, 662-663; People v. Bradford, supra, 227 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1334-

1336; Elder, supra, 227 Cal.App.4th at p. 1315; People v. Blakely (2014) 225

Cal.App.4th 1042, 1060-1061; People v. Osuna (2014) 225 Cal.App.4th 1020, 1039-

1040; People v. Superior Court (Kaulick) (2013) 215 Cal.App.4th 1279, 1304-1305.) We

will follow existing case law.

DISPOSITION

The order denying Hearn's Penal Code section 1170.126 petition for the recall of

his 25-year-to-life sentence and for resentencing is affirmed.

NARES, Acting P. J.

WE CONCUR:

McINTYRE, J.

AARON, J.

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