Wendy Malishka v. MetLife

NOT PRECEDENTIAL

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT

No. 14-4195

WENDY S. MALISHKA,

Appellant

v.

METLIFE

On Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania
(District Court No.: 2-13-cv-00516)
District Judge: Honorable Anita B. Brody

Submitted under Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a)
on November 13, 2015

Before: CHAGARES, RENDELL, and BARRY Circuit Judges

(Opinion filed: December 23, 2015)
 O P I N I O N*

RENDELL, Circuit Judge:

Wendy S. Malishka appeals from the District Court’s grant of summary judgment

in favor of Metropolitan Life Insurance Company (“MetLife”) on her claim that MetLife

improperly denied her life insurance benefits claim following her son’s death. She also

appeals the District Court’s denial of her Motion for Leave to Amend her Complaint. We

will affirm both rulings.

I. Background

Plaintiff-Appellant Wendy S. Malishka filed a life insurance claim following the

death of her son, T. Alexander Malishka (“Decedent”). Decedent was a member of the

Boilermakers & Iron Ship Builders and Blacksmiths and Forgers and Helpers, Local 13

(“Union”). As a member of the Union, Decedent was given the opportunity to purchase

coverage under the Boilermakers National Health and Welfare Fund (“Plan”), an

employee welfare benefit plan governed by the Employee Retirement Income Security

Act of 1974 (“ERISA”), 29 U.S.C. §§ 1001, et seq. MetLife serves as the claims

administrator of the Plan, in which role MetLife has discretionary authority for

interpretation and determination of eligibility requirements.

To obtain coverage under the Plan, participants must meet requirements to

establish initial eligibility and must meet separate requirements to maintain eligibility.

*
This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7
does not constitute binding precedent.
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The Plan provides that, for initial eligibility, “[a]n Employee becomes eligible on the first

day of the Benefit Quarter next following the end of an Eligibility Quarter in which he

worked for a Contributing Employer for at least 350 Hours.” Plan Doc. 21 available at

Malishka v. MetLife, No. 13-516 (E.D. Pa. Apr. 18, 2014), ECF No. 47-5.1 Upon

establishing initial eligibility, participants must satisfy the continuing eligibility

requirements. The Plan provides that:

An Employee who has established initial eligibility will continue to be
eligible in each succeeding Benefit Quarter if the Hours including fractional
Hours worked for a Contributing Employer or Employers, if any, plus the
hours in his reserve bank (described below) total at least 275 Hours in each
Eligibility Quarter which precedes each Benefit Quarter . . . .

Plan Doc. 23. Hours that exceed the 350 hour requirement for initial eligibility are added

to the reserve bank and can be applied in later quarters in order to maintain eligibility. If a

participant under the Plan fails to satisfy the continuing eligibility requirement and does

not have sufficient hours in his reserve bank to supplement his quarterly hours, “he can

only become eligible upon meeting the Initial Eligibility requirements.” Plan Doc. 26.

In reviewing Malishka’s life insurance benefits claim, MetLife evaluated

Decedent’s work history to determine whether he was an eligible participant of the Plan

at the time of his death. To determine the number of hours the Decedent worked, MetLife

relied on “detail summaries” prepared by the Union in response to MetLife’s request for

documentation regarding Malishka’s claim. See Brief of Appellant 14.

1
References to the Plan Document, which were part of the record before the District
Court and are available on the District Court docket but were not included in the
Appendix on appeal, are cited as “Plan Doc.”
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 Relying on the detail summaries, MetLife determined that Decedent was not

covered under the Plan at the time of his death. In his first eligibility quarter, MetLife

determined that Decedent worked 395 hours. Thus, Decedent met the initial eligibility

requirement and was able to apply 45 hours to his reserve bank. In his second eligibility

quarter, MetLife determined that Decedent worked 282.50 hours, satisfying the

continuing eligibility requirement and successfully maintaining coverage. In his third

eligibility quarter, however, MetLife determined that Decedent worked only 159 hours.

Decedent was therefore rendered ineligible for coverage as, even with his 45 reserve

hours, he did not meet the continuing eligibility requirement. In his fourth quarter,

MetLife determined that Decedent worked 348.50 hours, 1.50 hours short of meeting the

initial eligibility requirements.

Having determined that Decedent failed to meet the requisite hour requirement

under the Plan, MetLife concluded that Decedent did not have life insurance coverage at

the time of his death. Thus, MetLife denied Malishka’s claim for life insurance benefits.

Malishka commenced the present action upon MetLife’s initial determination of

ineligibility. MetLife filed a Motion to Dismiss claiming Malishka failed to exhaust her

administrative remedies by failing to pursue an administrative appeal before MetLife.

Malishka then pursued an administrative appeal, during which the District Court action

was stayed and MetLife withdrew its Motion to Dismiss. MetLife upheld the denial of

benefits on appeal. Both parties then filed Motions for Summary Judgment in the District

Court action. Malishka also sought to amend her Complaint to allege to include claims

for penalties, attorneys’ fees, and bad faith damages. The District Court granted

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MetLife’s Motion for Summary Judgment, denied Malishka’s Motion for Summary

Judgment, and denied Malishka’s Motion for Leave to Amend.

Malishka contends that in granting MetLife’s Motion for Summary Judgment the

District Court erred by relying on hearsay evidence (namely, the detail summaries of

Decedent’s hours), which was not the best evidence to assess eligibility. Instead,

Malishka argues that the District Court should have considered evidence outside of the

Administrative Record to determine whether MetLife’s denial of benefits was arbitrary or

capricious. Malishka also contends that the District Court abused its discretion by

denying her Motion for Leave to Amend her Complaint.

II. Jurisdiction and Standard of Review

The District Court had jurisdiction over this case pursuant to ERISA, 29 U.S.C. §

1132(e). We have jurisdiction over this appeal under 28 U.S.C. § 1291. We exercise

plenary review over summary judgment decisions. Thus, we apply “the same standard

that the [district] court should have applied.” Howley v. Mellon Fin. Corp., 625 F.3d 788,

792 (3d Cir. 2010). Summary judgment is appropriate if, viewing the facts in the light

most favorable to the non-moving party, there is no genuine issue of material fact and the

moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. See id. (citing Fed. R. Civ. P. 56).

We review the District Court’s denial of Malishka’s Motion for Leave to Amend her

Complaint for abuse of discretion. See Krantz v. Prudential Invs. Fund Mgmt. LLC, 305

F.3d 140, 144 (3d Cir. 2002).

When, as here, a benefit plan governed by ERISA gives the claim administrator

discretionary authority to determine eligibility or to interpret the plan’s terms, a claim

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administrator’s denial of benefits is reviewed under an arbitrary and capricious standard.

Miller v. Am. Airlines, Inc., 632 F.3d 837, 844 (3d Cir. 2011). A claim administrator’s

decision is arbitrary and capricious “if it is without reason, unsupported by substantial

evidence or erroneous as a matter of law.” Id. at 845.

III. Analysis

A. Motion for Summary Judgment

Malishka first contends that the District Court erred in granting MetLife’s Motion

for Summary Judgment by relying on hearsay evidence rather than evidence outside of

the Administrative Record—namely, cancelled checks from Decedent’s employer and the

annual benefits statement provided to the members of the Union.

However, when reviewing the administrator’s decision, the Court generally

evaluates only the evidence that was before the administrator when it made the decision

being reviewed, Howley, 625 F.3d at 793, and the administrator is not bound by the

Federal Rules of Evidence, see Speciale v. Blue Cross & Blue Shield Ass’n, 538 F.3d 615,

622 n.4 (7th Cir. 2008); Karr v. Nat’l Asbestos Workers Pension Fund, 150 F.3d 812, 814

(7th Cir. 1998); Pierre v. Conn. Gen. Life Ins. Co./Life Ins. Co. of N. Am., 932 F.2d 1552,

1562-63 (5th Cir. 1991).

Here, MetLife reasonably determined from the Administrative Record that

Decedent lost eligibility for coverage under the Plan in the third Eligibility Quarter in

2011 and did not regain eligibility prior to his death. The detail summaries that MetLife

relied upon were provided by the Union, which advised that the hours attributed to

Decedent were accurate and had been confirmed by the employer. See Administrative

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Record 585-86, available at Malishka v. MetLife, No. 13-516 (E.D. Pa. Apr. 18, 2014),

ECF No. 47-10.2 The evidence Malishka urges the District Court to now consider was not

presented to the administrator at the time of the decision, even though Malishka’s had the

opportunity to present such evidence. See Plan Doc. 164 (“For all appeals, claimants may

submit written comments, documents, records, and other information relating to the claim

for benefits.”). MetLife reasonably relied on the Administrative Record to conclude that

the Decedent was not eligible for coverage at the time of his death.

As such, the District Court properly granted MetLife’s Motion for Summary

Judgment.

B. Denial of Leave to Amend

Malishka additionally contends that the District Court abused its discretion in

denying her Motion to Amend. Courts may deny leave to amend for “undue delay, bad

faith, dilatory motive, prejudice, and futility.” In re Burlington Coat Factory Secs. Litig.,

114 F.3d 1410, 1434 (3d Cir. 1997). The District Court correctly determined that the

additional claims Malishka sought were futile as only the Plan Administrator can be

liable for statutory penalties for failing to provide the Plan Documents, see Mondry v.

Am. Family Mut. Ins. Co., 557 F.3d 781, 794 (7th Cir. 2009), and ERISA preempts

claims for bad faith and punitive damages, see Barber v. Unum Life Ins. Co. of Am., 383

F.3d 134, 140-41 (3d Cir. 2004). We have nothing material to add to the thoughtful

2
The Administrative Record was part of the record before the District Court and is
available on the District Court’s docket but was not included in the Appendix on appeal.
7
analysis of the District Court. See Explanation and Order, Malishka v. MetLife, No. 13-

516 (E.D. Pa. May 7, 2014), ECF No. 49.

IV. Conclusion

For the foregoing reasons, the order of the District Court granting Defendant’s

Motion for Summary Judgment and the order denying Plaintiff’s Motion for Leave to

Amend her Complaint will be affirmed.

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