J-A32029-15
NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37
CHRISTINE ROMANI-RUBY, JESSICA IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
ROMANI, TRACY ROMANI PENNSYLVANIA
v.
DOMENIC ROMANI
Appellant No. 114 WDA 2015
Appeal from the Judgment Entered February 3, 2015
In the Court of Common Pleas of Indiana County
Civil Division at No(s): 10769 CD 2012
BEFORE: SHOGAN, J., OTT, J., and STABILE, J.
MEMORANDUM BY OTT, J.: FILED JANUARY 06, 2016
Domenic Romani (Appellant) appeals from the order entered on
December 17, 2014, in the Court of Common Pleas of Indiana County,
denying his post-trial motion for relief.1 In this appeal, Romani presents
three claims, all of which essentially argue the $2,475,000.00 jury award
against him was excessive and unsupported by the evidence. After a
thorough review of the submissions by the parties, relevant law, and the
certified record, we affirm.
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1
Technically, this appeal was premature, having been filed prior to entry of
judgment. However, judgment was subsequently entered on February 3,
2015, thereby allowing this panel to proceed. The appeal is properly taken
from the judgment.
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The underlying facts of this matter are well known to the parties and
need not be recounted here. We simply note that over a period of years,
Appellant engaged in inappropriate physical contact with the three plaintiffs,
all of whom are related. After Appellant pled guilty to a single crime related
to his actions, the plaintiffs filed suit, seeking damages based upon claims of
negligent infliction of emotional distress, intentional infliction of emotional
distress, battery, assault and false imprisonment. See Complaint,
8/14/2012 at ¶¶ 22, 54, 72; 23, 55, 73; 24, 56, and 74. Appellant failed to
answer the complaint and a default judgment was entered against him.
Subsequently, a jury trial for damages only was held on August 4-5, 2014.
The jury awarded Christine Romani-Ruby $475,000, Jessica Romani
$1,000,000, and Tracy Romani $1,000,0002 (collectively Appellees).
Appellant filed a post-trial motion claiming the awards were unsupported by
evidence and were excessive. In his brief in support of his motion, Appellant
also stated the plaintiffs had claimed emotional damages without
demonstrating physical impact or injury, and therefore, any award for such
damages must fail pursuant to Kazatsky v. King David Memorial Park,
Inc., 527 A.2d 988 (Pa. 1987).
In this appeal, Appellant raises three claims, although all three claims
appear to be included in the first. Specifically, his arguments are:
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2
The awards included compensatory and punitive damages.
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I. Where the jury returned a monetary damages verdict for
intentional infliction of emotional distress in an aggregate
amount of $2,475,000.00 in a case in which the plaintiffs’
testimony demonstrates that the injuries complained of were not
severe, that the injuries complained of were not permanent in
nature, that the injuries complained of were unaccompanied by
any physical impact or injury, that the injuries complained of
were not manifested by objective physical evidence but were
instead revealed only by the plaintiffs’ subjective testimony, that
the injuries complained of do not prevent the plaintiffs from
continuing with their employment, that the size of the plaintiffs’
out of pocket expenses are minimal, that the amount of
compensation demanded in the original complaint was minimal
in relation to the eventual jury verdict, and that the plaintiffs
failed to present any expert testimony with regard to their
injuries, did the [t]rial [c]ourt err in denying Defendant’s Motion
for Post-Trial Relief which argued that the jury verdict was
excessive and unsupported by sufficient evidence and which
sought relief in the form of a new trial on the issue of damages
or, in the alternative, sought remittitur[?]
II. Does each Plaintiff[’s] failure to introduce any type of
expert medical testimony to prove their claims of emotional
distress cause their damages claims to fail as matter of law?
III. Did the trial court commit reversible error in denying
Appellant’s post-trial motion in the form of remittitur by failing to
reduce the jury’s verdict due to its excessive nature in general
and due [to] the fact that each plaintiff wholly failed to introduce
any expert medical testimony to support their respective claims
for damages arising out of Appellant’s conduct[?]
See Appellant’s Brief, at 7.
Our standard of review for the denial of a request for new trial based
upon an excessive verdict is as follows:
The grant or refusal of a new trial because of the excessiveness
of the verdict is within the discretion of the trial court. This court
will not find a verdict excessive unless it is so grossly excessive
as to shock our sense of justice. We begin with the premise that
large verdicts are not necessarily excessive verdicts. Each case is
unique and dependent on its own special circumstances and a
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court should apply only those factors which it finds to be
relevant in determining whether or not the verdict is excessive.
Graham v. Compo, 990 A.2d 9, 17 (Pa. Super. 2010).
Appellant bases certain aspects of his appeal on a claim that the
award, based upon a claim of intentional infliction of emotional distress, was
not supported by competent medical testimony. This argument is
unavailing.
First, we note that the complaint did not solely allege intentional
infliction of emotional distress; as noted above, the Appellees also claimed
negligent infliction of emotional distress.3 The jury verdict, however, did not
differentiate between damages awarded for negligent or intentional infliction
of emotional distress. Moreover, Appellant did not ask for a verdict form
that differentiated between those two claims, nor did he object to the form
that was submitted to the jury. To the extent that the jury verdict cannot be
differentiated between the claims of negligent and intentional infliction of
emotional distress and the fact Appellant failed to object, the claim must be
considered waived for failure to raise a timely objection. See Pa.R.A.P.
302(a) (issue must be raised first in the trial court).
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3
Our resolution of this matter is not strictly dependent upon any distinctions
between claims of intentional or negligent infliction of emotional distress.
We note that the Complaint characterized Romani’s actions as “intentional,
wanton, willful and reckless” and not negligent. See Complaint at ¶¶ 24,
56, 74.
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Substantively, Appellant’s argument that the failure to causally link his
actions to the emotional harm claimed is fatal to Appellees’ claims, is based
largely upon Kazatsky v. King David Memorial Park, Inc., 527 A.2d 988
(Pa. 1987). Kazatsky determined that a claim of intentional infliction of
emotional distress, based solely upon allegations of outrageous conduct,
required expert medical testimony to link the conduct to the harm claimed.
It is important to note that outrageous conduct is characterized as extreme
actions that may border upon malice, but which does not include any
physical impact or injury between the plaintiff and defendant. See
Kazatsky, 527 A.2d at 991-91, discussing Restatement (Second) of Torts
46 comment(d) and Knaub v. Gotwalt, 220 A.2d 464 (Pa. 1960).
Specifically, in Kazatsky, the plaintiffs, parents of prematurely born twins
who died shortly after birth, filed suit against the cemetery, which failed
both to install the grave marker or to maintain the gravesite. The facts of
Kazatsky bear no resemblance to the instant claim for damages based upon
decades of inappropriate touching of the plaintiffs.
Additionally, Appellant misstates the record when he claims there was
no evidence of physical impact or injury. See Appellate Brief at 20. The
evidence from all three plaintiffs described a prolonged course of conduct of
inappropriate physical contact between Romani and the victims. Kazatsky
specifically distinguished claims based solely on outrageous conduct from
those arising from physical contact.
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The tort of intentional infliction of emotional distress by
outrageous conduct differs from traditional intentional torts in an
important respect: it provides no clear definition of the
prohibited conduct.
Battery, assault, and false imprisonment describe specific
forms of behavior; while we can quibble about whether a
kick in the playground should be attended with the same
legal consequences as a kick in the classroom, everyone
can agree that you cannot have a battery without physical
contact (or an assault without at least the appearance of
attempted physical contact, or a false imprisonment
without restraint of the freedom of movement). The
relative ease with which injury may be established is
counter balanced by the specificity of the prohibited
behavior.
The term “outrageous” is neither value-free nor exacting.
It does not objectively describe an act or series of acts;
rather, it represents an evaluation of behavior. The
concept thus fails to provide clear guidance either to those
whose conduct it purports to regulate, or to those who
must evaluate that conduct.
Kazatsky, supra, 527 A.2d at 994, quoting Givelber, The Right to Minimum
Social Decency and the Limits of Evenhandedness: Intentional Infliction of
Emotional Distress by Outrageous Conduct, 82 Col.L.Rev. 42, 52-53 (1982).
As we noted above, the complaint in this matter alleged assault,
battery and false imprisonment. The Appellees characterized Appellant’s
actions throughout the years as assaults, batteries and false imprisonment.
See Complaint, supra. Appellant did not answer the complaint and did not
deny those allegations. Pursuant to Kazatsky, such allegations provide the
foundation of physical impact required to distinguish the instant claim from
the outrageous conduct requirements described in Kazatsky.
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Finally, Appellant’s argument that the failure to provide expert medical
testimony dooms the Appellees’ claims for damages, may also have been
waived. Romani did not object during trial to any of the Appellees’
testimony regarding the harm they suffered. Although Appellant cited
Kazatsky in his brief in support of his post-trial motion, he only made
reference to the requirement of physical contact, and made no argument
regarding expert testimony. Accordingly, any argument that Appellees’
claims fail due to a lack of medical testimony has been waived for failure to
raise the issue before the trial court.
Even if we read Appellant’s Kazatsky based argument most broadly to
include the lack of expert medical testimony, we have already noted that
requirement was based upon a factual situation of outrageous conduct only,
and not a claim based upon years of sexual improprieties. Appellant’s
attempt to characterize his actions and Appellees’ allegations as lacking
physical impact is demonstrably false. Accordingly, this aspect of Appellant’s
argument also fails.
Finally, Appellant argues the trial court erred in denying his motion for
remittitur. We reject Appellant’s assertion he is entitled to this relief based
upon the lack of expert medical testimony for the same reasons discussed
above.
Appellant has also argued the awards are generally excessive in that it
“shocks the sense of justice as to suggest that the jury was influenced by
partiality, prejudice, mistake or corruption,” and the amount bears no
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relationship to the “nature of their alleged injuries.” See Concise Statement
of Matters Complained of on Appeal, 2/3/2015, at ¶¶ 7, 8. We disagree, and
rely upon the analysis provided by the trial court in its Pa.R.A.P. 1925(a)
opinion. Therein, the trial court noted how Appellant manipulated the
Appellees, abusing his position of familial trust;4 how the abuse of two of the
victims began when they were 14 and 10 years old;5 how the abuse of one
of the victims took place over a period of almost twenty-five years.6 The
trial court noted how each victim related Appellant’s actions and how that
abuse adversely impacted her everyday life, from the extensive period of
abuse into the foreseeable future.7 Based upon the detailed testimony
provided by the Plaintiffs, the trial court determined the awards were
supported by the evidence and were not excessive.8 Our review of the
certified record supports the trial court’s determination and we discern no
abuse of discretion therein. See Graham v. Compo, supra.
In light of the foregoing, Romani is not entitled to relief.
Judgment affirmed.
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4
Trial Court Opinion, 12/17/2014, at 13-14.
5
Id.
6
Id. at 12.
7
Id. at 14.
8
Id. at 14.
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Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 1/6/2016
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