FILED
FEBRUARY 11,2016
In the Office of the Clerk of Court
W A State Court of Appeals, Division III
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
DIVISION THREE
STATE OF WASHINGTON, )
) No. 32840-6-III
Respondent, )
)
v. )
)
EMILY KRISTEN DALHAUG, ) UNPUBLISHED OPINION
)
Appellant. )
FEARING, J. Emily Dalbaug appeals her conviction for assault and the trial
court's impositions oflegal financial obligations in this case of sisterly love. She claims
that the trial court erred in failing to instruct the jury on self-defense. She argues that the
trial court erred in imposing legal financial obligations without addressing her ability to
pay the obligations and that a DNA (deoxyribonucleic) collection fee is unconstitutional.
We affirm the trial court's rulings.
No. 32840-6-111
State v. Dalhaug
FACTS
Emily Dalhaug rode as a passenger in a car driven by her sister, Tomi Maine,
through Warden. Dalhaug complained to Maine about Maine's texting while driving.
Maine stopped the car and struck Dalhaug's left shoulder with the backside of her right
hand. Maine drove again, and Dalhaug punched Maine with a closed fist on her cheek.
The punch shoved Maine to the side, and Maine's car swerved toward the street's center
line. Ross Rumbolz, who drove in the opposite direction as the sisters, saw Dalhaug
thump Maine.
Tomi Maine stopped her vehicle on the side of the road. Both sisters exited the
car and argued with one another. Ross Rumbolz also stopped his vehicle and called his
stepfather Mike Martin, a sergeant with the Warden Police Department, to report the
altercation. Martin arrived at the side of the road within one minute.
Sergeant Mike Martin found the sisters yelling at one another. Another officer
arrived and sat with Emily Dalhaug, while Martin spoke with Tomi Maine. Both sisters
consistently relayed that Maine backhanded Dalhaug in the shoulder and Dalhaug
responded by punching Maine in the side of the head. Maine had minor injuries on her
ear and lower jaw. Martin placed Dalhaug under arrest. Upon searching Dalhaug's
backpack, Sergeant Martin discovered a small amount of marijuana, a scale with crystal
residue, a marijuana pipe, and a second pipe with a small chunk of a crystal substance
consistent with methamphetamine. Later, Dalhaug signed a statement, typed by Sergeant
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No. 32840-6-II1
State v. Dalhaug
Martin, describing the row.
PROCEDURE
The State of Washington charged Emily Dalhaug with possession of
methamphetamine, assault in the fourth degree/domestic violence, and use of drug
paraphernalia. At trial, the trial court admitted Dalhaug's written, signed statement given
to Sergeant Mike Martin after her arrest. Dalhaug did not testify.
Dalhaug requested a jury instruction on self-defense. The instruction read:
A person is entitled to act on appearances in defending himself, if he
believes in good faith and on reasonable grounds that he is in actual danger
of injury, although it afterwards might develop that the person was
mistaken as to the extent of the danger. Actual danger is not necessary for
the use of force to be lawful.
Clerk's Papers (CP) at 42. The trial court declined to give the instruction. The State
dismissed, before its closing argument, the charge of use of drug paraphernalia.
The jury found Emily Dalhaug guilty of possession of methamphetamine and
assault in the fourth degree, domestic violence. The trial court sentenced Dalhaug to one
month confinement for possession of methamphetamine, converted to 224 hours of
community service and twelve months of community custody. The court meted a
concurrent sentence of 364 days confinement, suspended, for fourth degree domestic
violence assault. The trial court imposed $989.60 in legal financial obligations, which
included $189.60 in discretionary fees and $800.00 in mandatory fees. The mandatory
fees contained a $100.00 DNA collection fee. The trial court did not inquire regarding
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No. 32840-6-II1
State v. Dalhaug
Dalhaug's present or future ability to pay the legal financial obligations, but the judgment
and sentence encompassed a boilerplate finding of the ability to pay. Dalhaug did not
object to the imposition of discretionary financial obligations or the mandatory DNA
collection fee. The trial court found'Dalhaug indigent for purposes of this appeal.
LAW AND ANALYSIS
Emily Dalhaug raises three assignments of error on appeal: (1) the trial court erred
in declining to give her jury instruction on self-defense, (2) the trial court erred when it
ordered legal financial obligations without considering Dalhaug's current and future
ability to pay, and (3) the mandatory $100 DNA collection fee ordered under RCW
43.43.7541 is unconstitutional as applied to defendants who do not have the ability or
likely future ability to pay the fine. We affirm Dalhaug's conviction and decline to
address her challenges to the legal financial obligations. Thus, we also affirm Dalhaug's
sentence.
Self-Defense Jury Instruction
Emily Dalhaug first contends that the trial court erred in declining to give a jury
instruction on self-defense to the charge of assault. She maintains that she presented
enough evidence at trial to support rendering the instruction. The State contends that the
trial court did not err in declining to present the instruction because no evidence indicated
that Dalhaug subjectively or objectively believed she was in danger of injury when she
punched her sister. We agree with the State.
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No. 32840-6-III
State v. Dalhaug
To be entitled to a jury instruction on self-defense, the defendant must produce
some evidence demonstrating self-defense. State v. Walden, 131 Wn.2d 469, 473,932
P.2d 1237 (1997). Evidence of reasonable apprehension of great bodily harm, or
imminent danger, will suffice. State v. Riley, 137 Wn.2d 904, 909, 976 P.2d 624 (1999).
Evidence of self-defense is assessed from the perspective of a reasonably prudent person
standing in the shoes of the defendant, knowing all the defendant knows and seeing all
the defendant sees. State v. Riley, 137 Wn.2d at 909. Failure to give the instruction,
when self-defense is supported by sufficient evidence, is reversible error if it prejudices
the defendant. State v. Werner, 170 Wn.2d 333,337,241 P.3d 410 (2010).
Emily Dalhaug did not testifY at trial. During trial, Dalhaug submitted no
testimony that she either reasonably apprehended great bodily harm from Tomi Maine or
that she feared imminent danger when she struck her sister. In her written statement
submitted as an exhibit, Dalhaug mentioned her sister's initial aggression by a
backhanded slap on the shoulder. She admitted that she grew angry and responded by
punching her sister in the side of the head. A reasonably prudent person standing in
Dalhaug's shoes would not have feared imminent harm or danger from Maine's slap to
the shoulder, while driving the car in which she and Dalhaug rode. Dalhaug punched her
sister in anger, not in fear.
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No. 32840-6-II1
State v. Dalhaug
Legal Financial Obligations
Emily Dalhaug next contends that the trial court erred in ordering her to pay legal
financial obligations, without inquiring whether she had the current or future ability to
pay them. She argues that although she did not object below, the Supreme Court's recent
decision, State v. Blazina, 182 Wn.2d 827, 344 P.3d 680 (2015), and public policy
counsel in favor of this court's exercise of its discretion to review issues under RAP 2.5.
The State urges the court to decline consideration of this issue, arguing that although
there is no evidence in the record that Dalhaug has a present or future ability to pay, there
is likewise no evidence in the record that she does not have the ability to pay. The State
complains that remanding for resentencing will incur additional public expense, and
implies that $189.60 is not a large enough amount of money to warrant such expense.
Whenever a person is convicted in superior court, the court may order the payment
oflegal financial obligations as part of the sentence. RCW 9.94A.760(1). The financial
obligations may include certain costs~ including expenses incurred by the State in
prosecuting the defendant. RCW 10.01.160(1), (2). The trial court imposed a $500
victim assessment fee, a $200 criminal filing fee, and a $100 DNA collection fee. RCW
7.68.035, RCW 36.18.020(2)(h), and RCW 43.43.7541 respectively mandate the fees
regardless of the defendant's ability to pay. Trial courts must impose such fees
regardless of a defendant's indigency. State v. Lundy, 176 Wn. App. 96, 102, 308 P.3d
755 (2013).
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No. 32840-6-111
State v. Dalhaug
The remaining $189 in court costs was discretionarily imposed by the court on
Emily Dalhaug. By statute, the court is not authorized to order a defendant to pay these
costs unless he or she is or will be able to pay them. RCW 10.01.160(3). In determining
the amount and method of payment of costs, the court shall take account of the financial
resources of the defendant and the nature of the burden that payment of costs will impose.
RCW 10.01.160(3); State v. Kuster, 175 Wn. App. 420, 424,306 P.3d 1022 (2013).
State v. Blazina, 182 Wn.2d 827 (2015) addresses the situation when a defendant
fails to object to imposition of legal financial obligations by the trial court even when the
court fails to engage in an individualized inquiry into the ability of the defendant to pay.
Blazina requires that a trial court enter an individualized finding, on the record, of a
defendant's current or future ability to pay obligations before assessing discretionary
costs. When the defendant did not raise error below, State v. Blazina affords this court
discretion when determining whether to review a challenge to legal financial obligations
not raised before the trial court. This panel generally does not accept review of
discretionary fees imposed below $750. We follow this practice and deny review of
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Emily Dalhaug's challenge to her legal financial obligations.
DNA Collection Fee
Emily Dalhaug next argues, for the first time on appeal, that the imposition of a
mandatory DNA collection fee without inquiry into ability to pay violates substantive due
process and equal protection principles. RCW 43.43.754 demands a biological sample,
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No. 32840-6-III
State v. Dalhaug
for purposes of DNA identification analysis, from an adult convicted of a felony. In tum,
RCW 43.43.7541 imposes a $100 mandatory fee upon the adult convicted ofa felony to
defray the cost of the collection of the sample. The latter statute reads, in relevant part:
Every sentence imposed for a crime specified in RCW 43.43.754
must include a fee of one hundred dollars. The fee is a court-ordered legal
financial obligation as defined in RCW 9.94A.030 and other applicable
law. For a sentence imposed under chapter 9.94A RCW, the fee is payable
by the offender after payment of all other legal financial obligations
included in the sentence has been completed. For all other sentences, the
fee is payable by the offender in the same manner as other assessments
imposed....
Emily Dalhaug did not challenge the constitutionality of the DNA collection fee
before the trial court. We, therefore, decline to address the argument under the
circumstances of this appeal. f
A party may not generally raise a new argument on appeal that the party did not
present to the trial court. In re Det. ofAmbers, 160 Wn.2d 543,557 n.6, 158 P.3d 1144
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(2007). A party must inform the court of the rules of law it wishes the court to apply and
afford the trial court an opportunity to correct any error. Smith v. Shannon, 100 Wn.2d
26,37,666 P.2d 351 (1983).
RAP 2.5 formalizes a fundamental principle of appellate review. The first
sentence of the rule reads:
(a) Errors Raised for First Time on Review. The appellate court
may refuse to review any claim of error which was not raised in the trial
court. ,
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No. 32840-6-111
State v. Dalhaug
No procedural principle is more familiar than that a constitutional right, or a right of any
other sort, may be forfeited in criminal cases by the failure to make timely assertion of
the right before a tribunal having jurisdiction to determine it. United States v. Olano, 507
U.S. 725, 731, 113 S. Ct. 1770, 123 L. Ed. 2d 508 (1993); Yakus v. United States, 321
U.S. 414, 444, 64 S. Ct. 660,88 L. Ed. 834 (1944).
Good sense lies behind the requirement that arguments be first asserted at trial.
The prerequisite affords the trial court an opportunity to rule correctly on a matter before
it can be presented on appeal. State v. Strine, 176 Wn.2d 742, 749, 293 P.3d 1177
(2013). There is great potential for abuse when a party does not raise an issue below
because a party so situated could simply lie back, not allowing the trial court to avoid the
potential prejudice, gamble on the verdict, and then seek a new trial on appeal. State v.
Weber, 159 Wn.2d 252, 271-72,149 PJd 646 (2006); State v. Emery, 174 Wn.2d 741,
762,278 PJd 653 (2012). The theory of preservation by timely objection also addresses
several other concerns. The rule serves the goal ofjudicial economy by enabling trial
courts to correct mistakes and thereby obviate the needless expense of appellate review
and further trials, facilitates appellate review by ensuring that a complete record of the
issues will be available, and prevents adversarial unfairness by ensuring that the
prevailing party is not deprived of victory by claimed errors that he had no opportunity to
address. State v. Strine, 176 Wn.2d at 749-50; State v. Scott, 110 Wn.2d 682, 685-88,
757 P.2d 492 (1988).
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No. 32840-6-III
State v. Dalhaug
Countervailing policies support allowing an argument to be raised for the first time
on appeal. For this reason, RAP 2.5(a) contains a number of exceptions. RAP2.5(a)(3)
allows an appellant to raise for the first time "manifest error affecting a constitutional
right," an exception on which a criminal appellant commonly relies. Constitutional errors
are treated specially under RAP 2.5(a) because they often result in serious injustice to the
accused and may adversely affect public perceptions of the fairness and integrity of
judicial proceedings. State v. Scott, 110 Wn.2d at 686-87. Prohibiting all constitutional
errors from being raised for the first time on appeal would result in unjust imprisonment.
2A KARL B. TEGLAND, WASHINGTON PRACTICE: RULES PRACTICE RAP 2.5 author's cmt.
6, at 218 (8th ed. 2014). On the other hand, "permitting every possible constitutional
error to be raised for the first time on appeal undermines the trial process, generates
unnecessary appeals, creates undesirable retrials and is wasteful of the limited resources
of prosecutors, public defenders and courts." State v. Lynn, 67 Wn. App. 339, 344, 835
P.2d 251 (1992) (emphasis in original).
Washington courts and even decisions internally have announced differing
formulations for "manifest error." First, a manifest error is one "truly of constitutional
magnitude." State v. Scott, 110 Wn.2d at 688. Second, perhaps perverting the term
"manifest," some decisions emphasize prejudice, not obviousness. The defendant must
identify a constitutional error and show how, in the context of the trial, the alleged error
actually affected the defendant's rights. It is this showing of actual prejudice that makes
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No. 32840-6-III
State v. Dalhaug
the error "manifest," allowing appellate review. State v. O'Hara, 167 Wn.2d 91, 99, 217
P.3d 756 (2010); Scott, 110 Wn.2d at 688; Lynn, 67 Wn. App. at 346. A third and
important formulation for purposes of this appeal is the facts necessary to adjudicate the
claimed error must be in the record on appeal. State v. McFarland, 127 Wn.2d 322, 333,
899 P .2d 1251 (1995); State v. Riley, 121 Wn.2d 22, 31, 846 P .2d 1365 (1993).
In State v. Riley, Joseph Riley argued that the admission of incriminating
statements violated his Fourth Amendment rights because the statements were the fruit of
an illegal search of his home. The state high court refused to entertain the argument
because the record lacked clarity as to whether Riley uttered the statements before being
told the investigating officer possessed a search warrant.
We consider whether the record on appeal is sufficient to review Emily Dalhaug's
constitutional arguments. Dalhaug's contentions assume her poverty. Nevertheless, the
record contains no information, other than Dalhaug's statutory indigence for purposes of
hiring an attorney, that she lacks funds to pay a $100 fee. The cost of a criminal charge's
defense exponentially exceeds $100. Therefore, one may be able to afford payment of
$100, but not afford defense counsel. Dalhaug has presented no evidence of her assets,
income, or debts. Thus, the record lacks the details important in resolving Dalhaug's due
process argument.
Emily Dalhaug underscores that other mandatory fees must be paid first and
interest will accrue on the $100 DNA collection fee. This emphasis helps Dalhaug little,
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No. 32840-6-111
State v. Dalhaug
since we still lack evidence of her financial condition.
CONCLUSION
We affirm Emily Dalhaug's conviction and sentence.
A majority of the panel has determined this opinion will not be printed in the
Washington Appellate Reports, but it will be filed for public record pursuant to RCW
2.06.040.
Fearing, J. ,
WE CONCUR:
Korsmo, J. t1
j
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