[Cite as Bench Billboard Co. v. Cincinnati, 2016-Ohio-1040.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS
FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT OF OHIO
HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO
BENCH BILLBOARD CO., : APPEAL NO. C-150329
TRIAL NO. A-1400557
Plaintiff-Appellant, :
vs. : O P I N I O N.
:
CITY OF CINCINNATI,
Defendant-Appellee. :
Civil Appeal From: Hamilton County Court of Common Pleas
Judgment Appeal From Is: Affirmed
Date of Judgment Entry on Appeal: March 16, 2016
Dinsmore & Shohl, LLP, and Eric Holzapfel, for Plaintiff-Appellant,
Paula Boggs Muething, City Solicitor, and Shuva J. Paul, Assistant City Solicitor, for
Defendant-Appellee.
Please note: this case has been removed from the accelerated calendar.
OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
Per Curiam.
{¶1} Plaintiff-appellant Bench Billboard Company (“BBC”) appeals the trial
court’s entry overruling its objections and adopting the magistrate’s decision
affirming the decision of the administrative hearing officer to uphold 55 notices of
civil offenses (“notices”) that the city of Cincinnati (“City”) had issued to BBC for
advertising benches located in the public right-of-way in the Westwood area of
Cincinnati. The trial court also found the City’s actions did not violate BBC’s right to
free speech under the First Amendment or its rights to equal protection under the
Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. We affirm.
Factual and Procedural Posture
{¶2} BBC provides advertising on the backrests of park benches throughout
the City. In October 2013, the City, after receiving multiple citizen complaints, began
investigating whether BBC’s benches complied with the Cincinnati Municipal Code.
Inspectors for the City’s Department of Transportation and Engineering determined
that 55 park benches BBC owned in the Westwood area of the City that were located
in the right-of-way failed to comply with Cincinnati Municipal Code 723-7, which
concerns the use regulations for streets and sidewalks.
{¶3} Cincinnati Municipal Code 723 was amended in December 2009 by
Ordinance No. 363-2009 to set forth a new regulatory scheme for park benches,
planters, sandwich board signs, mailboxes, newsracks, retail sidewalk displays, bus
stop shelters, outdoor dining areas, kiosks, sidewalk vending, awnings, marquees,
and projecting signs, with the stated purpose being, among other things:
7. To maintain and protect the value of the surrounding properties;
2
OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
12. To maintain the aesthetic qualities of city neighborhoods and
business districts by requiring structures placed within the rights-of-
way to adhere to certain aesthetic and structural requirements;
13. To maintain the public rights-of-way in a manner that limits
advertising on structures in order to reduce visual distraction and
clutter so as to protect pedestrian and traffic safety as well as improve
the aesthetic qualities of city business districts and neighborhoods;
14. To regulate the placement of structures within rights-of-way in
order to protect public safety and ensure adequate clearance for
pedestrian traffic.
The ordinance took effect on January 16, 2010, although certain provisions regarding
bus-shelter advertising did not take effect until January 1, 2013. See Cincinnati
Municipal Code 723-13.
{¶4} Cincinnati Municipal Code 723-7 codifies a number of requirements
relating to benches set forth in Ordinance No. 363-2009. Among other things, it
requires the owners of benches in the right-of-way to apply for revocable street
privileges from the City, to secure the benches to the ground, to comply with the
City’s design standards (or be approved by the Urban Design Review Board), to
refrain from placing advertising on the benches, and to maintain liability insurance
in an amount not less than $1,000,000 with the City named as an additional insured.
See Cincinnati Municipal Code 723-7 (c)(2),(3),(4), (d), and (f).
{¶5} On October 21, 2013, the City issued 55 notices to BBC, one for each
bench located in the right-of-way. The notices informed BBC that it was being fined
3
OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
$200 per bench for violating Cincinnati Municipal Code 723-7. BBC requested a
hearing before the City’s hearing examiner.
{¶6} At the hearing, the City presented testimony from Keith Pettit, who
supervises the Department of Transportation and Engineering’s Sidewalk Safety
Program, and the three inspectors in the department who had cited BBC for the
benches. They testified to the violations of Cincinnati Municipal Code 723-7. BBC
did not dispute the violations. Instead, it argued that the benches qualified as a
lawful nonconforming use based on the City’s previous issuance of permits
permitting BBC to place the benches in the right-of-way.
{¶7} When questioned about the permits, Pettit testified that he had looked
into the permits produced by BBC and, according to the City’s records, any permits
that had been issued to BBC prior to the passage of Ordinance No. 363-2009 were no
longer valid. He further testified that BBC had been notified by letter that any
revocable street privileges that existed prior to March 14, 2008, would also not be
valid, and that none of the permits BBC had produced had met the requirements for
issuing a revocable street privilege. Pettit further testified that revocable street
privileges had been in existence for ten years. According to Pettit, the City had
issued BBC permits for the construction of the benches in the right-of-way, and BBC
had to apply for revocable street privileges to permit the benches to remain in the
right-of-way.
{¶8} The hearing examiner upheld all 55 notices, finding that BBC’s permits
did not relieve it of its obligation to comply with Cincinnati Municipal Code 723-7,
including its obligation to apply for revocable street privileges. The hearing examiner
noted in his decision that the City had expressly informed BBC by letter that all
4
OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
existing revocable street privileges for advertising benches had expired and that BBC
would need to apply for new revocable street privileges. Despite such notice,
however, BBC had not applied for these privileges.
{¶9} BBC appealed to the common pleas court pursuant to R.C. 2506.01. It
argued that its benches were a nonconforming use. BBC also argued that the City’s
prohibition of advertising on the benches violated its First Amendment rights to
commercial speech and that its differing treatment of BBC’s benches from news
racks and bus shelters located in the right-of-way violated its right to equal
protection under the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution.
{¶10} BBC’s appeal proceeded before a magistrate. The magistrate, applying
the standard of review for administrative appeals set forth in R.C. 2506.04,
determined that the hearing examiner’s decision upholding the notices was “not
unconstitutional, illegal, arbitrary, capricious, unreasonable, or unsupported by the
preponderance of substantial, reliable, and probative evidence.” BBC objected to the
magistrate’s decision, arguing only that its City-issued permits relieved it of any
obligation to apply for revocable street privileges and that its benches were
nonconforming uses. BBC did not challenge the magistrate’s treatment of its
constitutional claims.
{¶11} The common pleas court overruled BBC’s objections, adopted the
magistrate’s decision, and entered judgment for the City. In so doing, the trial court
expressly noted that BBC had not secured its benches to the ground, had not
provided any proof of insurance for its benches, and had not complied with any
design-related requirements.
5
OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
BBC’s Permits
{¶12} In its first assignment of error, BBC argues the trial court erred in
holding that the permits the City had issued to BBC were revocable. In its second
assignment of error, BBC argues that the trial court’s finding that the permits were
revocable is against the manifest weight of the evidence. Because these assignments
of error are interrelated, we address them together.
{¶13} R.C. 2506.04, which prescribes the standard of review for
administrative appeals, provides that:
[i]f an appeal is taken in relation to a final order, adjudication, or
decision covered by division (A) of section 2506.01 of the Revised
Code, the court may find that the order, adjudication, or decision is
unconstitutional, illegal, arbitrary, capricious, unreasonable, or
unsupported by the preponderance of substantial, reliable, and
probative evidence on the whole record. Consistent with its findings,
the court may affirm, reverse, vacate, or modify the order,
adjudication, or decision, or remand the cause to the officer or body
appealed from with instructions to enter an order, adjudication, or
decision consistent with the findings or opinion of the court. The
judgment of the court may be appealed by any party on questions of
law as provided in the Rules of Appellate Procedure and, to the extent
not in conflict with those rules, Chapter 2505 of the Revised Code.
{¶14} As an appellate court reviewing an administrative appeal brought
pursuant to R.C. 2506.04, we are confined to reviewing questions of law, which does
not include the same power to weigh “the preponderance of substantial, reliable, and
6
OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
probative evidence,” as is granted to the common pleas court. Kisil v. Sandusky, 12
Ohio St.3d 30, 34, 465 N.E.2d 848 (1984). The Ohio Supreme Court has held that
while
it is incumbent on the trial court to examine the evidence [in an
administrative appeal] such is not the charge of the appellate court. * * * The
fact that the court of appeals might have arrived at a different conclusion than
the administrative agency is immaterial. Appellate courts must not substitute
their judgment for those of an administrative agency or a trial court absent
the approved criteria for doing so.
Lorain City School Dist. Bd. of Edn. v. State Emp. Relations Bd., 40 Ohio St.3d 257,
261, 533 N.E.2d 264 (1988).
{¶15} Citing a portion of Pettit’s testimony before the hearing examiner, BBC
argues that the trial court erred in finding the permits were revocable, because this
finding was “against the manifest weight of the evidence.” BBC, in essence, asks this
court to reweigh the evidence before the trial court, which is not within our province.
For that reason, BBC’s second assignment of error is not well-taken.
{¶16} BBC’s first assignment of error is also not well taken as it proceeds
from an incorrect premise. Neither the magistrate, nor the trial court held that BBC’s
permits were revocable. Rather, the magistrate simply stated, that “Nearly all BBC’s
permits state they are ‘revocable’ at any time and most expired after 24 hours,
implying the permits allowed for the construction of the benches and nothing more.”
The trial court, similarly commented on the permits in its letter decision, without
reaching the question of whether the permits were revocable. Because the trial court
did not need to reach this issue to uphold the citations in this case, we decline to
7
OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
address the issue on appeal. We, therefore, overrule BBC’s first and second
assignments of error.
BBC’s Forfeiture of its Constitutional Claims
{¶17} In its third and fourth assignments of error, BBC argues the trial court
erred as a matter of law by ruling that the City’s actions relating to BBC’s benches did
not violate BBC’s First Amendment free-speech rights or its Fourteenth Amendment
right to equal protection. BBC argues that the City’s prohibition of advertising on the
benches violated its First Amendment rights to commercial speech and that its
differing treatment of BBC’s benches from news racks and bus shelters located in the
right-of-way violated its right to Equal Protection under the Fourteenth Amendment
to the United States Constitution.
{¶18} But as the City points out, BBC did not object to the magistrate’s
decision with respect to either constitutional issue. Civ.R. 53(D)(3)(b)(iv) provides
that in a matter referred to a magistrate
except for a claim of plain error, a party shall not assign as error on
appeal the court’s adoption of any findings of fact or legal conclusion,
whether or not specifically designated as a finding of fact or conclusion
of law under Civ.R. 53(D)(3)(a)(ii) unless the party has objected to that
finding or conclusion as required by Civ.R. 53(D)(3)(b).
{¶19} BBC’s failure to object to the magistrate’s legal conclusions regarding
its constitutional claims has forfeited all but plain error. Based upon our review of
the record and the case law, we cannot conclude that the magistrate’s resolution of
BBC’s First Amendment and equal-protection claims rise to the level of plain error.
See Goldfuss v. Davidson, 79 Ohio St.3d 116, 679 N.E.2d 1099 (1976) (holding that
8
OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
plain error is limited to “those extremely rare cases where exceptional circumstances
require its application to prevent a manifest miscarriage of justice and where the
error, if uncorrected would have a material adverse effect upon on the character of,
and public confidence in judicial proceedings”).
{¶20} The magistrate, in rejecting BBC’s equal-protection claim, followed the
reasoning in Bench Billboard Co. v. Cincinnati, 675 F.3d 974, 986 (6th Cir.2012),
where the Sixth Circuit rejected a similar equal-protection claim by BBC against the
City on the basis that BBC was not similarly situated to other entities whose
structures bore advertising that were located in the right-of-way. We cannot
conclude the magistrate committed plain error in rejecting BBC’s equal-protection
claim.
{¶21} Similarly, the magistrate found BBC had not demonstrated that it was
harmed by the ban on advertising given its other violations of Cincinnati Municipal
Code 723-7. The trial court, in ruling on the objections, stated the City’s enforcement
of the ordinance did not create a First Amendment violation. In Bench Billboard Co.
v. Covington, 465 Fed.Appx. 395, 406 (6th Cir.2012), the Sixth Circuit rejected a
First Amendment claim brought by BBC against the city of Covington, which was
similar to the First Amendment claim BBC asserts in this case. The Sixth Circuit
held that because Covington had a substantial interest in maintaining the right-of-
way, its ordinance banning sidewalk benches in the right-of-way was directly related
to the purpose of the ordinance, and because BBC and its customers remained free to
advertise their causes by other means, BBC’s First Amendment rights were not
violated. Id. at 406-407. Similarly, in Bench Signs Unlimited, Inc. v. Lake Twp. Bd.
of Zoning Appeals, 149 Ohio App.3d 462, 2002-Ohio-5436, 777 N.E.2d 912 (5th
9
OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
Dist.), the Fifth Appellate District rejected a First Amendment challenge by a bench-
advertising company to zoning citations for its placement of bench-advertising signs
in the right-of-way where the restrictions on the commercial-advertising-bench signs
advanced the township’s interest in traffic safety and aesthetics. See Genesis
Outdoor, Inc. v. Village of Cuyahoga Hts., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 79781, 2002-
Ohio-2141, ¶ 24-29 (holding that an outdoor-advertising company’s First
Amendment rights were not violated by a village ordinance limiting the number of
billboards and restricting their placement to one side of the freeway, because the
village had a substantial interest in reducing visual clutter and reducing traffic
accidents). Given our review of the record and the foregoing case law, we cannot say
the magistrate’s legal conclusions with respect to BBC’s First Amendment claim rose
to the level of plain error. We, therefore, overrule BBC’s third and fourth
assignments of error.
BBC’s Benches are Not Valid Nonconforming Uses
{¶22} In its fifth assignment of error, BBC argues the trial court ignored
applicable state and local law in determining that its benches did not qualify as
nonconforming uses.
{¶23} A nonconforming use is one “which was lawful prior to the enactment
of a zoning ordinance and which use may be continued after the effective date of the
ordinance even though it does not comply with the applicable use restrictions.”
C.D.S., Inc. v. Gates Mills, 26 Ohio St.3d 166, 168, 497 N.E.2d 295 (1986). The
magistrate found that BBC’s permits at most showed that its benches were permitted
to be constructed in the right of way, but “they are not evidence that the benches are
10
OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
lawfully in the right-of-way or that the City intended the benches to be exempt from
the new regulations.”
{¶24} BBC argues, nonetheless, that the facts in this case are similar to a
lawsuit BBC brought against the city of Columbus in the 1980s. See Bench Billboard
Co. v. Columbus, 63 Ohio App.3d 421, 579 N.E.2d 240 (10th Dist.1989). In that case,
the court found that Columbus city inspectors were wrong to remove BBC’s benches
from the right-of-way because the Columbus City Council had expressly
grandfathered existing advertising benches into the new ordinance prohibiting
“graphics” in the right-of-way. Id. at 427. Here, however, the magistrate found, and
we agree, that the Columbus case is distinguishable, because there is no evidence
that Cincinnati City Council, in passing Ordinance No. 363-2009, which prohibits
advertising in the right-of-way, included any grant of nonconforming-use status to
existing advertising benches in the right-of-way.
{¶25} Likewise, whether BBC enjoys nonconforming-use status under the
zoning code is not relevant to whether BBC violated Cincinnati Municipal Code 723-
7. Cincinnati Municipal Code 723-7 is not a zoning ordinance and BBC was not cited
for violating the zoning code. BBC does not own the land under the offending
benches in this case, as they are located in the public right-of-way. BBC was merely a
licensee, who paid a fee to place its benches in the right-of-way. Even if we were to
assume that BBC’s permits granted it a nonconforming use, the Ohio Supreme Court
has held that
both conforming and nonconforming uses are subject to the
ordinances and regulations of a police nature predicated upon
protection of the public health, safety, welfare, and general good. An
11
OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
owner of property does not acquire immunity against the exercise, by a
municipality, of its police power, because such owner began his
original operation or use of property in full compliance with existing
laws.
C.D.S., Inc., 26 Ohio St.3d at 169, 497 N.E.2d 295.
Here, one of the City’s stated purposes in amending Cincinnati Municipal Code 723
was “to regulate the placement of structures within rights-of-way in order to protect
public safety and ensure adequate clearance for pedestrian traffic.”
{¶26} Consequently, we cannot conclude the trial court erred in ruling that
BBC’s permits did not relieve it of its obligation to comply with the regulations in
Cincinnati Municipal Code 723-7 governing benches in the right-of-way. We,
therefore, overrule BBC’s fifth assignment of error and affirm the judgment of the
trial court.
Judgment affirmed.
FISCHER, P.J., HENDON and CUNNINGHAM, JJ.
Please note:
The court has recorded its own entry on the date of the release of this opinion.
12