15‐2480
In re LightSquared Inc.
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT
SUMMARY ORDER
RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A SUMMARY ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER
JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT’S
LOCAL RULE 32.1.1. WHEN CITING A SUMMARY ORDER IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY MUST CITE EITHER
THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE NOTATION “SUMMARY ORDER”). A PARTY CITING A
SUMMARY ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY OF IT ON ANY PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL.
At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second
Circuit, held at the Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley
Square, in the City of New York, on the 22nd day of March , two thousand
sixteen.
PRESENT: RALPH K. WINTER
RICHARD C. WESLEY,
CHRISTOPHER F. DRONEY
Circuit Judges.
____________________________________________
SANJIV AHUJA,
Appellant,
‐v.‐ 15‐2480
LIGHTSQUARED INC., FORTRESS CREDIT
OPPORTUNITIES ADVISORS, LLC,1
A question arose post‐argument as to whether Fortress Credit Opportunities Advisors,
1
LLC (“Fortress”) is a party to this appeal. Despite being served with all relevant
1
LIGHTSQUARED INVESTORS HOLDINGS INC.,
ONE DOT FOUR CORP., ONE DOT SIX CORP.,
SKYTERRA ROLLUP LLC, SKYTERRA ROLLUP
SUB LLC, SKYTERRA INVESTORS LLC, TMI
COMMUNICATIONS DELAWARE, LIMITED
PARTNERSHIP, LIGHTSQUARED GP INC.,
LIGHTSQUARED LP, ATC TECHNOLOGIES, LLC,
LIGHTSQUARED CORP., LIGHTSQUARED
FINANCE CO., LIGHTSQUARED FINANCE CO.,
LIGHTSQUARED NETWORK LLC,
LIGHTSQUARED INC. OF VIRGINIA,
LIGHTSQUARED SUBSIDIARY LLC,
LIGHTSQUARED BERMUDA LTD., SKYTERRA
HOLDINGS (CANADA) INC., SKYTERRA
HOLDINGS (CANADA) INC., SKYTERRA
(CANADA) INC., ONE DOT SIX TVCC CORP.
Debtors‐Appellees,
JPM INVESTMENT PARTIES, HARBINGER
CAPITAL PARTNERS LLC, CENTERBRIDGE
PARTNERS, L.P.
Appellees.
____________________________________________
FOR APPELLANT: BIJAN AMINI (Avery Samet, Jeffrey Chubak, on the
brief), Storch Amini & Munves PC, New York, NY
FOR APPELLEES: ANDREW M. LEBLANC (Michael L. Hirshfeld, on the
brief), Milbank, Tweed, Hadley & McCloy LLP, New
York, NY.
moving papers filed in connection with this case, Fortress never took action to remove
itself. We agree with the Appellant that Fortress is a party to this appeal.
2
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of
New York (Forrest, J.).
UPON DUE CONSIDERATION, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED,
ADJUDGED AND DECREED that the order of the district court is AFFIRMED.
Appellant Sanjiv Ahuja (“Ahuja”) appeals from an opinion and order of
the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York (Forrest,
J.), affirming the ruling of the United States Bankruptcy Court for the Southern
District of New York (Chapman, J.). We assume the parties’ familiarity with the
underlying facts, the procedural history, and the issues presented for review,
which we reference only as necessary to explain our decision to affirm
for substantially the same reasons stated by the district court.
LightSquared2 is a provider of wholesale mobile satellite communications
and broadband services. In May 2012, LightSquared filed for bankruptcy under
Chapter 11 of the Bankruptcy Code after the Federal Communications
2 “LightSquared” is a company that consists of twenty‐seven entities. For the remainder
of this order, the term “LightSquared” refers collectively to the twenty Chapter 11
debtors: LightSquared Inc., LightSquared LP, LightSquared Investors Holdings,
SkyTerra Rollup LLC, SkyTerra RollupSub LLC, SkyTerra Investors LLC, TMI
Communications Delaware, Limited Partnership, LightSquared GP Inc., ATC
Technologies, LLC, LightSquared Corp., LightSquared Finance Co., LightSquared
Network LLC, LightSquared Inc. of Virginia, LightSquared Subsidiary LLC,
LightSquared Bermuda Ltd., SkyTerra Holdings (Canada) Inc., SkyTerra (Canada) Inc.,
Inc., One Dot Four Corp., One Dot Six Corp and One Dot Six TVCC Corp.
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Commission (“FCC”) effectively suspended its valuable licenses for certain
terrestrial operations. The bankruptcy court confirmed LightSquared’s Modified
Second Amended Joint Plan (the “Plan”) for reorganization in an oral decision,
which was then affirmed on appeal to the district court. See In re LightSquared,
Inc., 534 B.R. 522, 525 (S.D.N.Y. 2015).
Under the Plan as approved, no common equity holder of LightSquared
Inc. would receive any recovery, meaning that Ahuja, who held 8% of the
common equity in LightSquared Inc., would receive no value in the
reorganization. Ahuja argues that the Plan should not have been confirmed
because (1) it does not satisfy 11 U.S.C. § 1129(b)’s fair and equitable rule, and (2)
it does not satisfy 11 U.S.C. § 1123(a)(4)’s equal treatment rule. LightSquared
rebuts each of Ahuja’s arguments in turn; it also argues that Ahuja’s appeal
should be dismissed as equitably moot.
I. Mootness
Equitable mootness is a prudential doctrine under which a court may in its
discretion dismiss a bankruptcy appeal “when, even though effective relief could
conceivably be fashioned, implementation of that relief would be inequitable.” In
re Chateaugay Corp., 988 F.2d 322, 325 (2d Cir. 1993) (“Chateaugay I“). The
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doctrine requires courts to “carefully balance the importance of finality in
bankruptcy proceedings against the appellant’s right to review and relief.” In re
Charter Commcʹns, Inc., 691 F.3d 476, 481 (2d Cir. 2012).
A bankruptcy appeal is presumed equitably moot when the debtor’s
reorganization plan has been substantially consummated. Id. at 482.
“Substantial consummation,” as defined by section 1101(2) of the Bankruptcy
Code, requires “(A) transfer of all or substantially all of the property proposed by
the plan to be transferred; (B) assumption by the debtor or by the successor to the
debtor under the plan of the business or of the management of all or
substantially all of the property dealt with by the plan”; and “(C) commencement
of distribution under the plan.” 11 U.S.C. § 1101(2). The presumption of
equitable mootness can be overcome, however, if all five of the “Chateaugay
factors” are met:
(1) “the court can still order some effective relief”;
(2) “such relief will not affect the re‐emergence of the debtor as a
revitalized corporate entity”
(3) “such relief will not unravel intricate transactions so as to knock
the props out from under the authorization for every transaction
that has taken place and create an unmanageable, uncontrollable
situation for the Bankruptcy Court”
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(4) “the parties who would be adversely affected by the modification
have notice of the appeal and an opportunity to participate in the
proceedings”
(5) “the appellant pursued with diligence all available remedies to
obtain a stay of execution of the objectionable order if the failure to
do so creates a situation rendering it inequitable to reverse the
orders appealed from.”
In re Chateaugay Corp., 10 F.3d 944, 952–53 (2d Cir. 1993) (“Chateaugay II”)
(internal citations, quotations, and alterations omitted); In re Charter Commcʹns,
Inc., 691 F.3d at 482. “The Chateaugay factors ensure that there is no per se
equitable mootness by requiring a court to examine the actual effects of the
requested relief.” In re Charter Commcʹns, Inc., 691 F.3d at 482.
In December 2015, after the bankruptcy court and district court confirmed
the Plan, the FCC granted LightSquared’s application for approval of the
“change of control” of its FCC licenses, the final step in the substantial
consummation of the Plan. Accordingly, LightSquared filed a motion to dismiss
the present appeal as equitably moot in which it argued that Ahuja cannot
overcome the presumption of equitable mootness. In rebuttal, Ahuja concedes
that the Plan is now substantially consummated, but argues that he can
overcome the presumption of mootness under Chateaugay II.
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Ahuja has met his burden of showing that the first, fourth, and fifth factors
for overcoming the presumption of mootness are met in this case. See Chateaugay
II, 10 F.3d at 952–53; In re Charter Commc’ns, Inc., 691 F.3d at 484–86. The first
factor is satisfied because “it is not impossible to grant [Ahuja] relief, in the sense
that the appeal[] [is] not constitutionally moot.” In re Charter Commc’ns, Inc., 691
F.3d at 484. The fourth factor is met because the parties that would be adversely
affected—namely, the new investors in reorganized LightSquared—are “parties
to this appeal” and “participated actively in the bankruptcy proceedings.” Id.
Ahuja satisfied the fifth factor because he diligently sought a stay in the
bankruptcy court, district court, and on appeal, and moved for an expedited
appeal. See id.; see also In re Metromedia Fiber Network, Inc., 416 F.3d 136, 144 (2d
Cir. 2005) (“A chief consideration under Chateaugay II is whether the appellant
sought a stay . . .”).
Ahuja argues that second and third factors are also met because this Court
can still order effective relief without “affect[ing] the re‐emergence of the
[LightSquared] as a revitalized corporate entity” or “knock[ing] the props out
from under the authorization for every transaction that has taken place” in three
ways: (1) by vacating the confirmation order, (2) by redistributing the equity in
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reorganized LightSquared, or (3) by awarding monetary damages. Chateaugay
II, 10 F.3d at 952–53. We reject Ahuja’s first and second proposed forms of relief
because we find that vacating the confirmation order and redistributing the
equity in reorganized LightSquared is not the type of relief that can be
undertaken without knocking the props out from under completed transactions
or affecting the reemergence of the debtor from bankruptcy. See Chateaugay II, 10
F.3d at 952–53.
We are convinced, however, that this Court can order at least some
effective relief in the form of monetary damages in this case—even as little as one
dollar—without knocking the props out from under the completed transaction or
affecting reorganized LightSquared’s reemergence as a revitalized corporate
entity.3 This conclusion finds direct support in Chateaugay II, where we
recognized that some effective relief could be granted when an appellant “would
readily accept some fractional recovery that does not impair [the] feasibility [of
the bankruptcy plan] or affect parties not before this Court, rather than suffer the
3 While we find that monetary damages can be awarded in accordance with the
Chateaugay factors in the context of this specific case, in other cases, a court may find
that it could not grant monetary relief without unwinding the reorganization plan or
otherwise undermining the existence of the Chateaugay factors. See, e.g., In re Charter
Commcʹns, Inc., 691 F.3d at 485 (finding that the court could not grant monetary
damages to an appellant asserting a misclassification claim without unwinding the
reorganization plan and reclassifying creditors).
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mootness of its appeal as a whole.” 10 F.3d at 954. We determined that we could
“fashion effective relief” by remanding with instructions to the bankruptcy court
to order the return of any funds that were erroneously disbursed, so long as “that
can be done manageably and without imperiling [the debtor’s] fresh start.” Id. at
953. Likewise, in this case, Ahuja has signaled his willingness to accept some
fractional recovery in the form of monetary damages, and we could fashion such
relief without disturbing the Plan or affecting reorganized LightSquared’s fresh
start.4
While Ahuja has overcome the presumption of equitable mootness, a
remand to assess is not necessary in this case. See Chateaugay II, 10 F.3d at 954,
961 (declining to dismiss the appeal as equitably moot where the appellant could
4 In reaching this conclusion, we find additional support in two particularly instructive
cases. First, in considering an equitable mootness challenge, the Ninth Circuit observed
that it must “ask whether there are any forms of even partial relief that could be
provided without unraveling the [bankruptcy] plan.” In re Transwest Resort Props., Inc.,
801 F.3d 1161, 1172–73 (9th Cir. 2015). Noting that “[l]ogically, the value of” the
appellant’s claim “was worth somewhere between nothing and $39 million,” the court
concluded that there was “no reason why, if the court were to devise a remedy that
required Reorganized Debtors to pay [the appellant] one dollar, for example, the plan
would be undone.” Id. at 1173. The Fifth Circuit reached the same conclusion. See In re
Texas Grand Prairie Hotel Realty, L.L.C., 710 F.3d 324, 328 (5th Cir. 2013). The court held
that it “could grant partial relief to [the appellant] without disturbing the
reorganization, by, for example . . . granting a small money judgment.” Id. at 328. The
court noted that there was “no credible evidence that granting such fractional relief
would require unwinding any of the transactions undertaken pursuant to the
reorganization plan.” Id.
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be awarded monetary damages, but nevertheless refusing to grant relief on the
merits because the challenged reorganization plan complied with the Bankruptcy
Code). As set forth above, the Plan was fair and equitable, and complies with
the equal treatment rule. To the extent that Ahuja wishes to assert claims to
monetary damages other than the fair and equitable and equal treatment claims
raised here, he has waived those claims by failing to raise them before us, the
district court, or the bankruptcy court. See Otal Invs. Ltd. v. M/V Clary, 673 F.3d
108, 120 (2d Cir. 2012) (declining to consider arguments not raised in district
court in light of “well‐established general rule” that court of appeals will not
consider an issue raised for first time on appeal).
II. Confirmation of the Plan
“We look through the district court to the bankruptcy court’s decision . . .”
In re DBSD N. Am., Inc., 634 F.3d 79, 94 (2d Cir. 2011). We independently review
the bankruptcy court’s legal conclusions de novo and its factual findings for clear
error. In re Ames Depʹt Stores, Inc., 582 F.3d 422, 426 (2d Cir. 2009) (per curiam).
A. Fair and Equitable
Confirmation of a plan over the vote of a dissenting class requires that the
plan be “fair and equitable, with respect to each class of claims or interest that is
10
impaired under, and has not accepted, the plan.” 11 U.S.C. § 1129(b)(1). While
the Bankruptcy Code “does not define the full extent of ‘fair and equitable,’” it
does “include[] a form of the absolute priority rule as a prerequisite.” In re
DBSD, 634 F.3d at 94. That is, in order to be “fair and equitable” to a common
equity holder, a reorganization plan must meet the following two requirements:
(i) the plan provides that each holder of an interest of such class
receive or retain on account of such interest property of a value, as
of the effective date of the plan, equal to the greatest of the allowed
amount of any fixed liquidation preference to which such holder is
entitled, any fixed redemption price to which such holder is entitled,
or the value of such interest; or
(ii) the holder of any interest that is junior to the interests of such
class will not receive or retain under the plan on account of such
junior interest any property.
11 U.S.C. § 1129(b)(2)(C).
Ahuja does not assert that the absolute priority rule was violated by
distributions to creditor classes junior to his class; nor could he, as his class was
indisputably the most junior. Instead, Ahuja argues that the Plan is not fair and
equitable because senior creditors were paid more than their claims were worth.
Specifically, Ahuja contends that the bankruptcy court failed to properly value
reorganized LightSquared, thereby overpaying some senior creditors with
undervalued equity in reorganized LightSquared producing an “equity cushion”
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that ought to have resulted in a distribution to common equity holders of
LightSquared Inc.
We find that the Plan is fair and equitable to the common equity holders of
LightSquared Inc. The absolute priority rule is not violated where, as here, no
claim junior to Ahuja’s was paid before his claim. Moreover, the bankruptcy
court did not err, let alone clearly err, in concluding that reorganized
LightSquared did not have an equity cushion sufficient to pay the claims of
LightSquared Inc. common equity holders. The bankruptcy court’s conclusion
was premised on extensive factual findings, including, inter alia, the significant
regulatory risks involved.
B. Equal Treatment
The Bankruptcy Code provides that any reorganization plan must
“provide the same treatment for each claim or interest of a particular class, unless
the holder of a particular claim or interest agrees to a less favorable treatment of
such particular claim or interest.” 11 U.S.C. § 1123(a)(4). Ahuja contends that the
Plan violates this requirement “[f]or the same reasons” that it violates the fair
and equitable treatment rule.
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Even accepting Ahuja’s contention that he did not waive his equal
treatment argument by failing to raise it before the bankruptcy court at the
confirmation hearing, it fails on the merits. The Plan cancels the interests of all
common equity holders in LightSquared Inc., including Harbinger Capital
Partners LLC (“Harbinger”) and Ahuja. Harbinger received value in the
reorganization not for its common equity interests, but rather for its secured
claim against LightSquared Inc. and the causes of action against third parties that
it agreed to attribute to reorganized LightSquared. Thus, the Plan “provide[d]
the same treatment for each claim or interest of [the common equity holder]
class” with respect to LightSquared Inc. common equity holders, comporting
with the equal treatment rule. 11 U.S.C. § 1123(a)(4).
We have considered Ahuja’s remaining arguments and find them to be
without merit. Accordingly, we AFFIRM the judgment of the district court.
FOR THE COURT:
Catherine O’Hagan Wolfe, Clerk
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