RENDERED : JANUARY 21, 2010
TO BE PUBLISHED
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COMMONWEALTH OF KENTUCKY APPELLANT
ON REVIEW FROM COURT OF APPEALS
CASE NO. 2007-CA-002033-MR
UNION CIRCUIT COURT NO . 07-CR-00012
LESLIE PRIDE APPELLEE
OPINION OF THE COURT BY JUSTICE VENTERS
REVERSING AND REMANDING
Appellant, Commonwealth of Kentucky, appeals from a Court of Appeals
decision reversing a July 5, 2007 order of the Union Circuit Court which
denied Appellee Leslie Pride's motion to suppress evidence obtained during a
search pursuant to a warrant. The Court of Appeals held that the motion to
suppress should have been granted because it found there was no probable
cause to support the warrant. We granted discretionary review to look at
whether the Court of Appeals used the correct standard to review the existence
of probable cause, whether the facts stated in the affidavit provided to the
warrant-issuing judge established probable cause, and whether if the warrant
was not supported by probable cause, the trial court properly denied the
motion to suppress because the police acted in good faith . We also address
Appellee's argument that the affidavit supporting the warrant set forth factual
conclusions based upon flawed electrical usage statistics . We reverse the
Court of Appeals because it applied an incorrect standard of review for
searches conducted pursuant to a warrant .
On November 9, 2006, the Kentucky State Police sought a search
warrant for Appellee's residence . The search warrant affidavit, given by
Detective Sean McKinney, stated the following in support of the warrant :
On the 6th day of September, 2006, at approximately 11 :00 a.m.,
affiant received information from : A Confidential Source of illegal
narcotic activities in the Commonwealth of Kentucky . The
Confidential Source stated that he knew a man by the name of
Leslie Pride and that Pride was selling marijuana . The Source
stated that Pride lived in Union County and told him that he had
240 female marijuana plants and priced the marijuana at $600.00
per quarter pound . The Source stated that he knew Pride from
previous employment and that the information received was told to
him by Pride last summer (2005) . The Affiant states that the
Confidential Source has provided information on at least 3
marijuana investigations and that that information has resulted in
ongoing criminal investigations and controlled purchases (not
related to Pride) . The Confidential Source has proven to be a
reliable source of narcotics related information to the Kentucky
State Police.
Acting on the information received, affiant conducted the following
independent investigation: Affiant states he and Det. Matt Conley
through vehicle and driver's license checks confirmed that Leslie
Pride lived in Union County, KY and resided at 681 SR 365 in the
Sturgis area. Affiant states that on November 7, 2006 Det. Conley
and Det. Louis Weber drove back to the residence and obtained
information from it and two comparison homes in the area for a
utility records subpoena . Affiant states that he went to the Union
County PVA Office and obtained property cards and information on
three residences for comparison . Affiant states that he chose the
two comparison homes based on geographic location, same utility
company service, and being similar structures in both construction
and size . Affiant states that he served a subpoena on Kentucky
Utilities on November 7, 2006 for the utility records on all three
residences . Affiant states that on November 8, 2006 he received
faxed copies of those records from Kentucky Utilities . Affiant
states that he provided those records to Det. Weber for review and
graphing . Det. Weber is assigned to the Kentucky State Police
Drug Enforcement/ Special Investigations Section and has
investigated several dozen indoor marijuana grow operations and
has created a graphing system for the utility records . Affiant
states that Det. Weber prepared the graphs for 2005 and 2006,
and prepared a structural comparison on all three residences.
Det. Weber concluded that based on the extremely high electric
usage and indicative spiking of electric at 681 ST RT 365, it was
his opinion that the records were consistent with an indoor
marijuana grow. Det. Weber consulted with retired KSP Det. Mark
Moore on November 9, 2006 regarding this investigation . Det.
Moore, who is now assigned as a KSP Drug Task Force Officer, was
assigned to the KSP Marijuana Operations Section from 1995 until
his retirement in 2003 . Det. Moore was provided copies of the
graphs and structural comparison worksheet . Det. Moore also
concluded that based on his experience and training, that the
extremely high electrical usage was indicative of and consistent
with an indoor marijuana grow . . . .
Affiant further states that he has checked Leslie Pride's criminal
history and determined that he was charged and convicted in
Union County in 1995 for Trafficking in a Controlled Substance 1St
Degree and sentence to 10 years . Affiant further states that Pride
was charged and convicted in Union County in 1995 for 2-counts
of Trafficking Controlled Substance 1St degree and possession of a
handgun by a convicted felon. Pride was sentenced to another 10
years to run concurrent with the previous indictment . . . .
Based on the above affidavit, a search warrant was issued and Appellee's
residence was searched . Among the items seized during the search were fifty-
four one-gallon plastic storage bags of marijuana, an Army duffle bag
containing marijuana, twenty-six pounds, ten ounces of loose, unpackaged
marijuana, and various items used to cultivate and process marijuana. Based
on the evidence obtained, the Union County Grand Jury indicted Appellee for
trafficking in marijuana (over five pounds), second or greater offense,
use/possession of drug paraphernalia, first offense, and being a second-degree
persistent felony offender.
Appellee filedka motion to suppress the evidence- obtained during the
search . A suppression hearing was held on April 9, 2007 . Appellee argued
that the affidavit failed to present probable cause to issue a search warrant
because: 1) the affidavit did not indicate there was marijuana located at
Appellee's house ; 2) the information provided by the confidential informant was
stale because it referred to alleged crimes which occurred over one year prior;
3) the affidavit did not reflect that the confidential informant's reliability had
been established by the time the warrant was requested; 4) his prior criminal
history did not establish that there was current illegal activity ; and 5) the
electricity usage comparison used by the police was unreasonable and
conducted without any objective standards.
In support of his argument against the electricity usage comparison,
Appellee presented testimony from a Kentucky Utilities energy analyst who
testified that electricity usage at Appellee's house was within normal limits.
The energy expert made this determination by interviewing Appellee's wife
regarding the family's energy usage . Appellee also presented testimony from
Kentucky State Police Detective Moore, who testified that had he known about
the number of appliances at Appellee's house, he would have changed his
initial belief that the house was the site of a marijuana growing operation .
Appellee further argued that the electricity comparison was flawed because the
two comparison houses had markedly different inhabitants than Appellee's
house . Five family members of varying ages lived at Appellee's house, while
one of the- comparison houses had two elderly-residents and the other was
vacant for several months during the period of review. Based on this, Appellee
argued that not only was there no objective standard of review used by police
in reviewing the electricity usage, but that the final report was misleading.
Using the standard provided in Illinois v. Gates, 462 U .S . 213 (1983), the
circuit judge denied Appellee's motion in a fifteen-page order. The circuit judge
found that each element contained in the affidavit was individually inadequate
to issue the warrant, but that collectively, the "totality of the circumstances"
provided the warrant-issuing judge a "substantial basis for . . . conclud[ing]"
that probable cause existed . The circuit judge concluded that the informant's
credibility was adequately established in the month prior to the issuance of the
search warrant by other tips he provided and by the police officer's knowledge
of Appellee's criminal background . Finally, the circuit judge concluded that the
methods the police used for the electricity comparison, despite the
imperfections revealed by the hindsight of subsequent analysis, were
reasonable and objective, were not misleading, and appeared to be indicative of
a marijuana growing operation.
After the suppression hearing, Appellee entered a conditional guilty plea
to one count of trafficking in marijuana over five pounds, first offense, and one
count of use/possession of drug paraphernalia, first offense pursuant to a plea
agreement with the Commonwealth, reserving the right to appeal the denial of
his suppression motion . Appellee received a sentence of six-years'
imprisonment : . . .
The Court of Appeals reversed the circuit judge's order denying Appellee's
suppression motion using a two-step test to review the suppression hearing: 1)
whether the circuit court's findings of fact are supported by substantial
evidence; and 2) a de novo review of those factual findings to determine
whether probable cause existed as a matter of law. The standard of review
used by the Court of Appeals was provided by Ornelas v . United States, 517
U.S. 690 (1996) ; Commonwealth v. Banks, 68 S.W .3d 347, 349 (Ky . 2001) ;
Garcia v. Commonwealth, 185 S .W.3d 658, 661 (Ky. App. 2006) ; and Stewart v.
Commonwealth , 44 S.W.3d 376, 380 (Ky. App. 2000) - cases all dealing with
warrantless searches. Using that standard, the Court of Appeals found that
probable cause did not exist to issue the warrant because the information
provided by the confidential informant was stale and the electricity comparison
was flawed . The Court of Appeals believed that the two houses used in the
electricity usage comparison were too dissimilar to Appellee's house to fairly
conclude that Appellee's electricity usage was indicative of illegal conduct
within the house. Finding that the Court of Appeals used the wrong standard
to review the existence of probable cause, we reverse .
I . THE STANDARD FOR REVIEWING THE ISSUANCE OF A SEARCH WARRANT
IS PROVIDED BY ILLINOIS v. GATES AND WAS ADOPTED BY THIS COURT IN
BEEMER v. COMMONWEALTH, 665 S .W.2d 912 (KY . 1984) .
Appellant's main argument is that the two-step test used by the Court of
Appeals is the incorrect standard to review the trial court's denial of the motion
to suppress .. Appellant argues that the correct standard to review suppression
motions for searches conducted pursuant to a warrant was used by the circuit
court; i .e ., the "totality of the circumstances" test provided in Gates, 462 U.S.
213. We adopted the Gates "totality of the circumstances" test in Beemer v.
Commonwealth . Notably the Court of Appeals opinion did not cite to Gates or
Beemer, but did make vague references to the "totality of the circumstances"
test . However, the main test the Court of Appeals cited to is generally used to
review warrantless searches and Terry stops . Ornelas, 517 U .S . at 690 ; Banks,
68 S .W .3d at 349 ; Garcia, 185 S.W.3d at 661 ; and Stewart, 44 S .W.3d at 380 .
Because this case involves a search conducted pursuant to a warrant, we agree
that the Court of Appeals applied an incorrect standard .
In Gates, the United States Supreme Court held that the proper standard
to review a decision to issue a search warrant is to look at the "totality of the
circumstances" surrounding the warrant request.
The task of the [warrant] issuing magistrate is simply to make a
practical, common-sense decision whether, given all the
circumstances set forth in the affidavit before him, including the
"veracity" and "basis of knowledge" of persons supplying hearsay
information, there is a fair probability that contraband or evidence
of a crime will be found in a particular place . And the duty of a
reviewing court is simply to ensure that the magistrate had a
"substantial basis for . . . conclud[ing]" that probable cause
existed.
Id . a t 238-239 ; see also Beemer , 665 S.W .2d at 914 . Gates , holding that a de
novo review of the facts contained in the affidavit supporting awsearch warrant
is inappropriate and tends to lead to overly technical analysis, stated "after-
the-fact scrutiny by courts of the sufficiency of an affidavit should not take the
form of de novo review" . Id . at 236; see also Massachusetts v. Upton, 466 U.S .
727, 728 (1984) ("Last term, in Illinois v. Gates, we held that the Fourth
Amendment's requirement of probable cause for the issuance of a search
warrant is to be applied, not according to a fixed and rigid formula, but rather
in light of the `totality of the circumstances' made known to the magistrate . We
also emphasized that the task of the reviewing court is not to conduct a de
novo determination of probable cause .") (citation omitted) . "A magistrate's
`determination of probable cause should be paid great deference by reviewing
courts. ' Gates , 462 U.S . at 236 (citing Spinelli v. United States , 393 U. S . 410,
419 (1969)) ; see also Beemer , 665 S.W.2d at 914 . The great deference to the
decision making ability of the warrant-issuing judge stems from the preference
we have for searches conducted pursuant to a warrant rather than warrantless
searches. Gates, 462 U.S. at 236.
Our preference for searches pursuant to a warrant is part of the rationale
for the requirement that warrantless searches are reviewed de novo. Ornelas,
517 U.S. at 698-699 . - It is reasoned that the stricter de novo standard for
warrantless searches will encourage police officers to seek out a warrant prior
to executing a search, because the searches pursuant to a warrant are
reviewed under the less strict standard provided by Gates . Ornelas., 517 U.S .
at 698-699 (stating that to- implement a Gates "totality of the circumstances"
standard for warrantless searches would "eliminate the incentive" for police to
seek warrants) . Thus the Court of Appeals' decision in this matter applied the
standard for warrantless searches, which are reviewed pursuant to Qrnelas,,
rather than the "totality of the circumstances" test created by Gates and
adopted by this Court in Beemer.
Thus, the trial court judge faced with a motion to suppress evidence
obtained pursuant to a search warrant should apply the Gates standard, and
determine whether under the "totality of the circumstances" presented within
the four corners of the affidavit, a warrant-issuing judge had a substantial
basis for concluding that probable cause existed. When addressing a motion to
suppress evidence resulting from a warrantless search, the trial judge should
apply the stricter de novo test from Ornelas .
The proper test for appellate review of a suppression hearing ruling
regarding a search pursuant to a warrant is to determine first if the facts found
by the trial judge are supported by substantial evidence', RCr 9 .78, and then
to determine whether the trial judge correctly determined that the issuing
judge did or did not have a "substantial basis for . . . conclud[ing]" that
p,robable case existed. Gates; 462 at 236; see also Beemer, 665 .-2d
.W
S
at 915 (applying the "substantial basis" test to the decision. of the warrant-
issuing judge to determine if there was probable cause) . In doing so, all
reviewing courts must give great deference to the warrant-issuing judge's
decision . 2 Gates, 462 U .S. at 236 . We also review the four corners of the
affidavit and not extrinsic evidence in analyzing the warrant-issuing judge's
conclusion . Commonwealth v. Hubble, 730 S.W .2d 532 (Ky. App. 1987) . The
proper test on appeal to review a ruling on a warrantless search is the one the
Court of Appeals used in this matter. First, review the factual findings of the
circuit judge to see if they are supported by substantial evidence, RCr 9 .78,
and then review the ruling on the motion to suppress de novo to see whether
the decision was correct as a matter of law. Ornelas, 517 U.S. at 698-699 .
1 Ordinarily, when a search warrant has been obtained, there is no reason for an
evidentiary hearing to determine whether the facts alleged in the affidavit are actually
true . However, when it is alleged that police officers procuring the warrant-included
intentionally or recklessly false statements or purposefully or recklessly omitted
material facts, an evidentiary hearing is necessary to determine whether the
allegations are true and, if so, whether probable cause exists without the corrupted
facts or with the inclusion of the improperly omitted facts . See Guth v.
Commonwealth , 29 S.W .3d 809, 810 (Ky. App. 2000) .
2 Appellant further argues that Commonwealth v . Smith , 898 S .W.2d 496 (Ky. App .
1995), improperly adopts a de novo standard of review for all searches conducted with
a warrant . However, we do not read Smith in that manner because it addresses the
level of specificity necessary in a warrant required to allow a search of a multi-unit
apartment building. Id. at 501 . Thus, this case does not deal with the situation found
in Smith.
II . THE AFFIDAVIT REFLECTED FACTS WHICH SUPPORTED A FINDING THAT
PROBABLE CAUSE EXISTED
Having identified the proper standards with which to review motions to
suppress evidence, we now review the circuit- court judge's denial of Appellee's ~ °
motion to suppress evidence obtained pursuant to a. search warrant . First, we
find that the circuit court judge's overall factual findings were supported by
substantial evidence. RCr 9.78 . The circuit judge issued an extensive fifteen-
page order detailing Appellant and Appellee's arguments. His factual
conclusions are supported by the evidence .
Second, using the standard outlined in Gates, we find that the trial court
properly concluded that the warrant-issuing judge had a "substantial basis" to
issue the warrant due to the facts alleged in the affidavit. "Under the totality of
the circumstances" the information presented3 in the affidavit established
probable cause to support the issuance of the warrant.
While Appellee argues that the tip from the confidential informant was
stale since it referred to activities a year and a half earlier and thus is
unreliable, it is important to note that the police began to investigate Appellee
soon after receiving the tip . It is important to note that the police only began to
investigate after determining that the confidential informant was reliable, a fact
3 This information includes the tip from the confidential informant that Appellee was
trying to sell large amounts of marijuana, Appellee's prior history of drug trafficking,
the detective's training and experience with how indoor marijuana growing operations
work, and the indication that Appellee was using a large amount of electricity
consistent with indoor marijuana cultivation .
critical to the determination of probable cause which was alluded to in the
affidavit.
Further, while Appellee argues that the electricity comparison analysis
used by -police -was on its face inadequate, we disagree. The affidavit clearly
discusses the methods the police used to compare Appellee's electricity usage
to similarly sized near-by houses.
Suspicious electricity usage coupled with other information can be a
sufficient basis for finding probable cause . See U .S . v. Kattaria, 503 F.3d 703,
707 (8th Cir . 2007) ("Corroboration from facts such as increased electrical
usage may compensate for lack of information about an informant's reliability
or the basis of his knowledge .") ; U.S . v . Clay , 521 F . Supp . 2d 633, 639 (W .D .
Mich. 2007) ("Federal courts have noted the relevance and weight of electricity-
usage evidence in determining probable cause or the reasonableness of a
search") ; Colorado v. Quintana , 785 P.2d 934, 939 (Colo. 1990) (holding that
dramatic increase in defendant's electricity usage lent credit to informant's
statement that defendant was engaged in growing marijuana) ; Idaho v.
Ledbetter, 794 P .2d 278, 281 (Id. 1990) (holding that electricity usage data
indicating that defendant was using larger amounts of electricity than were
other comparable homes in the area may be used to establish probable cause
to search for drugs) . The most common method to determine if a suspect's
electricity usage is indicative of illegal activity is to compare the electricity bills
from the suspect's home with the electricity usage for comparable houses . See
Id. (comparison of defendant's electricity usage with homes in area) ; Landon v.
Alaska, 941 P .2d 186, 189 (Ak. 1997) (using average electricity usage from
suspect's house, comparing that usage to previous owners of the house, and
then comparing it-to, average usage at other comparable-houses to support
probable cause determination) ; Montana v. Hook, 839 P.2d 1274, 1275-1277
(Mont. 1992) (holding that comparison of suspect's electricity usage to average
residential uses of houses with the same type of heating energy source was
reasonable and supported probable cause) ; Ohio v. Gantz, 665 N.E.2d 239,
241-242 (Ohio App. 1995) (indicating that police compared the suspect's
electricity use with the two neighboring houses to support probable cause) .
Here, after reviewing the methods in which other jurisdictions have dealt
with electricity usage comparisons, we cannot find that the electricity usage
comparison applied in this case was unreasonable . The record and affidavit
reflect that Detective Weber was trained on how to review electricity usage to
determine the likely presence of marijuana growing operations . Detective
Weber's decision to compare the electricity usage at Appellee's house with
houses of comparable size and proximity cannot be seen as unreasonable . See
Gan , 665 N.E .2d at 241-242 . We are also unwilling to hold that it is
necessary for the police to undertake the kind of comprehensive investigation
suggested by Appellee before electricity usage records may be used in an
affidavit to support probable cause . Forcing the police to interview the
occupants of comparison houses, determine their lifestyle, and then determine
in detail the appliances located in each house, could alert suspects to the
investigation, and allow them time to destroy evidence . We are aware of no
jurisdiction which requires the police to undertake such an in depth
investigation before submitting electricity usage Aata -in support of-probable
cause .
Further, while Appellee complains that one of the comparison houses sat
vacant for a period of time and that this skewed the electricity comparison, we
disagree. The comparison house only sat vacant for a few months during a
two-year sample period . The charts created by Detective Weber and shown at
the suppression hearing reflected the near zero electricity usage at the vacant
house for that period . We cannot find that Detective Weber deceived the court.
Finally and notably, the affidavit indicates two ways in which Appellee's
electricity usage indicated a potential indoor marijuana growing operation . Not
only was Appellee's electricity usage higher than the comparables, but there
were electricity usage spikes, which were indicative of a marijuana growing
operation in Detective Weber's experience. Therefore, even if we were to find
that the comparison was flawed, the electricity usage spikes from Appellee's
house alone were indicative of a marijuana growing operation. Thus, in this
matter, we cannot find that the electricity usage comparison was unreasonable .
The data generated regarding the electricity usage was properly submitted in
the affidavit to support a finding of probable cause .
Based on these facts, we believe there was a sufficient probability of
criminal activity occurring at Appellee's house to support probable cause and
the issuing of the warrant . See Spinelli , 393 U .S . 410, 419 (1960) (holding that
prima-facie evidence of criminal activity is not required to find probable cause,
but the probability that- crimih°al activity is afoot) . Thus, we- find the circuit
court's denial of Appellee's motion to suppress was proper.
III . CONCLUSION
Since the .search was supported by probable cause, we need not address
whether the good faith exception would have justified the denial of Appellee's
motion to suppress on alternative grounds .
Thus, for the foregoing reasons, we reverse the decision of the Court of
Appeals and remand this matter to the Union Circuit Court for proceedings
consistent with this opinion .
All sitting. All concur.
COUNSEL FOR APPELLANT:
Jack Conway
Attorney General
David Wayne Barr
r Assistant Attorney General
Office of Attorney General
Office of Criminal Appeals
1024 Capital Center Drive
Frankfort, Kentucky 40601-8204
COUNSEL FOR APPELLEE:
W. Mitchell Deep
Herbert Randall Redding
King, Deep and Branaman
P O Box 43
Henderson, Kentucky 42419