In the Interest of T. S., a Child

SECOND DIVISION
ANDREWS, P. J.
BRANCH and RICKMAN, JJ.

NOTICE: Motions for reconsideration must be
physically received in our clerk’s office within ten
days of the date of decision to be deemed timely filed.
http://www.gaappeals.us/rules

March 23, 2016

In the Court of Appeals of Georgia
A15A1803. IN THE INTEREST OF T. S., a child.

RICKMAN, Judge.

T. S. appeals the juvenile court’s order transferring his delinquency case to

superior court for prosecution. He contends that the juvenile court erred in

transferring the case to superior court because: (1) the legal standard the court used

was either wrong, or correct but misapplied; (2) the court failed to consider the

requisite statutory factors in deciding whether to transfer the case to superior court;

(3) the court’s decision to transfer the case was based solely on the nature of the

alleged offenses; and (4) there was no evidence to support a transfer. We affirm.

On appeal from an order transferring a case from juvenile court to
superior court, the function of this Court is limited to ascertaining
whether there was some evidence to support the juvenile court’s
 determination that the requirements of [former] OCGA § 15-11-30.2[1]
have been met, and absent an abuse of discretion, we will affirm the
order transferring jurisdiction.

(Citation omitted.) In the Interest of D. C., 303 Ga. App. 395 (1) (693 SE2d 596)

(2010).

In November 2014, a delinquency petition was filed in the Juvenile Court of

Glynn County alleging that 15-year-old T. S.2 committed acts which, if committed by

an adult, would have constituted burglary, two counts of criminal trespass, three

counts of theft by taking, and six counts of participation in criminal gang activity. The

juvenile court conducted a bifurcated hearing to determine whether to transfer the

case to superior court for prosecution. First, the court received evidence primarily as

to whether there was probable cause that T. S. committed the acts. Second, the court

1
Ga. L. 2013, p. 294, § 1/HB 242, significantly revised Chapter 11 of Title 15,
effective January 1, 2014, for juvenile proceedings commenced on or after that date.
The provisions of the new code addressing the transfer of a juvenile to superior court
for criminal trial are found in OCGA §§ 15-11-561; 15-11-562. The proceedings at
issue occurred in 2014 and are thus addressed under the new Juvenile Code. See
Walker v. State, 330 Ga. App. 872, 874, n. 3 (769 SE2d 602) (2015); In the Interest
of M. J., 326 Ga. App. 574, n. 1 (757 SE2d 184) (2014).
2
T. S. was born January 9, 1999.

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received evidence and argument regarding factors it should consider when

determining to transfer a juvenile’s case to superior court.

In the first (probable cause) phase of the transfer hearing, evidence was

adduced that on October 6, 2014, T. S. and two individuals – one man was an adult

and the other individual was unidentified – broke into a home and stole two flat

screen televisions and a gaming system. The homeowner testified that she had left

home that day around 7:45 a.m., and returned just past noon to find that her home had

been burglarized.

Surveillance cameras that police had set up in a wooded path in the area of the

burglarized home captured T. S. and the two individuals carrying televisions through

the path between the time the homeowner left home and the time she later returned

home. One still photograph taken from the surveillance camera recording depicted T.

S. holding what may have been a gun. The adult perpetrator confessed to law

enforcement his involvement in the incident, and he identified himself and T. S. in

surveillance photographs. The adult perpetrator told law enforcement that the idea to

commit the burglary originated with T. S.; that T. S. had opened the kitchen window

of the home to gain entry; and that once T. S. was inside, he opened a door for his co-

perpetrators to enter. The adult perpetrator also told police that he was a member of

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a particular gang, and a photograph depicted the adult making a gang hand signal and

wearing a gang “flag.” A law enforcement officer testified that he was familiar with

T. S. and that prior to the burglary, he had frequently observed T. S. in the company

of other gang members. The juvenile court found probable cause that T. S. had

committed the offenses enumerated in the juvenile petition.

In the second phase of the transfer hearing, the following evidence was

adduced. A court officer with the Glynn County Juvenile Court testified that in

December 2010, T. S. was placed on an informal adjustment for ungovernable

behavior; in August 2013, he was placed on probation for committing an act which,

if committed by an adult, would have constituted misdemeanor theft by taking; in

October 2013, he violated the terms of his probation by failing to report and was

placed on probation for two years; and in August 2014, he tested positive for

marijuana and again violated the terms of his probation and was placed on probation.

After T. S. violated his probation in October 2013, a pick-up order was issued for T.

S.’s apprehension in November 2013; T. S. turned himself in on that pick-up order

in August 2014. Thus, for approximately nine months, T. S. had not reported to or

otherwise accounted for his whereabouts with the juvenile probation office. After T.

S. had turned himself in, the juvenile court reluctantly released T. S. into the custody

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of his grandmother, who testified that T. S. stayed with her for about a week before

he left her home and did not return. Thereafter, the acts underlying the subject of this

appeal occurred.

A juvenile court officer testified that while on probation, T. S. failed to

complete a moral recognition group therapy program because after attending two

sessions he tested positive for marijuana and fled. The court officer further testified

that T. S. was “kicked out [of school] due to poor attendance and tardiness,” at the

beginning of the school year, in August 2014. Thereafter, he was supposed to attend

an alternative school, but he never did. At the time of the transfer hearing (which took

place in December 2014) , T. S. was not enrolled in school. There was no indication

that T. S. had an IEP or had been enrolled in any special education program. T. S.

scored 11 on a predisposition risk assessment, indicating that he was at a high risk of

re-offending. DFCS had previously been involved with T. S. at least twice.

The court officer opined that T. S. knew right from wrong, and that T. S.’s

prospects for rehabilitation were good if he had stable housing and would “stay put,

stay in place, don’t run, [and] had a family member who could adequately care for

him and supervise him” and give him a “push.” The court officer testified that given

T. S.’s current charges and his living situation at the time the underlying incident

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occurred, the court officer did not know of any other program or service that the

juvenile court could use to rehabilitate T. S. or keep him from re-offending.

T. S.’s grandmother testified that T. S. needed “discipline in his life,” and daily

supervision to ensure that he abided by the conditions of his probation and was

“doing the right thing.” She testified that she did not have full control of T. S.; that

she worked the swing shift at a hospital; and that she could not adequately supervise

T. S. on her own. She stated “I can’t do it by myself.”

T. S.’s mother, who lived in Jacksonville, Florida, testified that for the last 5

to 6 years, she had been in a custody battle for her children with T. S.’s father. But

when the court asked her whether she wanted to take T. S. home with her that day,

she replied, “No. Not at this time, I don’t,” explaining that she would take him back

if he got “some help.” T. S.’s mother testified that T. S.’s stepmother did not want him

in the home and that thus, T. S.’s father put him out. T. S.’s father was not at the

hearing and did not otherwise testify.

The court continued the hearing for a later date, explaining that it wanted to

“hear from the Department of Juvenile Justice” about “other services that we don’t

offer. . . . to make an adequate decision on whether or not to transfer [T. S.] to

Superior Court.” At the continuation of the hearing, the Juvenile Court program

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manager for the Department of Juvenile Justice (“DJJ”) for the counties of Glynn and

McIntosh testified. The program manager testified that once a child was committed

to the custody of DJJ, a screening hearing was conducted to determine the “best

possible placement for treatment and rehabilitation.” The program manager provided

the court with a list of privately owned providers that provide therapeutic group home

services as well as behavioral health treatment services, for children committed to

DJJ. The providers were independently owned; they were not subsidiaries of DJJ.

And each provider had its own criteria for deciding whether a child was amenable to

treatment at its facility and whether it would accept a child. The program manager

testified that notwithstanding the fact that there were no programs specifically

targeted for treating “gang involvement. . . . [i]f the gang involvement is part of a

larger need, then it’s possible that it can be addressed.” The program manager further

testified, however, that although some providers have accepted children with street

gang charges, most tended not to do so. Typically, children at a high risk to re-offend

“end-up going to YDC,”[3] if no contracted-treatment provider accepted them. The

YDC offered mental health treatment, supervision, and substance abuse treatment.

3
Youth Development Campus.

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 According to T. S.’s psychological evaluation, T. S. was dysfunctional, but

“functioning intellectually in the average range.” He was in the “Borderline range”

regarding his general cognitive ability, and general verbal comprehension. He was in

the “Low Average range” for general perceptual reasoning abilities, and general

processing speed abilities. The psychological evaluation confirmed a prior diagnosis

of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and depression. Other diagnoses included

Conduct Disorder and Cannibus Use Disorder.

1. T. S. contends that the juvenile court erred in transferring the case to

superior court because the legal standard the court used was either wrong or correct

but misapplied. We disagree.

In considering a motion to transfer a child to superior court, pursuant to former

OCGA § 15-11-30.2 (a) (3), the juvenile court in its discretion determined, among

other things, whether there were reasonable grounds to believe that “[t]he interests

of the child and the community require that the child be placed under legal restraint

and the transfer be made.” Under the new Juvenile Code, a similar provision is found

in OCGA § 15-11-561 (c) (2014), which provides that after consideration of certain

relevant evidence, “the court may determine that . . . the welfare of the community

requires that criminal proceedings against such child be instituted.”

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 This Court has recognized that,

[i]n cases . . . in which the State does not rely on non-amenability to
treatment as the basis for transfer, the transfer order does not have to
reflect why the juvenile is not amenable to treatment. Instead, the order
must balance the child’s interest in treatment in the juvenile system,
including but not limited to amenability to treatment, against the
community’s interest in treating the child as an adult.

(Citation and punctuation omitted.) In the Interest of D. C., 303 Ga. App. at 398-399

(1) (c).

(a) Wrong standard. T. S. challenges the following excerpt in the “Conclusions

of Law” section of the transfer order: “the interests of the child to be treated in the

juvenile justice system are outweighed by the rights of the community to have this

case tried in Superior court.” T. S. argues that the challenged excerpt reflects that the

court erroneously “weighed [against T. S.’s interests] the rights of the community,

rather than the community’s interests or welfare.” But on the same page of the

transfer order, just above the conclusions of law section, the court wrote:

[A]side from the said delinquency history, the court, in its discretion,
determines that the egregious nature of these most recent offenses which
[T. S.] is alleged to have committed, are sufficient, whether or not [T. S.]
is amenable to treatment in the juvenile system, for the court, in its
discretion, to find that his interest is [sic] being prosecuted for these

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 juvenile offenses in the juvenile justice system are outweighed by the
interest of the community to have him prosecuted on these charges in
the Superior Court.

(Emphasis added.). Therefore, we find no merit in T. S.’s contention that the court’s

later reference to “rights” instead of “interest” or welfare reflected that the court

failed to apply the requisite balancing test.

(b) Correct standard but misapplied. T. S. argues that even assuming the court

used the correct standard, it was misapplied.

T. S. appears to take issue with the court’s determination that, “The public is

entitled to know that some juveniles are involved in very serious criminal offenses.”

He argues that this “right to know” determination infringed upon his fundamental

right to privacy. But by statute, the juvenile court is expressly authorized to

determine, in its discretion and after considering specific factors, whether to transfer

a child to superior court, See OCGA § 15-11-561. As T. S. made no challenge below

to the court’s statutory authority to make his case public, his claim on appeal that

doing so violated his right to privacy is waived. See generally State v. Burks, 240 Ga.

App. 425, 428 (2) (523 SE2d 648) (1999).

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 2. T. S. contends that the juvenile court erred in transferring the case to

superior court because the court failed to consider and failed to make factual findings

regarding the requisite statutory factors listed in OCGA § 15-11-562 in deciding

whether to transfer the case to superior court. This argument is belied by the record.

Pursuant to OCGA § 15-11-562 (a) (2014), the criteria the juvenile court shall

consider in determining whether to transfer an alleged delinquent child to superior

court includes, but shall not be limited to:

(1) The age of such child; (2) The seriousness of the alleged offense,
especially if personal injury resulted; (3) Whether the protection of the
community requires transfer of jurisdiction; (4) Whether the alleged
offense involved violence or was committed in an aggressive or
premeditated manner; (5) The culpability of such child including such
child’s level of planning and participation in the alleged offense; (6)
Whether the alleged offense is a part of a repetitive pattern of offenses
which indicates that such child may be beyond rehabilitation in the
juvenile justice system; (7) The record and history of such child,
including experience with the juvenile justice system, other courts,
supervision, commitments to juvenile institutions, and other placements;
(8) The sophistication and maturity of such child as determined by
consideration of his or her home and environmental situation, emotional
condition, and pattern of living; (9) The program and facilities available
to the juvenile court in considering disposition; and (10) Whether or not

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 a child can benefit from the treatment or rehabilitative programs
available to the juvenile court.

At the transfer hearings, evidence was adduced as to each statutory factor, and

the court heard argument as to each factor. In addition to the pertinent evidence set

forth above, the law enforcement officer to whom the adult perpetrator had confessed

his involvement was an expert in the area of gang investigation, and he testified that

he had extensive “street hours” of dealing with gang members in Glynn County. He

testified that there had been a rash of burglaries in the area near the burglary in the

underlying case, and that when gangs started coming into Glynn County, the

occurrence of minors carrying weapons began “getting worse and worse.” This

scenario, the officer testified, increased the danger to the community.

The record, as a whole, reflects that the court “engaged in the appropriate

balancing test in finding that a transfer was warranted in this case.” In the Interest of

J. M. S., 334 Ga. App. 142, 147-148 (2) (778 SE2d 391) (2015). Therefore, T. S.’s

argument is without merit.

3. T. S. contends that the juvenile court erred in transferring the case to

superior court because the court’s decision to transfer the case was based solely on

the nature of the alleged offenses. Specifically, T. S. argues that when the juvenile

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court determined in its order that the egregious nature of the offenses was sufficient

for the court to find that his interest in being prosecuted in the juvenile justice system

was outweighed by the interest of the community to have him prosecuted in superior

court, “whether or not [T. S.] is amenable to treatment in the juvenile justice system,”

(Emphasis in original.), the court disregarded his amenability to rehabilitation in

juvenile court and based its transfer decision solely on the nature of the alleged

offenses. This contention lacks merit.

As addressed in Division 2, supra, the record reflects that the court engaged in

the appropriate balancing test in finding that a transfer was warranted in this case.

Regarding the particular error enumerated here, the record shows that the court

considered whether other programs or services in the juvenile justice system might

be available to help T. S. Moreover, in the sentence preceding the one challenged

here, the trial court found that “[a] review of [T. S.’s] prior delinquency history with

the Glynn County Juvenile Court and his behavior and compliance with his probated

sentences, indicates that it is doubtful that he is amenable to treatment in the juvenile

system, as he has not complied with most, if not all, of the terms of his probated

sentences.” Consequently, the order demonstrates the court’s express consideration

of T. S.’s delinquency history with the juvenile court and his behavior and

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noncompliance with the terms of prior probated sentences, aside from the nature of

the offenses T. S. is alleged to have committed. Therefore, there is no merit to this

contention.

4. T. S. contends that the juvenile court erred in transferring his case to superior

court because there was no evidence to support a transfer. Specifically, T. S. argues

that “any finding that he is not amenable to rehabilitation is contrary to the evidence

and without evidence to support it.”

In this case, the juvenile court did not find that T. S. was not amenable to

rehabilitation; instead, the court “doubted” that he was – a finding the court was

authorized to make, given the evidence. See In the Interest of J. M. S., 334 Ga. App.

at 144-146 (1). T. S. had been non-compliant by failing to abide by conditions of his

probations, and despite his history in the juvenile court system and various measures

having been taken to help him, he continued to engage in criminal activity that

escalated in severity. The juvenile petition alleged that T. S. committed acts which,

if committed by an adult, would have constituted burglary and multiple counts of

criminal trespass, theft by taking, and participation in gang activity. There was

evidence that T. S. kept the company of gang members; one of the perpetrators in the

underlying case was an adult gang member; and T. S. possibly carried a firearm

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during the commission of the underlying alleged acts, which he instigated. “And here,

even assuming [T. S.] was amenable to treatment, the juvenile court’s determination

that the community’s interest in transferring his case to superior court outweighed [T.

S.’s] interest in remaining in the juvenile system was supported by the evidence.” Id.

at 146; see In re D. C., 303 Ga. App. at 397-398 (1) (b).

T. S. has presented no basis to disturb the juvenile court’s ruling. Therefore,

for all of the foregoing reasons, we affirm the juvenile court’s order transferring T.

S.’s case to superior court.

Judgment affirmed. Andrews, P. J., and Branch, J., concur.

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