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ARKANSAS COURT OF APPEALS
DIVISION III
No. CV-15-791
OPINION DELIVERED APRIL 27, 2016
BEVERLY NEAL
APPELLANT APPEAL FROM THE CLEVELAND
COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT
[NO. DR-2010-67-1]
V.
HONORABLE HAMILTON H. SINGLETON,
JUDGE
LUKE NEAL
APPELLEE AFFIRMED
ROBERT J. GLADWIN, Chief Judge
Appellant Beverly Neal appeals the order entered on June 1, 2015, by the Cleveland
County Circuit Court finding that custody of the parties’ minor daughter, A.S.N., should
remain with appellee Luke Neal pursuant to the agreed order entered on November 1,
2011. She argues that the trial court erred in allowing Luke to call a witness who allegedly
was not revealed to her through discovery and in denying her petition for modification. We
affirm.
I. Facts
Beverly and Luke were divorced on October 11, 2010. Custody of their one child,
daughter A.S.N., was awarded to Beverly at the time of the divorce. On November 2, 2011,
the parties entered an agreed order pursuant to which custody was awarded to Luke subject
to Beverly’s reasonable visitation. Shortly after the entry of the agreed order, Beverly moved
in with Luke in November 2011, and she lived there with Luke, A.S.N., and her two older
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children from other relationships—she claims continuously, but Luke claims sporadically—
until May 2014.
On October 15, 2014, Beverly filed a motion for modification, alleging that the
parties had reconciled after the entry of the agreed order and continued to cohabit until
May 2014. She requested that the trial court order a joint-custody arrangement with respect
to A.S.N. On November 12, 2014, Luke filed a response to the petition for modification
and counterclaimed for child support. Beverly filed a response to his counterclaim on
November 20, 2014.
A hearing was held on May 19, 2015, after which the trial court found that the
“reconciliation” of the parties was not a material change of circumstances in the life of
A.S.N. The trial court entered an order on June 1, 2015, providing that custody of A.S.N.
should remain with Luke subject to Beverly’s visitation as detailed in the November 2, 2011
agreed order. The trial court further ordered Beverly to pay Luke forty-one dollars per week
in child support. Beverly filed a timely notice of appeal on June 30, 2015.
II. Allowing Luke to Call a Witness Not Revealed to Beverly Through Discovery
We review the trial court’s decision to exclude or permit the testimony of any witness
at trial under an abuse-of-discretion standard. Steele v. Lyon, 2015 Ark. App. 251, 460
S.W.3d 827. A trial court has broad discretion in matters pertaining to discovery, and that
discretion will not be second-guessed by the appellate court absent an abuse of discretion
that is prejudicial to the appealing party. Johnson v. Bennett, 2016 Ark. App. 24, 480 S.W.3d
870.
Arkansas Rule of Civil Procedure 26(e) (2015) provides as follows:
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(e) Supplementation of Responses.
(1) A party is under a duty seasonably to amend a prior response to an interrogatory,
request for production, or request for admission if the party learns that the response
is in some material respect incomplete or incorrect and if the additional or corrective
information has not otherwise been made known to the other parties during the
discovery process or in writing. This duty includes, but is not limited to, supplying
supplemental information about the identity and location of persons having
knowledge of discoverable matters, the identity and location of each person expected to be
called as a witness at trial, and the subject matter and substance of any expert witness’s
testimony.
(2) An additional duty to supplement responses may be imposed by order of the
court, agreement of the parties, or at any time prior to trial through new requests for
supplementation of prior responses.
Ark. R. Civ. P. 26(e)(1)–(2) (emphasis added).
On April 7, 2015, the trial court, through its trial-court coordinator, sent a letter to
both parties’ counsel setting a final hearing for May 19, 2015. The letter included the trial
court’s mandate regarding witnesses: “Before this hearing begins, if there are witnesses who
will testify, you must furnish to the Court, the Court Reporter and any Opposing Counsel
or pro se litigants a list with the witnesses’ names and addresses so as to ensure everyone has
complete and accurate information.”
After Beverly rested her case, Luke’s counsel called her first witness and that
testimony was taken. Upon Luke’s counsel calling her next witness, Kelsey Howard,
Beverly’s counsel asked if Ms. Howard was on the witness list. Luke’s counsel responded
that her office had faxed it to Beverly’s counsel on May 6, 2015. At Beverly’s counsel’s
request, the trial court took a brief recess, after which the following colloquy transpired:
LUKE’S COUNSEL: I called my office. They can go back on the machine in
the history as far as May 8th, two days short of the May
6th, to see for certain that it did go.
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THE COURT: [Beverly’s Counsel], what is your fax number?
BEVERLY’S COUNSEL: My fax number is 501-224-5550. I can say that as
of yesterday regarding letters from Ms. Thomason
regarding witnesses, I have never seen this lady’s name
as a witness. I’ve got proof of service of various people.
I’ve never see this document.
THE COURT: Who is the witness you intend to call?
LUKE’S COUNSEL: Kelsey Howard.
THE COURT: She is number eleven on your witness list?
LUKE’S COUNSEL: Yes, your Honor.
THE COURT: The same witness list that you say was sent with
your letter of May 6th?
LUKE’S COUNSEL: Yes, your Honor. This was prepared for an update to the
interrogatories. I’ve referenced in that letter that our
exhibits were still being put together and they were not
going to be faxed so I had to mail the exhibits at a later
date. We had not identified any exhibits in our
interrogatories. We talked about the exhibits on the
phone.
BEVERLY’S COUNSEL: We talked about the exhibits last Friday. I have
not received any witness list at all.
LUKE’S COUNSEL: They were mailed May 12th.
THE COURT: The letter that she presents dated May 6th with your fax
number on it specifically identifies the witness list. All I
can say is I’ve dealt with [Luke’s Counsel] for over
twenty years as a Judge and maybe fifteen years as a
lawyer and her integrity has never been questioned. You
may call Ms. Howard.
Ms. Howard was then allowed to testify. Although Luke’s counsel claimed that she
faxed the updated witness list to Beverly’s counsel, she produced no fax-confirmation sheet,
and her office was able to go back in the fax history only to May 8, 2015. Luke’s counsel
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had a copy of a letter that she claimed to have faxed to Beverly’s counsel, but Beverly’s
counsel argued that as of May 17, 2015, he had not seen Ms. Howard’s name on the witness
list. He stated that he had proof of service of various people, but he had never seen the
document. Beverly’s counsel further stated that he had spoken to Luke’s counsel regarding
exhibits, but he had not received any witness list. The trial court’s only inquiry into the
matter was to ask Beverly’s counsel what his fax number was.
Beverly maintains that a thorough review of the record shows that no witness list
was provided to the trial court, the court reporter, or opposing counsel as mandated in the
trial court’s letter dated April 7, 2015. Beverly argues that Luke’s counsel had a duty, which
includes supplying supplemental information of the identity and location of each person
expected to be called as a witness, to seasonably amend her response to an interrogatory
pursuant to Rule 26(e). She also had an additional duty pursuant to Rule 26(e) to
supplement this information as imposed by the trial court’s mandate in its April 7, 2015
letter. She argues that Luke’s counsel had the burden of providing confirmation that a fax
had actually been sent with the witness list to Beverly’s counsel; however, her office could
not provide such confirmation, only a copy of a cover letter.
Beverly argues that the trial court improperly relied on the fact that Luke’s counsel’s
“integrity had never been questioned” as long as the trial court had worked with her as a
judge and as an attorney. Beverly acknowledges the trial court’s broad discretion on this
issue, but she urges that reliance alone on Luke’s counsel’s integrity as a professional was
improper and an abuse of discretion that was prejudicial to her because she was unprepared
to defend against or cross-examine the prejudicial and negative testimony of Ms. Howard.
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We disagree and hold that the record indicates that the trial court considered the
matter thoughtfully and exercised its discretion appropriately. The issue presented in this
case is whether Luke, through his counsel, timely supplemented his witness list. Luke’s
counsel explained before the trial court that she did supplement the list and both faxed and
mailed it to Beverly’s counsel, and although Beverly’s counsel contended that the list had
never been received, the only witness to whom he objected was Ms. Howard—number
eleven on the list of witnesses.
Luke cites Rule 3.3 of our Model Rules of Professional Conduct (2015), which is
entitled Candor Toward the Tribunal:
(a) A lawyer shall not knowingly:
(1) Make a false statement of fact or law to a tribunal; or fail to correct a false
statement of material fact or law previously made to the tribunal by the lawyer.
The comment text to Rule 3.3 explains,
Representations by a Lawyer - However, an assertion purporting to be on the
lawyer’s own knowledge, as in an affidavit by the lawyer or in a statement in open
court, may properly be made only when the lawyer knows the assertion is true or
believes it to be true on the basis of a reasonably diligent inquiry.
The trial court indicated it had a long history of dealing with Luke’s counsel. The
trial court exercised its discretion in questioning counsel and concluded that counsel was
candid about having both faxed and mailed the updated witness list and that counsel knew
that was true or believed it to be true on the basis of a reasonably diligent inquiry as
evidenced by her having called her office during the court’s recess. We agree that trial courts
should be allowed to take into consideration their familiarity with counsel over time,
especially in view of Rule 3.3’s candor requirement.
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Moreover, Beverly provides no explanation of how Ms. Howard’s testimony was so
prejudicial to her as to warrant reversal in view of all the other evidence presented on the
change-of-circumstances issue. Prejudicial error is not presumed, and unless appellant
demonstrates prejudice accompanying error, this court will not reverse. Smith v. Smith, 2015
Ark. App. 539. Because Beverly has not demonstrated that the trial court abused its
discretion and likewise has not shown that she was prejudiced by the witness’s testimony,
the trial court’s decision to allow the witness is affirmed.
III. Denial of Beverly’s Motion for Modification
We review child-custody cases de novo, but we will not reverse a trial court’s
findings unless they are clearly erroneous. Neumann v. Smith, 2016 Ark. App. 14, 480
S.W.3d 197. Because the question whether the trial court’s findings are clearly erroneous
turns largely on the credibility of the witnesses, we give special deference to the superior
position of the trial court to evaluate the witnesses, their testimony, and the child’s best
interest. Id. There are no cases in which the superior position, ability, and opportunity of
the trial court to observe the parties carry as great a weight as those involving minor children.
Id.
Arkansas law is well settled that the primary consideration in child-custody cases is
the welfare and best interest of the children; all other considerations are secondary. Earl v.
Earl, 2015 Ark. App. 663, 476 S.W.3d 206. Generally, courts impose more stringent
standards for modifications in custody than they do for initial determinations of custody. Id.
The reason for requiring more stringent standards for modifications than for initial custody
determinations is to promote stability and continuity in the life of the child and to discourage
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repeated litigation of the same issues. Id. The party seeking modification of the custody
order has the burden of showing a material change in circumstances. Id. In order to change
custody, the trial court must first determine that a material change in circumstances has
occurred since the last order of custody; if that threshold requirement is met, it must then
determine who should have custody with the sole consideration being the best interest of
the children. Id.
A. Material Change in Circumstances
Shortly after the entry of the November 2, 2011 agreed order, at which time custody
of A.S.N. was placed with Luke, Beverly, A.S.N., and Beverly’s two older children moved
back in with Luke. Beverly claims that she and the children lived continuously with Luke
from November 2011 until April or May 2014, but that assertion is disputed by the
testimony of multiple witnesses. The testimony from witnesses on both sides of this issue
placed before the trial court conflicting evidence as to whether there was a true, strong
“reconciliation” between the parties.
After Beverly rested her case at the hearing on her petition for modification, Luke’s
counsel moved for a directed verdict, arguing that Beverly did not meet her burden of
showing that a change in circumstances warranted a change of custody. Beverly’s counsel
argued that the change in circumstances was that the parties began to cohabit after the
divorce and subsequent modification of A.S.N.’s custody. Beverly argued that the three
children had lived together since A.S.N.’s birth, were separated, were brought back
together, and were separated again. The trial court took the arguments under advisement
but specifically stated that it wanted to hear what the witnesses had to say about the
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reconciliation of the parties’ relationship. The trial judge stated that “if it’s not a strong
reconciliation, if it’s a hit or miss one time or another, then I don’t think it’s a change of
circumstance.”
At the conclusion of the hearing, the trial court found that the alleged reconciliation
of the parties was not a material change of circumstances. The trial court specifically found
that “the best case scenario is Beverly moved out once from November 2011 until April
2014,” and “the worst case scenario is she moved out frequently or several times.” Beverly
argues that this “finding” did not support a finding that there was not a material change in
circumstance to warrant a change in custody. Rather, she claims that the “best case scenario”
language indicated that the trial court found a strong reconciliation, which would constitute
a material change in circumstances.
Based on our review of the record, no other change in circumstances was alleged
other than the purported reconciliation. The trial court’s order, entered after the hearing,
provides as follows:
2. Custody - [Beverly] proposed that the reconciliation of the parties is a material
change of circumstances in the life of their minor child, [A.S.N.], whose date of birth
is February 10, 2010. The Court disagrees. The best case scenario is that [Beverly]
moved out once from November 2011 to April of 2014. The worst case scenario is
that [Beverly] moved out and back several times further demonstrating the failed
efforts of the parties to be a family. Even if by some stretch of the imagination that
even a failed reconciliation is a change of circumstance, the Court does not believe
it would be in the minor child’s best interest that the custody be joint/shared. [Luke]
clearly is the more stable parent and has been throughout the parties’ relationship.
Therefore, custody of the minor child, [A.S.N.], should remain with [Luke].
As of the date the petition for modification was filed, any attempt at reconciliation
between the parties had already failed, and that remained true as of the dates of the hearing
and the entry of the order from which this appeal was taken. Luke’s and A.S.N.’s situations
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were basically the same as of the date of the last agreed order—they were living together in
Luke’s home, he was continuing to work at the same job he had always worked, A.S.N.
was well cared for by Luke and his mother, and Beverly had available to her exactly the
same visitation that was granted to her by the last agreed order. Because the record supports
that it was in A.S.N.’s best interest for the trial court to keep custody with Luke consistent
with the November 2, 2011 agreed order, we decline to address whether Beverly met her
burden of proof with respect to the material-change-of-circumstances issue.
B. Best-Interest Analysis
Custody will not be modified unless it is shown that there are changed conditions
demonstrating that a modification is in the best interest of the children. Vo v. Vo, 78 Ark.
App. 134, 79 S.W.3d 388 (2002). The trial court’s findings regarding best interest will not
be reversed unless they are clearly erroneous. Id.
Beverly points out that this court has held that unless exceptional circumstances are
involved, young children should not be separated from each other by dividing their custody.
Sykes v. Warren, 99 Ark. App. 210, 258 S.W.3d 788 (2007). She notes that one factor the
trial court must consider in determining the best interest of the child is whether the child
will be separated from his or her siblings. Harris v. Grice, 97 Ark. App. 37, 244 S.W.3d 9
(2006). Beverly reiterates that during the time in question, the three siblings continued to
live together and to develop as brother and sisters. When Beverly and Luke eventually
separated for good in April or May 2014, the two older children remained in Beverly’s
custody, and A.S.N. remained in Luke’s custody. A.S.N. had not been separated from her
older brother and sister until this time.
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Beverly argues that the trial court was clearly erroneous in finding that it was not in
A.S.N.’s best interest to award joint custody to the parties. She claims that A.S.N. remained
closely bonded with her brother and sister, and the separation of the children had a negative
impact on them and on her. Beverly urges that there were no exceptional circumstances
found to support a separation of the three children. She argues that the record indicates that
the respective abilities of both Luke and her to parent A.S.N. are equal. She maintains that
no evidence indicated that a joint-custody arrangement would not be in the best interest of
A.S.N.
We disagree and hold that the trial court did not err in maintaining A.S.N.’s custody
with Luke. The record reflects that A.S.N. continues to do well with Luke, that her life is
stable, that Luke maintains stable employment and a good home, and that he has an extended
family—including his mother, who helps care for A.S.N. On the other hand, the evidence
indicates that Beverly has had at least three different residences since she last left Luke’s
home, that she works only two and a half days per week at a small hourly wage—plus
sporadic part-time work modeling, that she has in the past been, and apparently continues
to be, somewhat promiscuous in her relationships, and that there is some question as to
whether she continues to use drugs, both prescription and nonprescription.
Factors that a trial court may consider in determining what is in the best interest of a
child include the psychological relationship between the parents and the children, the need
for stability and continuity in the relationship between the parents and the children, the past
conduct of the parents toward the children, and the reasonable preference of the children.
Bamburg v. Bamburg, 2014 Ark. App. 269, 435 S.W.3d 6. Because there are no cases in
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which the superior position, ability, and opportunity of the trial court to observe the parties
carry a greater weight than those involving the custody of minor children, our deference to
the trial court in matters of credibility is correspondingly greater in such cases. Horton v.
Parrish, 2015 Ark. App. 306, 461 S.W.3d 718.
When it adopted Administrative Order No. 15.1, our supreme court set forth factors
that an attorney ad litem should review in making a reasoned opinion on the best-interest
question. Section 5(b) provides that an attorney ad litem shall determine the best interest of
a child by considering such custody criteria as
(1) Moral fitness factors: integrity, character, compassion, sobriety, religious training
and practice, a newly acquired partner regarding the preceding elements;
(2) Stability factors: emotional stability, work stability, financial stability, residence
and school stability, health, partner stability;
(3) Love and affection factors: attention given, discipline, attitude toward education,
social attitude, attitude toward access of the other party to the child, and attitude
toward cooperation with the other party regarding the child’s needs;
(4) Other relevant information regarding the child such as stated preference, age, sex,
health, testing and evaluation, child care arrangements; and regarding the home such
as its location, size, and family composition.
Ark. Sup. Ct. Admin. Order No. 15.1(5)(b).
Even assuming that Beverly could prove a material change in circumstances, we hold
that a comparison of all the evidence from the multiple witnesses who testified regarding
both Beverly’s and Luke’s financial, employment, home-environment, and overall stability
to those factors our supreme court set forth in Administrative Order No. 15.1(5)(b), supports
the trial court’s determination that it was in A.S.N.’s best interest for custody to remain with
Luke, subject to Beverly’s reasonable visitation. Accordingly, we affirm.
Affirmed.
VAUGHT and HIXSON, JJ., agree.
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Emily J. Reynolds, for appellant.
Mary Thomason, for appellee.
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