State v. Cunningham

[Cite as State v. Cunningham, 2016-Ohio-2986.]

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
THIRD APPELLATE DISTRICT
SENECA COUNTY

STATE OF OHIO,

PLAINTIFF-APPELLEE, CASE NO. 13-15-31

v.

ANTHONY D. CUNNINGHAM, OPINION

DEFENDANT-APPELLANT.

Appeal from Seneca County Common Pleas Court
Trial Court No. 15 CR 0089

Judgment Affirmed

Date of Decision: May 16, 2016

APPEARANCES:

Tim A. Dugan for Appellant

Pamela J. Cordy for Appellee
Case No. 13-15-31

SHAW, P.J.

{¶1} Defendant-appellant Anthony D. Cunningham (“Cunningham”) brings

this appeal from the August 19, 2015 judgment of the Seneca County Common

Pleas Court sentencing Cunningham to 30 months in prison after Cunningham was

convicted in a jury trial of Having Weapons While Under Disability in violation of

R.C. 2923.13(A)(3), a felony of the third degree, and Attempted Tampering with

Evidence in violation of R.C. 2923.02(A) and R.C. 2921.12(A)(1), a felony of the

fourth degree.

Relevant Facts and Procedural History

{¶2} On May 13, 2015, Cunningham was indicted for Having Weapons

While Under Disability in violation of R.C. 2923.13(A)(3), a felony of the third

degree, and Attempted Tampering with Evidence in violation of R.C. 2923.02(A)

and R.C. 2921.12(A)(1), a felony of the fourth degree.1

{¶3} On May 14, 2015, Cunningham was arraigned and he pled not guilty

to the charges.

{¶4} On July 6-7, 2015, the case proceeded to a jury trial. At trial the State

presented the testimony of six witnesses and introduced a number of exhibits into

evidence including the revolver in question, photographs of bullets that

Cunningham had on or about his person when he was detained, and jailhouse calls

1
The Having Weapons While Under Disability charge also contained a specification that the .22 caliber
six-shot revolver Cunningham was alleged to have was subject to forfeiture as an instrumentality used in
the commission of the offense pursuant to R.C. 2981.02.
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made by Cunningham wherein he suggested to his girlfriend that she should claim

the revolver was hers. Cunningham’s attorney cross-examined the State’s

witnesses but elected not to present any evidence. The jury ultimately found

Cunningham guilty of both crimes.2

{¶5} On August 18, 2015, the trial court held a sentencing hearing. At the

sentencing hearing the State requested that Cunningham be sentenced to 30

months in prison on the Having Weapons While Under Disability charge and 15

months in prison on the Attempted Tampering with Evidence charge. The State

recommended that the sentences be served consecutively due to Cunningham’s

lengthy criminal history, which included as many as 9 prior prison terms.

Cunningham gave a brief statement in mitigation, as did his attorney, requesting

that Cunningham be placed on community control. After hearing the arguments of

the parties, the trial court stated that it considered the appropriate statutory

sentencing factors and sentenced Cunningham to serve 30 months in prison on the

Having Weapons While Under Disability charge and 15 months in prison on the

Attempted Tampering with Evidence charge. The trial court ordered that the

sentences be served concurrently, for an aggregate prison term of 30 months.

2
The jury also separately found that the revolver was an instrumentality used in the commission of the
offense and was subject to forfeiture.
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{¶6} A judgment entry memorializing Cunningham’s sentence was filed

August 19, 2015. It is from this judgment that Cunningham appeals, asserting the

following assignments of error for our review.

ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR 1
THE STATE OF OHIO FAILED TO PRODUCE LEGALLY
SUFFICIENT EVIDENCE TO SUSTAIN A CONVICTION OF
ATTEMPTED TAMPERING WITH EVIDENCE.

ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR 2
APPELLANT’S CONVICTIONS FELL AGAINST THE
MANIFEST WEIGHT OF THE EVIDENCE.

{¶7} Both assignments of error deal with a discussion of the evidence,

therefore we elect to address them together.

I. First and Second Assignments of Error

{¶8} In Cunningham’s first assignment of error, he argues that there was

insufficient evidence presented to convict him of Attempted Tampering with

Evidence.3 In Cunningham’s second assignment of error he argues that his

convictions for Attempted Tampering with Evidence and Having Weapons While

Under Disability were against the manifest weight of the evidence. As both

assignments of error challenge the convictions based on the evidence, we will

begin our review by summarizing the evidence presented at trial.

3
Cunningham does not challenge whether there was sufficient evidence presented to convict him of Having
Weapons While Under Disability.
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a. Trial Evidence

{¶9} Testimony at trial indicated that the incidents in question occurred at

216 East Sixth Street, a two-story residence in Fostoria, Ohio. Cunningham’s

girlfriend, Marcia Zachrich, lived at the residence along with her younger sister

Bobbi Lane, Lane’s children, Marcia’s older brother Brandon Murphy, and their

mother. According to Bobbi Lane, Cunningham was regularly at the residence

when Marcia was there, which was “[a]bout every other day, [or] every day.” (Tr.

at 210). Testimony indicated that Cunningham and Marcia slept in Brandon

Murphy’s door-less, upstairs bedroom when Murphy was not home, which

Murphy testified was about half the time. Lane testified that sometimes even

when Murphy was at home he would sleep on the couch and allow Marcia and

Cunningham to sleep in his bedroom.

{¶10} Regarding the incidents in question, Brandon Murphy testified that

on April 28, 2015, at approximately 8:30 p.m. he was at his residence along with

his sister Bobbi Lane, Lane’s two children, Marcia, and Cunningham. Murphy

testified that at one point he was in his upstairs bedroom wrestling with Lane’s

children when the 3-year-old child pointed a gun at him. Murphy testified that he

thought the gun was a toy at first and he took the gun from the child, then he

realized it was a real gun. Murphy testified that he took the gun downstairs and

handed it to Cunningham. Murphy testified specifically that the gun was not his

and that he did not know either of his sisters to own a gun.
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{¶11} Lane testified that she was present when Murphy came downstairs

and that he showed her the gun before handing it to Cunningham. Lane testified

that the gun was not hers, and that she did not know Marcia or Murphy to own a

gun. Lane testified that she said “[t]here shouldn’t be a gun around kids,” so

Murphy gave the gun to Cunningham. (Tr. at 212). Lane testified that

Cunningham took the gun from Murphy and put it in the trunk of Marcia’s car.

Lane testified that she watched Cunningham hide the gun, specifically seeing him

put the gun inside a bag and then put it into the trunk of Marcia’s car.

{¶12} Lane testified that after Cunningham hid the gun in the trunk she

walked to the “Dollar Store” with Marcia and Marcia “called it in,” meaning

Marcia called the police about Cunningham having a gun. (Tr. at 216). Lane

testified that Marcia told the police her name was Bobbi Lane because Marcia had

an active warrant out for her arrest. Lane testified that Marcia informed the police

that Cunningham was at her house with a gun.

{¶13} Three Fostoria City Police Department officers responded to a report

that there was a “disturbance” at the residence and that Cunningham had a firearm:

Officer Lucas Elchert, Sergeant William Campbell, and Officer Cory Brian. (Tr.

at 144). All three officers testified at trial. The officers arrived at the scene

separately but all nearly at the same time. Sergeant Campbell testified that he was

the first to arrive on scene and that when he arrived at the residence Cunningham

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was sitting on the front porch. All three officers testified that they were familiar

with Cunningham, having dealt with him before.

{¶14} Sergeant Campbell testified that when he arrived he spoke briefly to

Cunningham and then went inside the residence and spoke with Murphy and

Murphy’s mother while the other officers “maintain[ed] security.” (Tr. at 146).

Sergeant Campbell testified that Murphy and his mother advised him that there

was a weapon and it was either on “Cunningham’s person or outside somewhere.”

(Tr. at 147).

{¶15} Officer Elchert testified that upon his arrival he asked Cunningham

where Bobbi Lane was, who the officers believed had called the police for a

disturbance and a man with a gun. Cunningham informed Officer Elchert that

Lane had gone to the store, and Lane returned shortly thereafter. However, Marcia

did not return with Lane, so Officer Brian went to look for her.

{¶16} Officer Brian testified that he located Marcia and Marcia told him

that she did not want to go back to her residence because she was scared of

Cunningham. Marcia also told Officer Brian that Cunningham had put a gun in

her car. Sergeant Campbell testified that Bobbi Lane separately told him that she

saw Cunningham put the gun into Marcia’s trunk. In addition, the officers

indicated that Marcia and Lane had informed them that the gun Cunningham put

into Marcia’s trunk was Cunningham’s. Officer Brian testified that Marcia gave

the officers permission to search her car, so the officers searched the vehicle.
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{¶17} Officer Elchert and Sergeant Campbell testified that they searched

Marcia’s vehicle and located a revolver wrapped in a bag hidden amongst “a large

amount of men’s clothing in the trunk of the vehicle.” (Tr. at 116). Sergeant

Campbell testified that the revolver was inside a laundry basket “plumb full of

clothes” in a white plastic bag that was “folded up and kind of stuffed in the

middle of those clothes.” (Tr. at 149).

{¶18} Officer Elchert testified that there was one spent shell casing in the

cylinder of the revolver. Officer Elchert testified that the gun was made safe and

then Cunningham was detained. Sergeant Campbell testified that Cunningham

was detained due to the fact that Cunningham had prior felony convictions for

drug trafficking, which prohibited him from having a firearm. Certified copies of

two separate judgment entries indicating Cunningham’s prior felony drug

convictions were entered into the record.

{¶19} Officer Elchert testified that Cunningham was patted down for

weapons when he was detained and that he was then placed in a police cruiser.

However, Officer Elchert testified that Bobbi Lane eventually informed the

officers that she believed Cunningham had bullets on him, so Cunningham was

searched a second time.

{¶20} Officer Elchert testified that when the officers went to get

Cunningham out of the cruiser to search him the second time, there was a .22

caliber cartridge on the seat of the cruiser that had not been there before. Officer
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Elchert testified that there was another cartridge located by Cunningham’s shoe.

Officer Brian testified that Cunningham then admitted to him that he had two

rounds in his hand, wrapped in a white rag or tissue. Officer Brian testified that

the cartridges located with or near Cunningham matched the spent shell casing in

the revolver.

{¶21} Officer Brian testified that he test-fired the revolver and found it to

be a working firearm. A report stating as much was introduced into evidence.

The revolver itself and photographs of the bullets were also introduced into

evidence. One of the photographs depicted where the .22 caliber cartridge was

located in the back seat of the cruiser after Cunningham was removed from it to be

searched a second time for bullets. A second photograph illustrated where a

cartridge was located next to Cunningham’s left shoe outside of the vehicle, and a

third photograph depicted the cylinder of the revolver with the spent shell casing.

{¶22} The State also introduced three audio recordings of jailhouse calls

made by Cunningham to Marcia after he was charged with the offenses in this

case. The following excerpts are taken from the first phone exchange between

Cunningham and Marcia.

CUNNINGHAM: * * * [T]ell him it’s not mine. You know what
I’m saying? That’s it.

MARCIA: I don’t know who to tell him it belonged to, though.

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CUNNINGHAM: You don’t have to tell him it belonged to
nobody. Tell him it belongs to you. They can’t do nothing to
you.

MARCIA: Okay.

CUNNINGHAM: They can’t do nothing to you. You can say it
belonged to me. You were mad at me. I mean, you know, and
you not going to trial, do you know what I’m saying.

MARCIA: Okay.

***

CUNNINGHAM: Okay. You know what I’m saying? I mean,
if they take it to trial, then they going to put you on the stand,
your sister on the stand, and your brother on the stand. You
know what I’m saying?

MARCIA: Right. I don’t want to do that.

CUNNINGHAM: And I’m not trying to go that far. You know
what I’m saying? It ain’t got to go that far. You know what I’m
saying. Then they’ll want you to tell the truth, because, I mean,
I told the truth? You know what I’m saying?

And my phone, they got my phone as evidence when I text
you and told you the kids had found it, come and get that, you
know what I’m saying? Come and get that. But just do
something about. [sic] They got my phone saying that.

MARCIA: Right.

***

MARCIA: So what’s going to happen when I call your lawyer
and shit and they got your phone that says otherwise?

CUNNINGHAM: I mean, they got my phone. It [sic] not
nothing that going to hurt me by me saying that. I mean, it
actually will help me because, you know what I’m saying, I’m
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not allowed to have a pistol in my possession no way. You know
what I’m saying?

I mean, really, they cannot put that on me when everybody
else in that house, I mean, as long as it wasn’t in my possession.

MARCIA: Right.

CUNNINGHAM: As long as it wasn’t in my possession. And it
wasn’t in my possession when it was in the house, you know
what I’m saying?

MARCIA: Okay.

(Tr. at 163-165); (State’s Ex. 1).

{¶23} The following exchange is taken from the third jailhouse call

between Cunningham and Marcia.

CUNNINGHAM: Let him know it wasn’t mine and what you
got to do to get the charge off of me because you was upset with
me and everything else, and go from there.

MARCIA: Okay.

CUNNINGHAM: Because I go to court for the arraignment
next week. And after that, I’ll be going to trial on this case. You
know what I’m saying? They can’t do nothing about you if it’s
yours. I just cannot have it in my thing, you know what I’m
saying?

MARCIA: What?

CUNNINGHAM: Huh?

MARCIA: What?

CUNNINGHAM: I said I cannot have it on me, unless – you
know what I’m saying? I can’t have no pistol on me, you know
what I’m saying? And you can get me out of this.
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MARCIA: I know. We’ll work it out.

(Tr. at 172-173); (State’s Ex. 1).

{¶24} We would note that Marcia did not testify at trial, despite being

subpoenaed to be present. Lane testified that she had expected Marcia to go to the

trial with her and their brother Brandon; however, Lane testified she was unsure

where Marcia was. A bench warrant was issued for Marcia after an investigator

with the prosecutor’s office testified outside the presence of the jury that he had

properly served Marcia with a subpoena.

b. Sufficiency of the Evidence of Attempted
Tampering with Evidence

{¶25} In Cunningham’s first assignment of error, he argues that the State

presented insufficient evidence to convict him of Attempted Tampering with

Evidence. Whether there is legally sufficient evidence to sustain a verdict is a

question of law. State v. Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d 380, 386 (1997). Sufficiency

is a test of adequacy. Id. When an appellate court reviews a record upon a

sufficiency challenge, “ ‘the relevant inquiry is whether, after viewing the

evidence in a light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact

could have found the essential elements of the crime proven beyond a reasonable

doubt.’ ” State v. Leonard, 104 Ohio St.3d 54, 2004–Ohio–6235, ¶

77, quoting State v. Jenks, 61 Ohio St.3d 259 (1991), paragraph two of the

syllabus.
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{¶26} As indicted in this case Attempted Tampering with Evidence is

codified in R.C. 2323.02(A) [Attempt] and R.C. 2921.12(A)(1) [Tampering with

Evidence]. Criminal Attempt is defined as, “No person, purposely or knowingly,

and when purpose or knowledge is sufficient culpability for the commission of an

offense, shall engage in conduct that, if successful, would constitute or result in

the offense.” R.C. 2923.02(A).

{¶27} Tampering with Evidence is defined as

(A) No person, knowing that an official proceeding or
investigation is in progress, or is about to be or likely to be
instituted, shall do any of the following:

(1) Alter, destroy, conceal, or remove any record, document, or
thing, with purpose to impair its value or availability as evidence
in such proceeding or investigation[.]

R.C. 2921.12(A)(1).

{¶28} On appeal, Cunningham states that the “Attempted Tampering with

Evidence” charge came from Cunningham’s attempt to conceal the bullets from

the revolver. Cunningham contends that the State did not provide legally

sufficient evidence that Cunningham attempted to conceal the bullets with purpose

to impair their value or availability. Specifically, Cunningham contends that the

bullets Cunningham had wrapped in a tissue could have been wrapped before the

police were called. In addition, Cunningham contends that the State did not

establish that Cunningham was the one who took the bullets out of the revolver.

The State counters by arguing that there was a significant amount of evidence
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presented from which a jury could properly infer that Cunningham attempted to

conceal the bullets with purpose to impair their value or availability as evidence in

a proceeding or investigation. We agree with the State.

{¶29} When Cunningham was detained for having the revolver, he was

patted down for weapons and placed in the back of a police cruiser. Officers

provided testimony that the police cruiser had been checked that day before

Cunningham was in it and there were no bullets inside it. After Bobbi Lane

informed the officers on the scene that Cunningham may have bullets on him, the

officers got Cunningham out of the vehicle to conduct a more thorough search of

his person. As they did, they noted that there was a bullet on the rear seat of the

cruiser. Cunningham was also found to be holding two bullets wrapped in a white

tissue or some kind of rag. In addition, another bullet was found by

Cunningham’s shoe. Officer Brian testified that the rounds located matched the

spent shell casing in the revolver.

{¶30} While Cunningham was not successful in concealing this evidence, a

jury could certainly infer that Cunningham had removed the bullets from the

revolver and was attempting to get rid of the bullets that he had on him in an

attempt to suggest that the revolver was not his.

{¶31} Based on the testimony and exhibits presented, we cannot find that

there was insufficient evidence presented to convict Cunningham of Attempted

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Tampering with Evidence. Therefore, Cunningham’s first assignment of error is

overruled.

c. Manifest Weight of the Evidence

{¶32} In Cunningham’s second assignment of error he argues that his

convictions for both Attempted Tampering with Evidence and Having Weapons

While Under Disability were against the manifest weight of the evidence.

{¶33} The Ohio Supreme Court has “carefully distinguished the terms

‘sufficiency’ and ‘weight’ in criminal cases, declaring that ‘manifest weight’ and

‘legal sufficiency’ are ‘both quantitatively and qualitatively different.’ ” Eastley v.

Volkman, 132 Ohio St.3d 328, 2012–Ohio–2179, ¶ 10, quoting State v. Thompkins,

78 Ohio St.3d 380 (1997), paragraph two of the syllabus. Unlike our review of the

sufficiency of the evidence, an appellate court’s function when reviewing the

weight of the evidence is to determine whether the greater amount of credible

evidence supports the verdict. Thompkins, supra, at 387. In reviewing whether

the trial court’s judgment was against the weight of the evidence, the appellate

court sits as a “thirteenth juror” and examines the conflicting testimony. Id. In

doing so, this Court must review the entire record, weigh the evidence and all of

the reasonable inferences, consider the credibility of witnesses, and determine

whether in resolving conflicts in the evidence, the factfinder “clearly lost its way

and created such a manifest miscarriage of justice that the conviction must be

reversed and a new trial ordered.” Thompkins at 387.
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1. Manifest Weight: Attempted Tampering with Evidence

{¶34} In his second assignment of error, Cunningham contends that even if

there was sufficient evidence presented to convict him of Attempted Tampering

with Evidence, the conviction was against the manifest weight of the evidence.

Cunningham makes no arguments in addition to what he argued related to

sufficiency of the evidence; rather, he summarily adds the contention onto the end

of his claim that his conviction for Having Weapons While Under Disability was

against the manifest weight of the evidence.

{¶35} Contrary to Cunningham’s unsupported assertion, there was ample

evidence, beyond being merely sufficient, from which a jury could conclude that

Cunningham attempted, but was unsuccessful, in concealing the bullets on his

person from the officers on the scene. Therefore we cannot find that the factfinder

clearly lost its way or created a manifest miscarriage of justice, particularly in light

of the fact that there was no contrary evidence. Thus Cunningham’s argument as

to this issue is not well-taken.

2. Manifest Weight: Having Weapons
While Under Disability

{¶36} In his second assignment of error Cunningham also challenges his

conviction for Having Weapons While Under Disability as being against the

manifest weight of the evidence. As indicted in this case, Having Weapons While

Under Disability is codified in R.C. 2923.13(A)(3), and reads

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(A) Unless relieved from disability under operation of law or
legal process, no person shall knowingly acquire, have, carry, or
use any firearm or dangerous ordnance, if any of the following
apply:

***

(3) The person is under indictment for or has been convicted of
any felony offense involving the illegal possession, use, sale,
administration, distribution, or trafficking in any drug of abuse
or has been adjudicated a delinquent child for the commission of
an offense that, if committed by an adult, would have been a
felony offense involving the illegal possession, use, sale,
administration, distribution, or trafficking in any drug of abuse.

{¶37} On appeal, Cunningham argues that several people lived in the East

Sixth Street residence, that the revolver was found in Marcia’s vehicle, and that

only one witness testified that she saw Cunningham put the revolver into Marcia’s

vehicle. Cunningham contends that the State’s evidence that the revolver was his

was not enough to support a conviction beyond a reasonable doubt.

{¶38} While it is true that multiple people lived in the residence in

question, testimony indicated that Cunningham regularly slept in the bedroom

where the revolver was found by a 3-year-old child. That revolver was taken from

the child and given to Cunningham. Bobbi Lane testified that she watched as

Cunningham placed the revolver in Marcia’s trunk. The bullets from the revolver

were located on or about Cunningham when he was taken from the police cruiser.

{¶39} In addition, although Cunningham did not testify, audio recordings

of his jailhouse conversations with Marcia were played for the jury wherein

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Cunningham attempted to pressure Marcia to state that the revolver was hers.

Marcia implied during those phone calls that the revolver was not hers. Brandon

Murphy and Bobbi Lane both testified that the gun was not theirs, and that they

did not know Marcia to own a firearm.

{¶40} Moreover, the jury also heard testimony related to the other elements

of Having Weapons While Under Disability. Certified copies of judgment entries

detailing Cunningham’s two prior felony drug convictions were introduced into

the record. In addition, Officer Brian testified that he test-fired the revolver and

found that it was a working firearm. On the basis of the evidence presented, we

cannot find that the factfinder clearly lost its way or created a manifest miscarriage

of justice in convicting Cunningham of Having Weapons While Under Disability.

{¶41} Finally, we would note that Cunningham seems to suggest that the

State improperly introduced testimony of the officers stating that they were

familiar with Cunningham from prior dealings and that the State improperly

indicated in closing arguments that Marcia stated in the jailhouse calls that the

revolver was not hers. Cunningham does not support these arguments with any

legal authority, and he does not set them out as separate assignments of error. He

summarily argues these claims under the guise of being support for his contention

that his convictions were against the manifest weight of the evidence. Notably

even if these issues were properly set out as separate assignments and supported

by legal authority, these issues were not objected to and would be reviewed under
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a plain error standard. However, as they are argued, we find no error here

impacting the weight of the evidence. We similarly would find no merit if they

were separately argued under plain error or otherwise. Therefore, Cunningham’s

second assignment of error is overruled.

{¶42} Having found no error prejudicial to Cunningham in the particulars

assigned, his assignments of error are overruled and the judgment of the Seneca

County Common Pleas Court is affirmed.

Judgment Affirmed

PRESTON and WILLAMOWSKI, J.J., concur.

/jlr

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