in the Interest of K.G., a Child

Affirmed in part; Reverse and Remand in part; and Opinion Filed June 13, 2016

S In The
Court of Appeals
Fifth District of Texas at Dallas
No. 05-14-01171-CV

IN THE INTEREST OF K.G., A CHILD

On Appeal from the 301st Judicial District Court
Dallas County, Texas
Trial Court Cause No. DF-06-10047

MEMORANDUM OPINION
Before Justices Lang, Brown, and Whitehill
Opinion by Justice Whitehill

This suit affecting the parent–child relationship requires us to decide whether (i) the

evidence supported a grandmother’s standing to seek modification of a parent–child relationship

order and (ii) the trial court’s order granting such relief was supported by the evidence or

violated the mother’s constitutional rights.

Here, the trial court’s modification order designated K.G.’s Mother, Father, and paternal

grandmother (Grandmother) joint managing conservators. Among other things, the order also (i)

gave Grandmother the exclusive right to designate K.G.’s primary residence and certain other

exclusive rights, and (ii) restricted Mother’s possession rights. Mother appealed.

As discussed below, we conclude that on this record (i) Grandmother had sufficient care,

control, and possession of K.G. to support her standing, (ii) there was sufficient evidence
supporting the family code elements of modification, but (iii) the trial court erred by giving

Grandmother a “right to first refusal” whenever Mother was unable to exercise her possession of

K.G. for more than three hours.

Accordingly, we reverse the restriction the trial court placed on Mother’s possession

rights, affirm the order in all other respects, and remand for further proceedings.

I. BACKGROUND

K.G. was born in October 2002. When he was three years old, the trial court appointed

Mother and Father as his joint managing conservators and authorized Mother to determine K.G’s

primary residence.1 The order also required Father to pay Mother child support.

In October 2012, the attorney general petitioned to increase Father’s child support.

Father contested that request, asserting that K.G. did not actually stay with Mother. The docket

sheet reflects that the court ruled on the attorney general’s motion in November 2012, but the

order is not in our record.

In March 2013, Grandmother petitioned to modify the parent–child relationship, asking

that she, Mother, and Father be appointed K.G.’s joint managing conservators and that she be

given the exclusive right to designate K.G.’s primary residence. She also asked that Mother and

Father be required to pay child support to her.

The trial court rendered temporary orders adding Grandmother as a joint managing

conservator and giving her standard possession of K.G. pursuant to family code § 153.317.

Licensed professional counselor Jessica Rogers prepared a social study and filed it with

the court. The study opined that it was in K.G.’s best interest to live with Grandmother (and her

husband, Grandfather).

1
Although the conservatorship order that appears in the appellate record is not signed by the judge, both sides’ briefs state that the order
was entered.

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 In August 2014, the trial judge held a bench trial at which Rogers, Grandmother, and

Mother testified.

The trial judge later signed an order granting Grandmother’s motion. The order (i)

appointed Grandmother, Mother, and Father joint managing conservators of K.G.; (ii) gave

Grandmother the exclusive right to designate K.G.’s primary residence within Dallas County or

any contiguous county, as well as certain other exclusive rights; and (iii) gave Mother possession

rights similar to those in the Texas Standard Possession Order, but qualified those rights with a

“Right to First Refusal” provision that would cede Mother’s possessory rights to Grandmother

any time Mother could not exercise her possession of K.G. for more than three hours. The order

also required Mother and Father to pay Grandmother child support.

Mother timely filed a pro se new trial motion, which did not state any specific grounds,

and a pro se notice of appeal. Seventy days after judgment, and now acting through counsel,

Mother filed an amended new trial motion. The trial judge, however, never ruled on either

motion.

II. ISSUES

Mother raises three issues:

1. The trial court violated Mother’s fundamental rights under the United
States and Texas Constitutions and also violated the Texas Family Code.

2. The trial court erred by finding that Grandmother proved sufficient
grounds to modify the parent–child relationship.

3. The trial court erred by ruling that Grandmother had standing.

As discussed below, we disagree with issues two and three, and we agree with issue one

in part and disagree with it in part.

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 II. ANALYSIS

A. Issue Three: Did the trial court err by concluding that Grandmother had standing?

We address Mother’s third issue first because it concerns subject matter jurisdiction. See

In re M.K.S.-V., 301 S.W.3d 460, 463 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2009, pet. denied) (“Standing is a

component of subject matter jurisdiction[.]”). As discussed below, we hold that Grandmother

had standing to seek the requested modification because the record contains evidence that

Grandmother had actual care, control, and possession of K.G. for the statutorily required period.

1. Error Preservation and Standard of Review.

Mother did not raise standing below until her amended motion for new trial, which was

never heard by the trial court. Nevertheless, there is no error preservation defect because

standing can be raised for the first time on appeal. See In re A.C.F.H., 373 S.W.3d 148, 150

(Tex. App.—San Antonio 2012, no pet.).

Standing is a legal question that we review de novo. In re E.G.L., 378 S.W.3d 542, 547

(Tex. App.—Dallas 2012, pet. denied). Because Mother in effect challenges Grandmother’s

standing for the first time on appeal, we construe Grandmother’s petition in her favor and review

the entire record to determine whether any evidence supports standing. See In re A.C.F.H., 373

S.W.3d at 150; In re L.N.E., No. 05-07-01712-CV, 2009 WL 280472, at *2 (Tex. App.—Dallas

Feb. 6, 2009, no pet.) (mem. op.).

2. Applicable Law.

A person seeking conservatorship must have standing to sue. In re M.K.S.-V., 301

S.W.3d at 463. To that end, he or she must plead and establish standing within the family code’s

parameters. Id. at 464.

Here, Grandmother alleged standing under § 102.003(a)(9), which confers standing on

a person, other than a foster parent, who has had actual care, control, and
possession of the child for at least six months ending not more than 90 days
preceding the date of the filing of the petition[.]
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TEX. FAM. CODE § 102.003(a)(9).

Actual care, control, and possession has been found to exist when the person asserting

standing (i) lived in the same house as the child or lived in a home where the child consistently

and frequently stayed overnight; (ii) financially supported the child; (iii) participated in the

child’s education; and (iv) fed, clothed, and provided health care to the child. Jasek v. Tex. Dep’t

of Family & Protective Servs., 348 S.W.3d 523, 534 (Tex. App.—Austin 2011, no pet.).

Section 102.003(b) further provides that § 102.003(a)(9)’s required six month period

need not be continuous and the court must consider the child’s principal residence during the

relevant time period:

In computing the time necessary for standing under Subsections (a)(9), (11), and
(12), the court may not require that the time be continuous and uninterrupted but
shall consider the child’s principal residence during the relevant time preceding
the date of commencement of the suit.

Id. § 102.003(b).

A “principal residence” is a fixed place of abode that is (i) occupied consistently over a

substantial time period and (ii) permanent rather than temporary. In re M.P.B., 257 S.W.3d 804,

809 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2008, no pet.).

Additionally, we have said that § 102.003(a)(9)’s purpose is to give standing to a person

who has developed and maintained a relationship with a child over time. In re E.G.L., 378

S.W.3d at 547.

3. The Evidence.

Grandmother filed her petition on March 11, 2013, and pled her standing under family

code § 102.003(a)(9). The question then is whether there is any evidence that Grandmother had

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actual care, control, and possession of K.G. for at least six months ending after December 11,

2012 (90 days before Grandmother sued). See FAM. § 102.003(a)(9).2

The evidence supports the following facts: When K.G. was born in October 2002,

Mother, a high school sophomore, and Father were both teenagers. They could not take

responsibility for K.G., who was with Grandmother and Grandfather daily. Mother and Father

broke up in late 2004 when K.G. was about two years old.

Mother took possession of K.G. in 2005, when he was between two and three years old.

However, because Mother frequently left him in others’ care, she agreed to leave K.G. with

Grandmother and Grandfather so that K.G. would be safer.

Grandmother testified that:

(i) After getting possession of K.G., Grandmother enrolled him in day care because he

had developed behaviors such as “hitting and throwing stuff.”

(ii) She put K.G. in tutoring for attention deficit disorder and dyslexia, and she paid for

the tutoring.

(iii) She took K.G. to basketball and track after school four days a week.

(iv) From 2006 to 2013, a weekend was the longest K.G. ever stayed with Mother.

Mother’s testimony about K.G.’s living arrangements up to March 2013 was vague. She

said that she started a job in 2008, that she didn’t have a set schedule, and that Grandmother

“volunteered to help [Mother] pick [K.G.] up from school and help [Mother] do stuff back and

forth.” Her attorney later asked additional questions about her possession of K.G.:

Q How often were you seeing [K.G.] prior to March of 2013?

A I was seeing him—he was going back and forth.

2
To have standing under § 102.003(a)(9), Grandmother also must not be K.G.’s foster parent. Mother does not challenge this aspect of
§ 102.003(a)(9) standing, so we do not address it.

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 Q How often?

A Maybe like once or twice a week so maybe if—if I—before I got my car
if—if I didn’t have him, he would stay at granny’s house. If I have him
that day and I couldn’t take him to school, she would meet me and pick
him up and take him to school.

She also testified under cross-examination about her possession of K.G.:

Q But how long would you say you would have him, for a day or two?

A No, I didn’t have him for a day or two. We was going back and forth.

Q When the social study reports that you were gone three to four weeks at
the time back and forth, that’s all false?

A The child was going back and forth from her house to my mother’s house
where I stayed.

She further indicated that the arrangement might have continued indefinitely had Father’s

child support not been increased: “Everybody was getting along. Everything was going great

until they thought I went up on the child support.”

Counselor Jessica Rogers testified that:

(i) K.G. consistently told her that he was predominately with Grandmother.

(ii) Grandmother provided K.G. with testing and enrolled him in sports.

(iii) Many of the professionals involved with K.G.’s care “definitely felt like
grandma was the most available, present person.”

(iv) K.G.’s medical records indicated that Grandmother had primarily cared
for K.G. over the years.

(v) K.G. told Rogers that Grandmother was more likely to help him with his
homework and that Grandmother was better at getting him to bed on time.

Rogers’s social study, which was admitted into evidence, reported the following:

(i) K.G. told Rogers that “home was at his Granny’s house.”

(ii) He also said that “he had lived there at his Granny’s house most of his life
as his ‘mom couldn’t pick him up.’”

(iii) Moreover, K.G. “communicated he wanted to just visit with his mother
like he used to.”

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 (iv) Grandmother was the one who arranged for K.G. to be tested (for
unspecified reasons) at Scottish Rite Hospital.

4. Application of the Law to the Facts.

Based on the foregoing evidence, the trial court could reasonably find that from 2006 to

2013 K.G. largely lived with Grandmother and occasionally had short visits with Mother. The

trial court was also entitled to believe Grandmother’s evidence that she made decisions regarding

K.G.’s upbringing, education, and medical care from 2006 to 2013. In sum, there is evidence

that Grandmother had actual care, control, and possession of K.G. for more than six months

ending in 2013, which would be within 90 days of Grandmother’s suit.

Under § 102.003(b), we must also consider K.G.’s principal residence during the relevant

time period, keeping mind that “continuous and uninterrupted” care, control, and possession are

not required. FAM. § 102.003(b). Grandmother testified that she had lived continuously in her

residence since 1994, showing that her house was a fixed abode that was occupied consistently

over a substantial time period. See In re M.P.B., 257 S.W.3d at 809. There was also evidence

that K.G. lived with Grandmother most of the time and that this arrangement was open-ended

rather than temporary. There is thus evidence that Grandmother’s house was K.G.’s principal

residence until this custody dispute arose in March 2013.

Accordingly, taking § 102.003(b) into account, we conclude that there is some evidence

that Grandmother had actual care, control, and possession of K.G. for at least six months ending

less than 90 days before she sued. See FAM. § 102.003(a)(9).

Finally, recognizing Grandmother’s standing on these facts promotes the statutory

purpose of giving standing to those who have developed and maintained a relationship with a

child over time. See In re E.G.L., 378 S.W.3d at 547.

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 a. Precedents Supporting Grandmother.

Our In re M.P.B. and In re M.K.S.-V. opinions support our holding that Grandmother had

standing.

For example, in M.P.B., a child’s mother died when the child was 20 months old. 257

S.W.3d at 807. The child’s grandmother successfully sued for conservatorship, and we affirmed

her standing under § 102.003(a)(9). Id. at 807–10. The evidence showed that the mother and

child lived near the grandmother, but the child actually spent more time at the grandmother’s

house than at the mother’s apartment. Id. at 809. The child spent every weekend and one

additional night during the week at the grandmother’s house, and if the grandmother had any

time off work the child would also stay with her then. Id. The grandmother was also

significantly involved in raising the child, such as clothing her and teaching her to spell her

name. Id. This pattern lasted from the child’s birth until her mother’s death. Id. We further

noted that the grandmother’s possession of the child was not intended to be a temporary

arrangement to address temporary difficulties. Id. We thus held that § 102.003(a)(9) was

satisfied, even though the grandmother’s care, control, and possession of the child was not

exclusive and was exercised with the mother’s consent. Id.

Here, Grandmother’s care, control, and possession of K.G. was comparable to, or more

extensive than, the care, control, and possession that M.P.B.’s grandmother exercised. As in

M.P.B., the custody arrangement in this case was open-ended, and there is no indication that the

parties intended it to be temporary. Although Grandmother’s possession of K.G. was not

exclusive and was exercised with Mother’s permission, M.P.B. shows that these facts do not

defeat § 102.003(a)(9) standing. Thus, M.P.B. supports Grandmother’s standing.

And, in M.K.S.-V., T.S. had a child while involved in a relationship with K.V. 301

S.W.3d at 462. The relationship ended when the child was one year old, but T.S. and K.V.

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agreed that K.V. would possess the child overnight once a week, alternate weekends, and

alternate Sunday afternoons. Id. This arrangement lasted for over a year. Id. Then T.S. ended

the arrangement, and a month later K.V. sued for conservatorship or adoption. Id. The trial

court found that K.V. lacked standing to sue for conservatorship and dismissed K.V.’s suit. Id. at

463. We reversed, citing the parties’ agreed custody arrangement and several additional facts

supported K.V’s standing. Those additional facts included that:

(i) The child had a room and playthings at K.V.’s house.

(ii) K.V. sometimes picked the child up from school when she was sick and
bought and administered medication.

(iii) K.V. was listed as a parent on the child’s school records.

(iv) K.V. attended the child’s school activities, and the child’s teachers knew
that K.V. would sometimes pick the child up from school.

(v) K.V., T.S., and the child attended church as a family unit. Id. at 465.

Grandmother’s care, custody, and possession of K.G. in the present case was similar to,

or more extensive than, K.V.’s care, custody, and possession of the child in the M.K.S.-V. case.

Thus, M.K.S.-V. also supports Grandmother’s standing.

b. Mother’s Cases.

In arguing against Grandmother’s standing, Mother relies on In re K.K.C., 292 S.W.3d

788 (Tex. App.—Beaumont 2009, orig. proceeding), and In re Kelso, 266 S.W.3d 586 (Tex.

App.—Fort Worth 2008, orig. proceeding). We are not persuaded.

In the K.K.C. case, a man lived with a woman and her child for seven years until his

relationship with the woman ended. 292 S.W.3d at 789–91. He then sued for conservatorship

rights over the child. Id. at 789–90. The mother challenged the man’s standing, and he adduced

evidence that his relationship with the child was substantially like that of a parent. Id. at 791.

The trial court rejected the mother’s challenge, but the Beaumont Court of Appeals, with one

justice dissenting, granted the mother mandamus relief. In so doing, the Beaumont court
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construed the statutory “control” requirement to mean the authority to make legally significant

decisions for the child, and concluded that the man had no legal right of control over the child

and no authority to make decisions on the child’s behalf. Id. at 793. The court also emphasized

that the mother always lived with the child, adequately cared for the child, and did not relinquish

or abdicate her parental rights, duties, and responsibilities. Id.

K.K.C., however, is factually distinguishable from the instant case because K.K.C.’s

mother lived with the child the whole time that the nonparent seeking conservatorship also lived

with the child. Id. This arguably undermined the man’s claim that he ever had “actual care,

control, or possession” of the child. By contrast, K.G. lived with Grandmother and away from

Mother for substantial periods, during which Grandmother indisputably had care and possession

of K.G.

Moreover, we have not required parties seeking standing under § 102.003(a)(9) to

demonstrate authority to make legally significant decisions for the child to demonstrate

“control.” See In re M.K.S.-V., 301 S.W.3d at 465; In re M.P.B., 257 S.W.3d at 809. Rather, as

these cases show, we have in effect given “control” its ordinary meaning of “power or authority

to guide or manage: directing or restraining domination.” Control, WEBSTER’S THIRD NEW INT’L

DICTIONARY (1981). This is proper statutory interpretation. See City of San Antonio v. City of

Boerne, 111 S.W.3d 22, 25 (Tex. 2003) (“We look first to the plain and common meaning of the

statute’s words.”) (internal quotations and citation omitted). To the extent K.K.C. holds that

§ 102.003(a)(9) requires a formal, legal right of control, we disagree with it.3

In Kelso, a child’s paternal grandparents sought to be named the child’s sole managing

conservators, and the child’s mother challenged their standing. 266 S.W.3d at 588. The

3
The Austin Court of Appeals has also rejected K.K.C. See Jasek, 348 S.W.3d at 535 (rejecting position that § 102.003(a)(9) requires “that
the person seeking standing have ultimate legal authority to control a child”).

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grandparents presented evidence that the child had lived with them and away from his mother for

most of the year preceding the grandparents’ petition. Id. The trial court signed a temporary

order making the grandparents joint managing conservators, id. at 587, but the Fort Worth Court

of Appeals, with one justice dissenting, granted mandamus relief based on lack of standing. In

so doing the Fort Worth court emphasized that: (i) the mother never relinquished permanent care,

control, and possession of the child to the grandparents and (ii) the mother always controlled

when and how long the child stayed with the grandparents. Id. at 590–91. The court thus held

that (i) there was no evidence that the child’s abode with the grandparents was fixed or

permanent and (ii) the evidence showed that his abode with them was temporary, although up to

several months at a time, and depended on the mother’s consent. Id. at 591.

We disagree with Kelso’s analysis because that court indicated that a nonparent cannot

have actual care, control, and possession of a child unless the child’s parent voluntarily

relinquishes permanent care, control, and possession of the child to the nonparent. Id. at 590.

But § 102.003 does not require a voluntary and permanent relinquishment of rights. See FAM.

§ 102.003; see also Jasek, 348 S.W.3d at 535 (disagreeing with Kelso).

Moreover, our M.K.S.-V. opinion establishes that a nonparent who has periodic care,

control, and possession of a child with the child’s parent’s agreement can still establish standing

under § 102.003(a)(9). 301 S.W.3d at 464–65. We are obliged to follow our own precedents.

See MobileVision Imaging Servs., L.L.C. v. LifeCare Hosps. of N. Tex., L.P., 260 S.W.3d 561,

566 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2008, no pet.) (“We may not overrule a prior panel decision of this

Court absent an intervening change in the law by the legislature, a higher court, or this Court

sitting en banc.”).

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 c. Other Precedent From This Court.

Finally, we distinguish our In re I.I.G.T., 412 S.W.3d 803 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2013, no

pet.), decision. In that case, the trial court granted a mother’s plea to the jurisdiction attacking a

nonparent’s standing to seek conservatorship, and the nonparent appealed. Id. at 804–05. The

nonparent testified that, for the six months before he filed suit, the child stayed with him every

weekend pursuant to a permanent arrangement with the mother. Id. at 806. The mother,

however, testified that the child never lived with the nonparent but only visited him on visits that

were arranged on an individual basis. Id. at 807.

Emphasizing the standard of review, and distinguishing M.P.B. and M.K.S.-V., we held

that the evidence permitted the trial court to conclude that the nonparent’s possession of the child

was intended to be temporary rather than permanent, and that the parties did not intend the

nonparent’s house to be a permanent rather than a temporary abode for the child. Id. at 808–09.

Here, however, the evidence supports the premises that (i) the parties intended

Grandmother’s frequent possession of K.G. to be an indefinite rather than a temporary

arrangement and (ii) Grandmother’s house was K.G.’s permanent (although not uninterrupted)

abode.

For the above reasons, we disagree with Mother’s third issue.

B. Issue Two: Did the trial court erroneously conclude that Grandmother proved
sufficient grounds to modify the parent–child relationship?

Mother’s second issue argues that the trial court erred by concluding that (i) a material

and substantial change in circumstances occurred after the original custody order was signed, (ii)

Mother voluntarily relinquished primary care and possession of K.G. for at least six months, and

(iii) the modification was in K.G.’s best interest. We disagree with this issue because the trial

court’s conclusions were supported by some substantive and probative evidence.

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 1. Standard of Review.

We review an order modifying conservatorship for abuse of discretion. In re C.C.J., 244

S.W.3d 911, 917 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2008, no pet.). A trial court abuses its discretion if it acts

arbitrarily and unreasonably or without reference to any guiding principles. Id.

Under this standard, legal and factual insufficiency are not independent grounds of error,

but they are relevant factors in our review. Id. We review the evidence in the light most

favorable to the order and indulge every presumption in its favor. Id. If some probative and

substantive evidence supports the order, the challenge fails. See id.

2. Applicable Law.

The trial court may modify a conservatorship order if (i) modification would be in the

child’s best interest and (ii) either (a) the circumstances of the child, a conservator, or another

party affected by the order have materially and substantially changed since the order was

rendered or (b) the conservator who had the exclusive right to designate the child’s primary

residence voluntarily relinquished primary care and possession of the child to another person for

at least six months. FAM. § 156.101(a)(1)(A), (a)(3).

As the petitioner, Grandmother had the burden of proving the necessary elements by a

preponderance of the evidence. See In re A.B.P., 291 S.W.3d 91, 96 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2009,

no pet.). Grandmother pled both changed conditions and voluntary relinquishment as grounds

permitting modification. The trial court’s order found that Grandmother’s material allegations

were true.

3. Does the evidence support a material and substantial change in
circumstances?

To prove that circumstances have materially and substantially changed, a petitioner must

show the conditions that existed when the order was rendered and what material changes have

since occurred. In re C.C.J., 244 S.W.3d at 919.

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 We first consider the evidence of the conditions that existed when the original

conservatorship order was rendered, which occurred in May 2006 when K.G. was three years

old. Grandmother testified that K.G. lived with her from the age of about two or two and a half

until he was ten, with only short visits with Mother of a day or two at a time. She also testified

that K.G. “was a sweet child” when in roughly 2005 she took custody of him.

We next consider whether there is evidence that any relevant circumstances materially

and substantially changed after the original order was rendered. See id. Grandmother testified

that she put K.G. in day care at some point after she took custody of him because “he had started

hitting and throwing stuff.” As K.G. grew up, Grandmother became aware that K.G. had other

problems. She testified that K.G. “had ADD, dyslexia, and he had—he has attachment disorder.”

She also said that K.G. had problems with anger and stealing. She put K.G. in tutoring to

address his ADD and dyslexia, and she took him to counseling for his anger issues. Finally, she

testified that K.G. has demonstrated learning disabilities in reading and math.

Although Grandmother did not adduce evidence expressly establishing that K.G.’s ADD,

dyslexia, attachment disorder, issues with anger and stealing, and learning disabilities arose or

were diagnosed after the May 2006 order was rendered, we conclude that there is a reasonable

inference that some or all of these conditions arose or were diagnosed after May 2006. The trial

court could reasonably infer that many of these conditions—dyslexia, stealing issues, and

learning disabilities in reading and math in particular—either did not exist or had not been

detected in May 2006, when K.G. was three years old and the original order was rendered.

We further conclude that the trial court could reasonably determine that K.G.’s post-May

2006 psychological and behavioral problems were material and substantial changes in K.G.’s

circumstances under § 156.101(a)(1)(A). Cf. In re A.L.E., 279 S.W.3d 424, 429 (Tex. App.—

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Houston [14th Dist.] 2009, no pet.) (post-order diagnosis that child suffered panic attacks was a

factor supporting changed circumstances).

The trial court thus did not abuse its discretion by implicitly finding that K.G.’s

conditions had materially and substantially changed.

4. Does the evidence support a conclusion that Mother voluntarily relinquished
primary care and possession of K.G. for at least six months?

We also conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion by implicitly finding that

Mother voluntarily relinquished primary care and possession of K.G. for at least six months. See

FAM. § 156.101(a)(3).

The statute does not define the term “voluntarily relinquished.” See id. Mother argues

that it requires the managing conservator’s affirmative agreement to give up the child, rather than

mere tolerance or acquiescence, citing Norman v. Norman, 683 S.W.2d 548, 550 (Tex. App.—

Fort Worth 1985) (en banc), rev’d on other grounds, 692 S.W.2d 655 (Tex. 1985) (per curiam).

But cf. In re S.A.H., 420 S.W.3d 911, 922 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2014, no pet.)

(“Thus, ‘voluntarily relinquish’ can be construed as meaning ‘to give up by one’s own free

will.’”).

Assuming without deciding that Mother is correct and § 156.101(a)(3) requires a showing

that the conservator with the right to designate the child’s primary residence has affirmatively

agreed to give another primary care and possession of the child, we conclude that there is

evidence to support that finding here. As previously noted, Grandmother testified that K.G. lived

with her from the age of about two or two and a half until he was ten, with only short visits with

Mother of a day or two at a time. This arrangement began when Grandmother contacted Mother

and proposed it. Specifically, Grandmother testified:

I said [to Mother], you know, if you are going to be dropping him off, drop him
with me because I feel like that was safer. So I got him—I guess he might have
been two, two and a half.
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 Grandmother then testified that K.G. stopped living primarily with her when he was ten.

She also said that Mother voluntarily allowed K.G. to stay with her and that Mother relinquished

K.G.’s care to Grandmother for more than a year.

The above is some evidence that Mother voluntarily agreed to allow K.G, to live with

Grandmother when he was about two or two and a half and that Grandmother continued to have

primary care and possession of K.G. for roughly another seven years after the original

conservatorship order was rendered.

Also, Rogers (the counselor who performed the social study) testified, based on doctors’

records, that Grandmother, not Mother, “had primarily cared for this child over the years.” She

also testified that K.G. himself told her that he had predominately been with Grandmother.

Mother, however, argues that the trial court erred because she testified that (i) she did not

give K.G. up to Grandmother, (ii) she did not intend K.G. to live permanently with Grandmother,

and (iii) K.G. went back and forth between Mother’s home and Grandmother’s home. But in a

bench trial, the trial court is the fact-finder and the sole judge of witness credibility. In re A.M.,

418 S.W.3d 830, 841 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2013, no pet.). Accordingly, the trial court was free to

discredit or disbelieve Mother’s testimony.

The trial court thus did not abuse its discretion by implicitly finding that Mother

voluntarily relinquished the primary care and possession of K.G. to another person for at least six

months.

5. Did the trial court abuse its discretion by determining that the requested
modification was in K.G.’s best interest?

a. Applicable Law.

In determining a child’s best interest, a court may consider, among other things,

(i) the child’s desires;

(ii) the child’s current and future emotional and physical needs;

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 (iii) any emotional or physical danger to the child;

(iv) the parental abilities of the individual seeking custody and her plans for
the child;

(v) the stability of the home;

(vi) acts or omissions by a parent tending to show the existing relationship is
not a proper one; and

(vii) any excuse for the acts or omissions of the parent.

See In re S.N.Z., 421 S.W.3d 899, 910 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2014, pet. denied) (citing Holley v.

Adams, 544 S.W.2d 367, 371–72 (Tex. 1976)).

Additionally, Texas public policy is to (i) assure a child’s frequent and continuing

contact with parents who are capable of acting in the child’s best interest, (ii) provide a safe,

stable, and nonviolent environment for the child, and (iii) encourage parents to share in the

parental rights and duties after they have separated or divorced. FAM. § 153.001(a).

b. Application of the Law to the Facts.

Substantial evidence supports the trial court’s decision. Grandmother adduced evidence

that K.G. suffers from several psychological difficulties and learning disabilities and that while

she had possession of K.G. she sought tutoring and counseling to help him with these problems.

Once Mother reacquired possession of K.G., she stopped taking him to counseling.

Grandmother also enrolled him in extracurricular activities such as basketball and track.

According to Jessica Rogers’s social study, Mother’s residence reeked of urine,

apparently because of K.G.’s dog, and there were many small roaches in the refrigerator.

Furthermore, after March 2013, when K.G. began living primarily with Mother, he told Rogers

that he “much wished” that he were living with Grandmother. He also said there was less

fighting at Grandmother’s house, and that Mother and her live-in girlfriend frequently fought

with yelling and screaming. Although K.G. had not seen any physical violence, he had heard

them break a lamp in another room.
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 Additionally, the social study opined that K.G.’s best interest would be to live with

Grandmother and Grandfather “in the fashion in which he has been afforded the most

consistency and love over the course of time.” The study also said, “It is hoped that [K.G.] can

again find his predominant care being overseen by his grandparents in which he seems to most

greatly thrive while being allowed visitation to his mother during the time she is off on the

weekends.”

Rogers further testified that she thought Mother was “well intentioned” but “there’s a

miss in her being consistent.” K.G. told Rogers that he was able to be “more of a kid” at

Grandmother’s house because she took care of breakfast and his clothes and things like that. He

also said that Grandmother was more likely to help him with homework and that she was better

than Mother at getting to bed on time.

On the other hand, Rogers also testified that K.G. had said both that he would like to be

with Mother and that he didn’t care who he lived with. He also said that if he had a bad day he

would talk to Mother about social problems. Rogers believed that Mother was getting K.G. to

school on time and was making sure he was fed. Rogers found nothing in her report to indicate

Mother would significantly impair K.G.’s mental, physical, or emotional wellbeing. But she also

testified that she would be concerned about K.G.’s physical welfare and would possibly be

concerned about his educational welfare if he were with Mother.

Mother emphasizes the parts of Rogers’s testimony that are favorable to her position.

She also points to evidence that she has had the same job for six years. She was present for

K.G.’s psychological and dyslexia testing at the hospital and at school. She denied that her

previous residence had a urine stench or roaches in the refrigerator, and there was also evidence

that she moved from that residence after Rogers’s visit. Mother also introduced evidence that

K.G.’s grades did not suffer after Grandmother started this proceeding and that K.G. started to

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live mostly with Mother. And she observes that the social study reflects that Grandfather was

convicted of shoplifting in 1974 when he was 19.

Because the trial court is in the best position to observe the witnesses and their demeanor

we give it great latitude when determining a child’s best interest. In re S.E.K., 294 S.W.3d 926,

930 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2009, pet. denied). Here, the trial court observed the witnesses and

weighed the evidence. Grandmother adduced favorable evidence regarding many of the best

interest factors, including K.G.’s desires, K.G.’s physical and emotional needs, her and Mother’s

parental abilities, and the stability of her home. Although Mother adduced evidence favorable to

her position as well, it was the trial court’s prerogative to weigh the evidence. See In re A.M.,

418 S.W.3d at 841.

The modification order also furthers Texas public policy by giving K.G. both (i) frequent

and continuing contact with Mother and (ii) a safe and stable environment.

Based on the above, we cannot conclude that the trial court acted arbitrarily or

unreasonably by granting Grandmother’s request for modification.

We disagree with Mother’s second issue.

C. Issue One: Did the trial court commit constitutional or legal error by rendering the
modification order?

Mother’s first issue raises several distinct arguments positing that the trial court

committed error by rendering the modification order:

(i) The federal and Texas constitutions required the trial court to give
Mother’s determinations about her child special weight, and the trial court
erred by failing to do so.

(ii) The trial court erred by awarding Grandmother certain exclusive rights
that Grandmother had not requested in her pleadings.

(iii) The trial court erred by failing to make a written finding that the
limitations placed on Mother’s rights and duties were in K.G.’s best
interest, as required by family code § 153.072.

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 (iv) There was no evidence supporting the award of certain rights exclusively
to Grandmother.

(v) The trial court erred by giving Grandmother a “Right to First Refusal” if,
during a time of Mother’s possession, Mother would be unable to exercise
her possession of K.G. for more than three hours.

1. Did Mother preserve her constitutional argument?

Mother’s first argument is that the modification statute, § 156.101, is unconstitutional

under the federal Due Process Clause, the Texas Due Course Clause, and Troxel v. Granville,

530 U.S. 57 (2000), because it does not require the trial court to give a fit parent’s decisions

about her child special weight in conservatorship decisions. She also contends that the

constitutional infirmity could be overcome in modification cases by applying the “parental

presumption” found in § 153.131. But Mother did not raise this argument in the trial court until

she filed her untimely amended motion for new trial.

Appellate complaints must be preserved by timely request, objection, or motion in the

trial court. TEX. R. APP. P. 33.1(a)(1). Even constitutional arguments must be preserved in the

trial court. Tex. Dep’t of Protective & Regulatory Servs. v. Sherry, 46 S.W.3d 857, 861 (Tex.

2001). An untimely amended motion for new trial, however, does not preserve error for appeal.

Moritz v. Preiss, 121 S.W.3d 715, 720–21 (Tex. 2003). Our sister court of appeals has held that

the same argument Mother is making here must be preserved in the trial court. Jhaveri v.

McBeth, No. 03-14-00261-CV, 2015 WL 8591659, at *8 (Tex. App.—Austin Dec. 10, 2015, pet.

filed) (mem. op.). We agree.

We therefore conclude Mother did not preserve her constitutional argument.

2. Did the trial court abuse its discretion by awarding Grandmother certain
exclusive rights?

The trial court awarded Grandmother exclusive rights to: (i) represent K.G. in legal

actions and to make other decisions of substantial legal significance concerning K.G., (ii)

consent to marriage and to enlistment in the armed forces, (iii) make decisions concerning K.G.’s
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education, and (iv) act as K.G.’s agent regarding K.G.’s estate if a state requires K.G.’s action.

Mother argues that these awards are erroneous because (i) Grandmother did not request them in

her pleading and (ii) there is no evidence to support them.

a. Pleading Defect.

We conclude that Mother did not preserve her pleading defect argument for appeal.

Specifically, Mother could have raised this argument in a motion for new trial or motion to

modify the judgment, but she did not do so. Accordingly, Mother did not preserve error, and we

do not address this argument. See TEX. R. APP. P. 33.1(a)(1); Tucker v. Thomas, 405 S.W.3d

694, 712 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2011) (en banc) (party did not preserve argument

that award of attorneys’ fees was unsupported by pleadings), rev’d on other grounds, 419

S.W.3d 292 (Tex. 2013); Halla v. Halla, No. 14-06-01126-CV, 2007 WL 2367600, at *3 (Tex.

App.—Houston [14th Dist.] Aug. 21, 2007, no pet.) (mem. op.) (party did not preserve argument

that opponent failed to plead elements necessary to support modification).

b. Sufficiency of the Evidence.

Mother contends that there is no evidence to support the trial court’s decision to give

Grandmother the exclusive rights listed above. We are not persuaded.

As to K.G.’s education, there was evidence that Grandmother was better at helping K.G.

with his homework and made efforts to help K.G. succeed academically with extra tutoring.

As to the other rights at issue, it is true that there is no evidence specifically addressing,

for example, whether Mother or Grandmother would be better able to represent K.G. in a legal

action. But there was evidence that Grandmother generally offered K.G. greater consistency and

availability than Mother could and that Grandmother would be a stable influence in his life given

her 35 years of marriage and 20 years of residency in the same house. From this evidence, the

trial court could reasonably conclude that, on balance, Grandmother would be better able to look

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after K.G.’s interests if he needed a legal representative, if he wanted to marry or enter the

military before attaining majority, or if he needed an agent to act on behalf of his estate.

Accordingly, we conclude the trial court did not abuse its discretion.

3. Did Mother preserve her argument that the trial court failed to make a
finding under family code § 153.072?

Mother argues that the trial court violated family code § 153.072 by limiting her rights

without making a written finding that the limitations are in K.G.’s best interest. But she did not

request findings of fact or otherwise bring her complaint to the trial court’s attention.

Accordingly, she did not preserve the argument for appeal. See TEX. R. APP. P. 33.1(a)(1); cf.

Avalos v. Avalos, No. 2-08-012-CV, 2008 WL 5115300, at *3 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth Dec. 4,

2008, no pet.) (mem. op.) (no abuse of discretion where party did not request finding under

§ 153.072).

4. Did the trial court abuse its discretion by giving Grandmother a “Right to
First Refusal”?

Finally, Mother argues that the trial court abused its discretion by including a “Right to

First Refusal” provision in the modification order. That part of the order provides:

IT IS ORDERED THAT [Grandmother] shall have the right to first refusal
in that if [Mother] is unable or unwilling to exercise access and possession of the
child for more than 3 hours, th[e]n [Mother] is ORDERED to contact
[Grandmother] at least 24 hours in advance of the time [Mother] is to have access
to the child to give [Grandmother] notice that [Mother] will not be able to
exercise possession.

IT IS FURTHER FOUND THAT this [r]ight to first refusal also pertains
to [Mother’s] work schedule.

Mother argues that this provision is an abuse of discretion in light of family code § 153.193,

which provides that an order that imposes limitations on a parent’s right to possession of a child

“may not exceed those that are required to protect the best interest of the child.” FAM.

§ 153.193. For the reasons that follow, we agree with Mother.

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 Specifically, Mother relies on In re H.D.C., 474 S.W.3d 758 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th

Dist.] 2014, no pet.), which was a custody dispute over two children. Id. at 762. The father filed

a petition to modify the parent–child relationship, and the resulting modification order (i) gave

him the right to determine the children’s primary residence and (ii) limited the mother’s extended

summer possession by requiring her to be “off work” and “present” to exercise that possession.

Id. at 762–63.

On appeal, the mother argued that the limitation on her extended summer possession was

an abuse of discretion under § 153.193. Id. at 763. The court of appeals agreed. Id. at 764–65.

Although the evidence supported the premises that the children required constant adult

supervision and that certain of the mother’s relatives were not appropriate supervisors, the

appellate court concluded that it was unduly burdensome and unnecessarily restrictive to require

the mother herself to supervise the children. Id. Accordingly, it reversed and remanded so that

the trial court could revise the restriction. Id. at 765. We agree with Mother that In re H.D.C. is

closely on point.

Grandmother, however, argues that evidence supports the premise that the restriction is in

K.G.’s best interest. For example, Jessica Rogers testified, “I worry about him being left at the

apartment too much time while [Mother]’s going back and forth.” Grandmother also points to

the social study, which recounts Grandmother’s statement that when K.G. was around two or

three years old Mother “was dropping [K.G.] off to random places for others to provide care.”

We agree with Mother that there is no evidence that K.G.’s best interest requires that

Mother abide by the restrictions that the “Right to First Refusal” provision imposes. The

evidence concerning Mother’s handling of K.G.’s care when he was two or three years old is no

evidence of K.G.’s best interest several years later. Assuming the evidence supports a

requirement that Mother not leave K.G. unsupervised (a question we do not reach), we conclude

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that the evidence does not show that K.G.’s best interest requires Mother to consult specifically

with Grandmother about supervision instead of making some other suitable arrangement.

Accordingly, we conclude that the trial court abused its discretion by imposing the

condition entitled “Right to First Refusal.” See id. at 764–65. We further conclude that the

appropriate remedy is reversal of that part of the order, and we remand for further proceedings

for refashioning of the restriction, if any. See id. at 765.

III. CONCLUSION

We reverse the part of the order entitled “Right to First Refusal,” and we remand for the

limited purpose of allowing the trial court to consider whether a restriction should be imposed

and, if so, to fashion a restriction that conforms to the evidence. In all other respects, we affirm

the trial court’s order.

/Bill Whitehill/
BILL WHITEHILL
JUSTICE
141171F.P05

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 S
Court of Appeals
Fifth District of Texas at Dallas
JUDGMENT

IN THE INTEREST OF K.G., A CHILD, On Appeal from the 301st Judicial District
Court, Dallas County, Texas
No. 05-14-01171-CV Trial Court Cause No. DF-06-10047.
Opinion delivered by Justice Whitehill.
Justices Lang and Brown participating.

In accordance with this Court’s opinion of this date, we AFFIRM in part and REVERSE
in part the September 9, 2014 Order in Suit to Modify Parent–Child Relationship.

We REVERSE the two paragraphs of the Order appearing under the heading “2. Right
to First Refusal.” We AFFIRM the Order in all other respects. We REMAND this cause to the
trial court for further proceedings consistent with this Court’s opinion.

It is ORDERED that each party bear its own costs of this appeal.

Judgment entered June 13, 2016.

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