Filed
Washington State
Court of Appeals
Division Two
June 28, 2016
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
DIVISION II
STATE OF WASHINGTON, No. 46819-1-II
Respondent,
v.
LONZELL DEVAUGHN GRAHAM, UNPUBLISHED OPINION
Appellant.
MELNICK, J. — Lonzell Devaughn Graham appeals from his conviction and sentence for a
felony domestic violence court order violation. We conclude that the trial court did not err by
denying Graham’s motion to suppress, that the legal financial obligations (LFOs) ordered do not
violate his due process or equal protection rights, that the trial court did not err by ordering Graham
to provide a biological sample. We further conclude that the trial court did err by not conducting
an individualized inquiry before imposing a discretionary LFO. We affirm, but remand to the trial
court to conduct an individualized inquiry as to Graham’s ability to pay the discretionary LFO.
FACTS
On May 20, 2014, the State charged Graham with a felony domestic violence court order
violation, alleging he willfully contacted Tasha Lamb, the protected party, after having received
actual notice of the existence of the court order, and that he had at least two previous convictions
for violating orders.
46819-1-II
I. SUPPRESSION HEARING
On August 26, 2014, Graham filed a motion to suppress evidence pursuant to CrR 3.6. On
September 3, the trial court heard the following undisputed testimony from Officer Donald Hobbs
on the motion to suppress. Hobbs worked as a police officer for approximately ten years. He
came into contact with Graham on Pacific Highway in Milton while working patrol. As he
monitored traffic, Hobbs observed a gold Lincoln automobile driving southbound with “two
windshield wipers stuck on the windshield in an upright position . . . [and] both or one of the side
front windows was very dark tinted.” 1 Report of Proceedings (RP) at 57. It was a dry day. Hobbs
stopped the vehicle because “obviously, the windshield wipers were defective. They were stuck
in an upright position, which would make them defective windshield wipers, and probably
obscuring his view as well. And dark tinted windows.” 1 RP at 58.
Based on Hobbs’s training and experience, he knew “what a dark tinted window looks like
that’s darker than allowed by law,” and he “had [completed] numerous, numerous stops on tinted
windows.” 1 RP at 58. He also has made “many, many” stops for equipment violations, such as
windshield wipers stuck in the middle of the windshield. 1 RP at 58. Officer Hobbs took a photo
that showed the windshield wipers were stuck in the upright position. He wrote Graham a ticket
for the tint of the windows and for the broken windshield wipers.
On September 26, the trial court filed its findings of fact and conclusions of law regarding
the motion to suppress. In relevant part, the trial court found:
UNDISPUTED FACTS
1. On May 18, 2014, Milton Police Officer Donald Hobbs observed a vehicle
traveling south bound at the 7800 block of Pacific Highway in Milton, WA. He
observed the vehicle’s windshield wipers were stuck in an upright position and it
was not raining. Officer Hobbs observed the vehicle’s windows were darker than
allowed by law. Based on his training and experience as a patrol officer for
approximately ten years, Officer Hobbs pulled the vehicle over.
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....
CONCLUSIONS OF LAW
....
3. The court found Officer Hobbs’ testimony credible.
4. Officer Hobbs had an articulable reasonable suspicion [to] conduct a traffic stop
and was legally authorized to contact the defendant.
Clerk’s Papers (CP) at 63-65.
II. TRIAL AND SENTENCING
On September 3, the parties stipulated to the admission of Graham’s prior convictions for
violating protection orders issued under chapter 10.99 RCW or chapter 26.50 RCW.
Officer Hobbs, the sole witness at trial, testified similarly to how he did at the suppression
hearing with the following additions. Graham drove the car and a woman sat in the passenger seat.
Graham handed Officer Hobbs his registration and license, and Officer Hobbs radioed dispatch to
check Graham’s name. Dispatch advised Hobbs that Graham had a valid license, and that a no
contact order existed prohibiting his contact with Lamb. Dispatch told Officer Hobbs that Lamb
was a white female born in 1980. Officer Hobbs went to the passenger side of Graham’s vehicle,
advised the woman that a protection order existed, and requested her identification. Using the
identification the passenger provided, Officer Hobbs confirmed the woman was Lamb. He
returned to his car, and after dispatch confirmed the existence of a protection order, Hobbs placed
Graham under arrest for violating the no contact order.
The jury found Graham guilty. By special verdict, the jury also found that Graham and
Lamb were members of the same family or household.
On September 26, the trial court sentenced Graham to 60 months of confinement. In
determining Graham’s LFOs the following exchange occurred:
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[THE STATE]: Thank you. And I would note it’s mandatory legal financial
obligations, $500 crime victim assessment, the $100 DNA[1] database fee, the $500
DAC[2] recoupment.
THE COURT: DAC recoupment is not mandatory.
[THE STATE]: I believe she was a conflict through DAC.
[DEFENSE]: Yes.
[THE STATE]: And the $200 filing fee. I just wanted to accurately—
THE COURT: What the court’s intent is is that it be the minimum we can
impose and still be consistent with the statute. It makes no sense to burden him
further with financial obligations. He walks out of here and he has another problem.
Enough already.
[THE STATE]: I understand.
[DEFENSE]: Your Honor, Mr. Graham and I were just discussing that some
of the costs are mandatory and some are discretionary. And one that he had a
question about was the DNA fee, because based on his history, as the court—
THE COURT: Maybe had one or two before?
[DEFENSE]: Yes.
THE COURT: I know. It’s mandatory. Whether it makes sense or not,
again, that’s up to the Legislature. The point is well taken.
[GRAHAM]: I’ve been—I was sentenced another time where everything
was waived because I was on Social Security, and they knew they [weren’t] going
to get the money anyways.
THE COURT: Well, there’s a difference in enforcing and putting it in the
rule. And the time of enforcement I think is when you take up the issue of whether
or not they’re actually going to impose it on you or enforce it at that point. It’s not
this point. This is the time the amount is set forth. But the actual enforcement is
the time to take up the issue of whether or not you can afford is at that time.
[THE STATE]: . . . Would you be putting him on a $10-per-month payment
plan upon release from prison?
THE COURT: I don’t think I can do that without knowing his financial
condition. And I won't know that until he’s released, so I won’t be doing that.
[THE STATE]: Thank you.
THE COURT: I could put in not more than $10.
[GRAHAM]: I’m on Social Security.
5 RP at 348-50. Graham did not object to the DAC recoupment fee at the hearing, but he did
object to the DNA fee. The trial court ordered Graham to pay $1,300 in LFOs, all of which were
mandatory, except for the DAC recoupment fee. Graham appeals.
1
Deoxyribonucleic acid.
2
Department of Assigned Counsel.
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46819-1-II
ANALYSIS
I. MOTION TO SUPPRESS
Graham argues that because Hobbs did not have a reasonable articulable suspicion a traffic
infraction was occurring, the trial court erred by denying his motion to suppress evidence. Graham
specifically challenges the trial court’s finding of fact 1 that the stop was based on the officer’s
training and experience and conclusion of law 4. We disagree.
A. Standard of Review
We review a trial court’s denial of a motion to suppress by determining whether substantial
evidence supports the challenged findings of fact and whether those findings support the trial
court’s conclusions of law. State v. Ross, 106 Wn. App. 876, 880, 26 P.3d 298 (2001). Evidence
is substantial when it is enough “to persuade a fair-minded person of the truth of the stated
premise.” State v. Reid, 98 Wn. App. 152, 156, 988 P.2d 1038 (1999). Unchallenged findings of
fact are verities on appeal. State v. Bonds, 174 Wn. App. 553, 562, 299 P.3d 663 (2013). We
review conclusions of law de novo. State v. Roden, 179 Wn.2d 893, 898, 321 P.3d 1183 (2014).
B. The Trial Court Did Not Err By Denying the Motion to Suppress
Under the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution and article I, section 7 of
the Washington State Constitution, a police officer generally cannot seize a person without a
warrant supported by probable cause. State v. Garvin, 166 Wn.2d 242, 249, 207 P.3d 1266 (2009).
“‘As a general rule, warrantless searches and seizures are per se unreasonable.’” State v.
Hendrickson, 129 Wn.2d 61, 70, 917 P.2d 563 (1996) (quoting State v. Houser, 95 Wn.2d 143,
149, 622 P.2d 1218 (1980)). However, “[e]xceptions to the warrant requirement fall into several
broad categories: consent, exigent circumstances, searches incident to a valid arrest, inventory
searches, plain view,” and investigative stops as set forth in Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 88 S. Ct.
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46819-1-II
1868, 20 L. Ed. 2d 889 (1968). State v. Ladson, 138 Wn.2d 343, 349, 979 P.2d 833 (1999). “The
burden is always on the state to prove one of these narrow exceptions.” Ladson, 138 Wn.2d at 350.
A Terry stop is justified when the officer can “point to specific and articulable facts which,
taken together with rational inferences from those facts, reasonably warrant that intrusion.” Terry,
392 U.S. at 21. When considering the reasonableness of a stop, the court must evaluate it based
on a totality of the circumstances. State v. Glover, 116 Wn.2d 509, 514, 806 P.2d 760 (1991).
“The trial court takes into account an officer’s training and experience when determining the
reasonableness of a Terry stop.” Glover, 116 Wn.2d at 514. Terry stops have been applied to
traffic violations, including traffic infractions. State v. Duncan, 146 Wn.2d 166, 173-74, 43 P.3d
513 (2002); Ladson, 138 Wn.2d at 350-51. Those traffic stops are subject to the same
reasonableness requirement. Ladson, 138 Wn.2d at 350.
Substantial evidence supports the trial court’s finding of fact 1. Officer Hobbs, the sole
witness at the suppression hearing, testified to each of the facts in the trial court’s finding of fact
1. Officer Hobbs stated that based on his training and experience, he had completed “numerous
stops on tinted windows and I know what a dark tinted window looks like that’s darker than
allowed by law.” 1 RP at 58. Therefore, substantial evidence supported the trial court’s finding.
Because substantial evidence supports the finding, we review the trial court’s conclusion
of law. Officer Hobbs had a reasonable articulable suspicion that Graham’s windows were too
darkly tinted, a traffic violation, and the trial court did not err by so concluding.
Therefore, the trial court correctly denied Graham’s motion to suppress.
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46819-1-II
II. LEGAL FINANCIAL OBLIGATIONS
Graham argues the mandatory DNA collection fee under RCW 43.43.7541 3 violates his
substantive due process rights because he does not have the ability or the likely future ability to
pay. He also argues that RCW 43.43.7541 violates his right to equal protection because it requires
some defendants to pay the DNA collection fee multiple times while others only pay it once.
Finally, Graham argues that the trial court erred when it ordered him to pay a “court-appointed
attorney fee” because it mistakenly believed it was mandatory. Br. of Appellant at 21. We disagree
with Graham’s arguments, except that the trial court erred in imposing a discretionary LFO, i.e.
the attorney fee, without first making an inquiry into his ability to pay.
A. STANDING
The State argues that Graham lacks standing to challenge the constitutionality of the DNA
fee as violating substantive due process because he “has not been found to be constitutionally
indigent.” Br. of Resp’t at 12. We disagree.
We review whether a party has standing to assert a constitutional violation de novo. State
v. A.W., 181 Wn. App. 400, 409, 326 P.3d 737 (2014).
No precise definition of “constitutional indigence” exists. In Williams [v.
Illinois, 399 U.S. 235, 242, 90 S. Ct. 2018, 26 L. Ed. 2d 586 (1970)], the Supreme
Court spoke of indigence as meaning “without funds.” Nonetheless, courts have
recognized that constitutional indigence cannot mean absolute destitution. At the
same time, a constitutional distinction exists between poverty and indigence, and
constitutional protection attaches only to indigence. Bearden [v. Georgia, 461 U.S.
660, 661-62, 666 n.8, 103 S. Ct. 2064, 76 L. Ed. 2d 221 (1983),] essentially
mandates that we examine the totality of the defendant’s financial circumstances to
determine whether he or she is constitutionally indigent in the face of a particular
fine.
State v. Johnson, 179 Wn.2d 534, 553-54, 315 P.3d 1090 (2014) (citations omitted).
3
The 2015 amendment to RCW 43.43.7541 does not affect our analysis in this opinion. See LAWS
OF 2015, Ch. 265, § 31.
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To prove standing, Graham must show (1) “‘a personal injury fairly traceable to the
challenged conduct and likely to be redressed by the requested relief” and (2) that his claim falls
within the zone of interests protected by the statute or constitution provision at issue. Johnson,
179 Wn.2d at 552 (quoting High Tide Seafoods v. State, 106 Wn.2d 695, 702, 725 P.2d 411
(1986)). If a party lacks standing for a claim, we refrain from reaching the merits of the issue.
Johnson, 179 Wn.2d at 552. A defendant may not challenge the constitutionality of a statute unless
he or she is harmed by the alleged unconstitutional feature of the challenged statute. State v.
Jendrey, 46 Wn. App. 379, 384, 730 P.2d 1374 (1986); State v. Lundquist, 60 Wn.2d 397, 401,
374 P.2d 246 (1962).
The trial court appointed Graham a lawyer, and at sentencing, the trial court learned that
Graham was on social security. The trial court found him indigent. The trial court also made clear
that because of Graham’s financial situation, it was attempting to impose the least amount of LFOs
it could. Graham is constitutionally indigent for purposes of this appeal and was so in the trial
court. He is challenging the law for imposing mandatory LFOs on indigent defendants. Relying
on the above-stated two part test, Graham has standing.
B. RIPENESS
The State argues that Graham’s claim is not ripe for review because the State has not yet
attempted to enforce payment. We disagree.
In State v. Blazina, 182 Wn.2d 827, 832 n.1, 344 P.3d 680 (2015), the court clarified that
a challenge to the trial court’s entry of an LFO order under RCW 10.01.160(3) is ripe for judicial
determination. The same rationale applies to LFOs imposed pursuant to other statutes.
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C. SUBSTANTIVE DUE PROCESS
Graham argues that RCW 43.43.7541 is unconstitutional because it violates the due process
rights of defendants who do not have the ability or likely future ability to pay the obligation. We
disagree. We recently rejected similar arguments in State v. Mathers, No. 47523-5-II, 2016 WL
2865576 (Wash. Ct. App. May 10, 2016).
We must determine whether RCW 43.43.75414 violates the guarantees of the due process
clauses of the Washington and federal constitutions. RCW 43.43.7541 requires every sentence
imposed for a violation of specified crimes include a $100 DNA fee. Felony violation of a no
contact order is one of the specified crimes. RCW 43.43.7541.
Both the state and federal constitutions mandate that no person may be deprived of life,
liberty, or property without due process of law. U.S. CONST. amends. V, XIV, § 1; WASH. CONST.
art. I, § 3. “‘The due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment confers both procedural and
substantive protections.’” Nielsen v. Dep’t of Licensing, 177 Wn. App. 45, 52, 309 P.3d 1221
(2013) (quoting Amunrud v. Bd. of Appeals, 158 Wn.2d 208, 216, 143 P.3d 571 (2006)).
“‘Substantive due process seems to have been gradually adopted as the shorthand for individual
rights which are not clearly textual.’” Mathers, 2016 WL 2865576, at *7 (quoting Stephen Kanter,
The Griswold Diagrams: Toward A Unified Theory of Constitutional Rights, 28 Cardozo L. Rev.
623, 669 n.170 (2006)). “Substantive due process protects against arbitrary and capricious
government action even when the decision to take action is pursuant to constitutionally adequate
procedures.” Amunrud, 158 Wn.2d at 218-19. “It requires that ‘deprivations of life, liberty, or
property be substantively reasonable’ . . . [or] ‘supported by some legitimate justification.’”
4
This statute is entitled: DNA identification system—Collection of biological samples—Fee.
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Nielsen, 177 Wn. App. at 53 (quoting Russell W. Galloway, Jr., Basic Substantive Due Process
Analysis, 26 U.S.F. L. Rev. 625, 625-26 (1992)).
The level of review applied in a substantive due process challenge depends on the nature
of the interest involved. Amunrud, 158 Wn.2d at 219. If no fundamental right is involved, the
proper standard of review is rational basis. In re Det. of Morgan, 180 Wn.2d 312, 324, 330 P.3d
774 (2014).
For a statute to survive a rational basis review, it must be “rationally related to a legitimate
state interest.” Amunrud, 158 Wn.2d at 222. When applying this test, we may “assume the
existence of any necessary state of facts which [we] can reasonably conceive in determining
whether a rational relationship exists between the challenged law and a legitimate state interest.”
Amunrud, 158 Wn.2d at 222. The rational basis test “‘is not a toothless one,’” but statutes are
presumed constitutional, and the burden is on the challenger to prove the law is unconstitutional.
Mathews v. De Castro, 429 U.S. 181, 185, 97 S. Ct. 431, 50 L. Ed. 2d 389 (1976) (quoting Mathews
v. Lucas, 427 U.S. 495, 510, 96 S. Ct. 2755, 49 L. Ed. 2d 651 (1976)). Both parties correctly argue
we should employ this standard of review.
Graham argues that an indigent’s inability to pay the DNA fee is not rationally related to
any legitimate state interest. However, Graham concedes that the DNA fee serves a legitimate
interest because it “ostensibly serves the State’s interest to fund the collection, analysis, and
retention of a convicted offender’s DNA profile so this might help facilitate future criminal
identifications.” Br. of Appellant at 13.
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For the foregoing reasons, and for those stated in Mathers, 2016 WL 2865576, RCW
43.43.7541 does not violate due process because there is a legitimate state interest, as Graham
concedes, and that interest is rationally related to the law and the infringement on the offenders’
rights.
But Graham argues that the imposition of a mandatory fee on indigent defendants who will
be unable to pay the fee does not rationally serve that interest. He is conflating arguments. The
rational relationship still exists. However, to the extent that Graham argues that he could be
incarcerated for failure to pay, there are protections in place and his claim fails. “[O]ur courts have
held that these mandatory obligations are constitutional so long as ‘there are sufficient safeguards
in the current sentencing scheme to prevent imprisonment of indigent defendants.’” State v. Lundy,
176 Wn. App. 96, 102-03, 308 P.3d 755 (2013) (quoting State v. Curry, 118 Wn.2d 911, 918, 829
P.2d 166 (1992)).
“Due process precludes the jailing of an offender for failure to pay a fine if
the offender’s failure to pay was due to his or her indigence. However, if an
offender is capable of paying but willfully refuses to pay, or if an offender does not
make sufficient bona fide efforts to seek employment or borrow money in order to
pay, the State may imprison the offender for failing to pay his or her LFO. The
burden is on the offender to show that his nonpayment is not willful. Although the
offender carries the burden, due process still imposes a duty on the court to inquire
into the offender’s ability to pay. Inquiry into the offender’s ability to pay comes at
the point of collection and when sanctions are sought for nonpayment.”
State v. Stone, 165 Wn. App. 796, 817, 268 P.3d 226 (2012) (internal quotations omitted) (quoting
State v. Nason, 168 Wn.2d 936, 945, 233 P.3d 848 (2010)).
D. EQUAL PROTECTION
Graham argues that RCW 43.43.7541 violates his equal protection rights because “it
irrationally requires some defendants to pay a DNA-collection fee multiple times, while others
need pay only once.” Br. of Appellant at 16. We disagree. The two groups Graham asks us to
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compare are offenders who are required to provide DNA samples one time and offenders who are
ordered to give biological samples multiple times.
Under the Washington and federal constitutions, persons similarly situated with respect to
the legitimate purposes of the law are guaranteed equal treatment. U.S. CONST. amend. 14; WASH.
CONST. art. I, § 12; State v. Manussier, 129 Wn.2d 652, 672, 921 P.2d 473 (1996). “Equal
protection is denied if a valid law is administered in a way that unjustly discriminates between
similarly situated persons. Before [we] will scrutinize an equal protection claim, the defendant
must establish that he is situated similarly to others in a class.” Harris v. Charles, 151 Wn. App.
929, 936, 214 P.3d 962 (2009) (citing State v. Handley, 115 Wn.2d 275, 289-90, 796 P.2d 1266
(1990)).
Equal protection challenges are analyzed under one of three standards of review: strict
scrutiny, intermediate scrutiny, or rational basis. Manussier, 129 Wn.2d at 672-73. When the
classification does not involve a suspect class or threaten a fundamental right we utilize a rational
basis test. Manussier, 129 Wn.2d at 673. We review Graham’s challenge under the rational basis
test.5
When evaluating an equal protection claim, we must first determine
whether the individual claiming the violation is similarly situated with other
persons. A defendant must establish that he received disparate treatment because
of membership in a class of similarly situated individuals and that the disparate
treatment was the result of intentional or purposeful discrimination. Although
equal protection does not require that the State treat all persons identically, any
classification must be relevant to the purpose for the disparate treatment.
State v. Osman, 157 Wn.2d 474, 484, 139 P.3d 334 (2006) (citations omitted). “Disparate
treatment of those within and without a designated class rationally relates to achievement of the
State’s objective if there is some basis in reality for the distinction between the two classes and
5
Both Graham and the State correctly agree this standard is the one we should utilize.
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the distinction serves the purpose intended by the legislature.” Osman, 157 Wn.2d at 486. Like
treatment must be afforded to people who are similarly situated with respect to the legitimate
purpose of the challenged statute. Manussier, 129 Wn.2d at 672.
One purpose of this statute is to fund the state DNA database and defray costs for agencies
that collect the biological samples. Another purpose of the statute is to satisfy the “public’s
incontestable interest in deterring recidivism and identifying persons who commit crimes and the
likelihood that a DNA databank will advance this interest.” State v. Brewster, 152 Wn. App. 856,
860, 218 P.3d 249 (2009). The statute’s purpose is rationally related to the legislature’s interest in
funding the state’s DNA database.
Regardless, Graham’s equal protection claim fails because, “[w]ithout proof of
discriminatory intent, a generally applicable law with disparate impact is not unconstitutional.
‘The Fourteenth Amendment does not regard neutral laws as invidious ones, even when their
burdens purportedly fall disproportionately on a protected class. A fortiori it does not do so when
. . . the classes complaining of disparate impact are not even protected.’” State v. Johnson, No.
32834-1-III, 2016 WL 3124893, at *2 (Wash. Ct. App. June 2, 2016) (quoting Crawford v. Marion
Cty. Election Bd., 553 U.S. 181, 207, 128 S. Ct. 1610, 170 L. Ed. 2d 574 (2008)). Graham does
not assert or demonstrate that the legislature had a discriminatory intent when it enacted RCW
43.43.7541.
Therefore, we conclude that RCW 43.43.7541 does not violate Graham’s right to equal
protection.
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E. COLLECTION OF DNA SAMPLE
Graham asks us to reverse the trial court’s DNA collection order because it abused its
discretion in imposing it. We disagree.
A party may object to a sentencing condition for the first time on appeal. State v.
Armstrong, 91 Wn. App. 635, 638, 959 P.2d 1128 (1998). We review sentencing conditions for
abuse of discretion. State v. Riley, 121 Wn.2d 22, 37, 846 P.2d 1365 (1993). A trial court abuses
its discretion if the imposition of the condition was “on untenable grounds, or for untenable
reasons.” State ex rel. Carroll v. Junker, 79 Wn.2d 12, 26, 482 P.2d 775 (1971).
The trial court ordered the biological sample under RCW 43.43.754(1). However, this
statute provides that “[i]f the Washington state patrol crime laboratory already has a DNA sample
from an individual for a qualifying offense, a subsequent submission is not required to be
submitted.” RCW 43.43.754(2).
It was clear that the trial court understood that Graham had likely provided a DNA sample
in the past. However, Graham never presented proof of this fact and never affirmatively stated he
had. And even if he had, the statute does not preclude the submission of additional samples from
a defendant. RCW 43.43.754(2). The trial court did not abuse its discretion by ordering Graham
to submit a DNA sample.
F. DISCRETIONARY LFO
Graham argues that the trial court erred by ordering him to pay the discretionary $500 DAC
recoupment fee because it mistakenly believed the fee was a mandatory LFO. Because it is not a
mandatory LFO, we remand to trial court to make an individual inquiry on Graham’s current and
future ability to pay the discretionary DAC recoupment fee. Blazina, 182 Wn.2d at 830.
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We affirm, but remand the case to the trial court to conduct an individualized inquiry on
Graham’s ability to pay the discretionary LFO imposed.
A majority of the panel having determined that this opinion will not be printed in the
Washington Appellate Reports, but will be filed for public record in accordance with RCW 2.06.040,
it is so ordered.
Melnick, J.
We concur:
Maxa, A.C.J.
Sutton, J.
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