This is an action to recover damages for injury done to the plaintiff's land by the breaking, in the winter of 1916, of the Sweetwater reservoir, owned by the defendant corporation. The individual defendants are officers of the corporation and for simplicity we will treat the action as one against it alone, since the other defendants are certainly not liable if it is not. The cause was tried without a jury and resulted in a judgment for the defendant, from which the plaintiff appeals upon the judgment-roll.
It appears from the pleadings and findings that the reservoir in question is an artificial lake created by a dam across the Sweetwater River impounding the waters of that stream. On one side of the reservoir and at a little distance from the dam there is a depression in the high land or hills surrounding the reservoir and forming its rim, and the dam was built to a height greater than the altitude of this depression, so that if the reservoir were full its waters would run through the depression unless restrained. To prevent this a secondary dam, consisting of an earth dike, was built across the depression. The plaintiff's land is situate in the valley below the depression, that is, on the other side of it from the reservoir. In January of 1916 there came a flood in the Sweetwater River of extraordinary and unprecedented size, filling the reservoir until it overtopped the earth dike across the depression mentioned, washed it out and released a large volume of water from the reservoir, which flowed over the plaintiff's land and undoubtedly damaged it substantially. The complaint alleges that the overtopping and washing out of the dike were due to the negligence of the defendant in *Page 36 the design of the reservoir, and in the manner of its maintenance and use. The trial court found, however, that there was no negligence on the part of the defendant and that the overtopping and washing out of the dike and consequent injury to the plaintiff's property were due to the extraordinary and unprecedented flood which the defendant could not reasonably have anticipated or foreseen. [1] Since the appeal is upon the judgment-roll alone, this finding is not attacked and must be taken as true.
The chief contention of the plaintiff is that, even though the defendant were not negligent in any respect, it is still liable for any damage caused by the breaking out of control of the waters collected by its works. The plaintiff's chief reliance in this connection is the authority ofFletcher v. Rylands, decided in Exchequer Chamber (L. R. 1 Ex. 265), and affirmed on appeal by the House of Lords (L. R. 3 Eng. Ir. App. 330). The defendant there had constructed a reservoir, the waters of which broke through the bottom into some ancient underground workings whose existence was unknown, and thence escaped into and flooded the plaintiff's colliery. For this the defendant was held liable regardless of any negligence upon its part. The leading opinion in Exchequer Chamber was delivered by Lord Blackburn and it was referred to and quoted with approval in the House of Lords. The principle applied is thus stated by Lord Blackburn: "We think that the true rule of law is, that the person, who for his own purposes brings on his lands and collects and keeps there anything likely to do mischief if it escapes, must keep it in at his peril, and, if he does not do so, is prima facie answerable for all the damage which is the natural consequence of its escape."
This language, if taken literally and as applying universally, would seem to cover the present case, and plaintiff contends that it should govern it. To this contention there are two replies. In the first place, a subsequent English decision makes it plain that the rule so stated should be limited in its application to cases of the nature of the one then before the court, of which the present case is not one. InFletcher v. Rylands, as was subsequently said in Nichols v.Marsland, L. R. 10 Ex. Cas. 255, "the defendant poured the water into the plaintiff's mine. He did not know he was doing so; but he did it as much as though he had poured it into an *Page 37 open channel which led to the mine without his knowing it." In other words, the very maintenance of the reservoir in the manner in which it was maintained itself involved an invasion of the plaintiff's property. For this invasion the plaintiff, of course, had a cause of action. The case was one coming directly within the maxim, "Sic utere tuo ut alienum nonlaedas." Of this character, also, is Parker v. Larsen, 86 Cal. 236, [21 Am. St. Rep. 30, 24 P. 989], where the defendant permitted the water in a ditch which he had constructed on his land to percolate through the ground from the ditch on to his neighbor's land, saturating and injuring it. Of the same sort, also, are those cases where one has constructed works on his land which accumulate and discharge on his neighbor's land waters which would not otherwise go there, of which there are a number of instances in our reports, the leading one perhaps being Ogburn v. Connor, 46 Cal. 347, [13 Am. Rep. 213]. In all of these cases the very manner of the construction, maintenance, or use of the structure constitutes or works an invasion of the neighbor's property and rights, and, as was said in Galbreath v. Hopkins, 159 Cal. 297, 302, [113 P. 174], is a nuisance per se.
But there is a sharp distinction between such cases and the present. The defendant's reservoir was a wholly proper and lawful thing and its existence, maintenance, and use worked no injury to the plaintiff's land, invaded no right of his, and could not for a moment be said to be a nuisance. The proximate and immediate cause of the flooding of the plaintiff's land and its consequent injury was not the existence of the defendant's reservoir or the manner of its maintenance or use, which were wholly lawful and innocuous, but the overwhelming of the reservoir by an agency beyond the defendant's, control, in fact, in this case, beyond human control. The distinction is clearly pointed out in Nichols v. Marsland in the decision on appeal in Exchequer Chamber (L. R. 2 Ex. Div. 1). The facts were that a series of dams constructed by the defendant were washed out by an unprecedented flood and the volume of water so released damaged the plaintiff's property. In other words, the case is wholly similar to the one at bar. The plaintiff there, like the plaintiff here, relied for a recovery upon Fletcher v.Rylands, but it was held that the cases were not the same, that in the case before the court the proximate cause of the *Page 38 damage to the plaintiff was the flood and that the defendant was not liable unless negligent. In the same case, in the decision in Exchequer (L. R. 10 Ex. Cas. 255), the question is asked, what is the difference in such a case between a reservoir and a stack of chimneys, and could it be said that no one could have a stack of chimneys except on the terms of being liable for any damage done by their being overthrown by a hurricane or earthquake? The same question might be asked concerning any innocuous and lawful structure on a man's land — his house, for example. Could it possibly be held that if a man's house were set on fire by lightning or any other cause for which he was not responsible and in turn set fire to his neighbor's house, he would be liable in damages? There is no difference between a house and a reservoir in this respect. There is, of course, a great difference in the amount of care reasonably required in the two cases. The construction, maintenance, and use of a reservoir, if it be of any size, of necessity demands a degree of care not reasonably required in the case of a house; but if this care is used, then the question of liability is the same in one case as in the other.
The second answer to the plaintiff's contention is that the question is not an open one in this state. There are a very considerable number of cases in our reports where a reservoir or ditch has been broken by flood and suit has been brought for injuries sustained thereby. Invariably a recovery has been allowed or refused according as the defendant is found to be negligent or not. Hoffman v. Tuolumne Water Co., 10 Cal. 413, is a good illustration of these cases. There the court, in laying down the rule governing the case, said: "The general rule is, that every man may do as he chooses with his own property, provided he does not injure another's. But there is another rule as well established, which is, that a man must so use his own property as not to injure his neighbor's. This last rule, however, does not make a man responsible for every injury which may arise to another from the use which the first may make of his property. It would be an intolerable hardship to hold a man responsible for unavoidable accidents which may occur to his property by fires or casualties, or acts beyond his control, though others are likewise injured."
The court then reversed a judgment against the defendant because of an instruction by the trial court which imposed *Page 39 too high a degree of care upon the defendant. Such reversal was, of course, wholly inconsistent with the contention of the plaintiff here that the defendant is liable no matter what care it used. To the same effect are: Tenney v. Miners' Ditch Co.,7 Cal. 335; Wolf v. St. Louis etc. Co., 10 Cal. 541; Todd v.Cochell, 17 Cal. 97; Everett v. Hydraulic etc. Co.,23 Cal. 225; Campbell v. Bear River etc. Co., 35 Cal. 679;Weiderkind v. Tuolumne Water Co., 65 Cal. 431, [4 P. 415];Moore v. San Vicente Lumber Co., 175 Cal. 212, [165 P. 687];Bacon v. Kearney Vineyard Syndicate, 1 Cal.App. 275, [82 P. 84].
It is true that in all of these cases, negligence on the part of the defendant was relied upon by the plaintiff and that the question of absolute liability on the part of the defendant was not presented to the court or discussed. Nevertheless, it is repeatedly laid down that the governing rule of law is that the defendant is not liable unless he has been negligent, and the actual decisions of the cases are consistent with this rule only. [2] Under such circumstances the rule so declared and followed must be taken to be the law, and the fact that the propriety of the rule has not been questioned or discussed is not a sufficient justification for reopening the subject.
The plaintiff contends, also, that in spite of the finding of the trial court that there was no negligence on the part of the defendant, such negligence, nevertheless, appears because of the fact that the top of defendant's main dam — the one across the river — was higher than the top of the earthen dike across the depression, so that the waters of the reservoir, before raising to the top of the main dam and flowing over it, would flow over the earthen dam and wash it out. It is not at all certain that it appears from the findings that the top of the main dam was higher than the top of the earthen dike. Assuming, however, that it does appear, it does not by any means follow that there was any negligence in the design of the reservoir. It does not appear, for example, that the main dam itself was not an earthen dam so that water overflowing it would be much more dangerous than water overflowing the shallower earthen dike. Passing this and assuming that the main dam was a solid masonry or concrete structure so protected that it would not be displaced by a large volume of water flowing over it, the question of whether its maintenance at a height greater than the top of the earthen *Page 40 dike was negligence would depend almost entirely upon the relation between the capacity of the spillway provided and the volume of flood reasonably to be foreseen and anticipated and, therefore, to be provided for. The complaint alleges that the spillway was not adequate. Upon this point the trial court found specifically that it was adequate to carry off all waters that prior to the time of the flood in question it might reasonably have been anticipated would flow into the reservoir after it was filled. This finding completely negatives the plaintiff's contention that there was negligence in the respect claimed.
[3] The plaintiff also contends that the findings are contradictory in that it is found, on the one hand, that the injuries to appellant's property were proximately caused by an extraordinary and unprecedented flood, and, on the other hand, that none, or only a part, of defendant's land would have been injured but for the erection and maintenance of the reservoir. Plaintiff's point is that the flood of 1916, extraordinary and unprecedented as it was, would yet not have injured his property if it had not been for the existence of the reservoir. This may be true, but it does not follow that the proximate cause of the injury was not the flood. This point is really nothing more than the contention that because the defendant was responsible for the existence of the reservoir and because the plaintiff's land would not have been injured except for its existence, the defendant is liable regardless of negligence on his part. This is simply the point first discussed in another form.
Judgment affirmed.
Lawlor, J., and Shaw, J., concurred. *Page 41