United States Court of Appeals
Fifth Circuit
F I L E D
October 10, 2003
Charles R. Fulbruge III
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS Clerk
FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT
No. 03-50170
RALPH CRESSMAN; PAULA SCHNIZER;
JOE MAGOURIK; GREG MOSBY; JIMMY DAVIS,
Plaintiffs-Appellants,
versus
MARTHA ELLIS; CHARLES REED; DONNY HARLAN,
also known as Dony Harland; RICHARD MORRIS;
RAY RUSHING,
Defendants-Appellees.
Appeal from the United States District Court for
the Western District of Texas
(USDC No. W-02-CV-275)
_______________________________________________________
Before REAVLEY, HIGGINBOTHAM and BENAVIDES, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:*
Ralph Cressman and his co-appellants (“Cressman”) appeal the dismissal, under
*
Pursuant to 5TH CIR. R. 47.5, the Court has determined that this opinion
should not be published and is not precedent except under the limited circumstances
set forth in 5TH CIR. R. 47.5.4.
FED.R.CIV.P. 12(b)(6), of their privacy claims against Ellis et al., Texas State Technical
College (“TSTC”) officials. We vacate the judgment for the following reasons:
This court reviews de novo a dismissal under rule 12(b)(6) and applies the same
standards as the district court. See Ramming v. United States, 281 F.3d 158, 161 (5th Cir.
2001). The complaint should be construed liberally in favor of the plaintiff with all facts
pleaded taken as true. See Campbell v. Wells Fargo Bank, 781 F.2d 440, 442 (5th Cir.
1986). Dismissals under 12(b)(6) are disfavored as they occur only when “it appears
beyond doubt that the plaintiff can prove no set of facts in support of his claim which
would entitle him to relief.” Conley v. Gibson, 355 U.S. 41, 45-46, 78 S.Ct. 99, 2 L.Ed.2d
80 (1957).
Still, the plaintiff must plead specific facts rather than conclusory allegations. See
Collins v. Morgan Stanley Dean Witter, 224 F.3d 496, 498 (5th Cir. 2000). The district
court may only consider the allegations in the complaint and any attachments. See Travis
v. Irby, 326 F.3d 644, 648 (5th Cir. 2003).
Under their 42 U.S.C. § 1983 claim, the plaintiffs have alleged a violation of a
Fourth Amendment privacy right. Section 1983 provides a private right of action against
those who acting under color of law deprive someone of rights secured under the
Constitution or federal law. See Bauer v. Texas, 341 F.3d 352, 357 (5th Cir. 2003). A two
prong test has been established to determine if there has been a violation of privacy: did
the person manifest a subjective expectation of privacy and if so, was that an objectively
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reasonable expectation. See Katz v. United States, 389 U.S. 347, 360 (1976) (Harlan, J.,
concurring); see also California v. Ciraolo, 476 U.S. 207, 211 (1986) (adopting the test
proposed in Harlan’s Katz concurrence).
Plaintiffs have also alleged a violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2510, the federal
wiretapping statute, which prohibits the willful interception of an oral communication by
a device. Section 2510(2) protects those oral communications that are “uttered by a
person exhibiting an expectation that such communication is not subject to interception
under circumstances justifying such expectation.” Fourth Amendment analysis also
guides the inquiry as to whether these oral communications are transmitted under
circumstances justifying an expectation of privacy. See Kee v. City of Rowlett, 247 F.3d
206, 211 (5th Cir. 2001) (holding that Katz is the proper test for both privacy violations
pursued under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 and violations of interception of oral communications
under 18 U.S.C. § 2510).
When conducting its de novo review of the district court’s 12(b)(6) dismissal, this
court must determine whether there is any set of facts under which the plaintiffs could be
said to have manifested a subjective expectation of privacy and whether that expectation
was objectively reasonable. The district court, in making this determination, mistakenly
went beyond the pleadings and looked at the whole record. Yet only the First Amended
Original Petition is relevant to the motion to dismiss.
In the First Amended Original Petition, the Plaintiffs allege that the defendants
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began “video and audio taping of the Plaintiffs in the squad room of the offices of the
TSTC police department. The eavesdropping and ‘bugging’ of the Plaintiffs continued for
approximately forty-five (45) days . . . no court order was obtained . . . .” Pls.’s First Am.
Original Pet. at 3. The plaintiffs could prove a set of facts in support of their claims
which would entitle them to relief.
In assessing oral communications in the eavesdropping and wiretapping context,
the Fifth Circuit has focused on whether one has “exhibited a subjective expectation of
privacy that [his communications] would remain free from governmental intrusion” and
whether one “took normal precautions to maintain privacy.” Kee, 247 F.3d at 213
(quoting United States v. Cardoza-Hinojosa, 140 F.3d 610, 615 (5th Cir. 1988)). In
particular, the courts have examined a non-exhaustive list of factors including:
(1) the volume of the communication or conversation; (2) the proximity or
potential of other individuals to overhear the conversation; (3) the potential for
communications to be reported; (4) the affirmative actions taken by the speakers to
shield their privacy; (5) the need for technological enhancements to hear the
communications; and (6) the place or location of the oral communications as it
relates to the subjective expectations of the individuals who are communicating.
Id. at 214-15. In the workplace, such privacy expectations must be evaluated on a case by
case basis. There have been cases where employees have been found to have manifested a
subjective expectation of privacy in their workspace. See United States v. McIntyre, 582
F.2d 1221, 1224 (9th Cir. 1978)( finding a microphone and transmitter placed in an
employee’s office to violate his subjective expectation of privacy).
While the determination of an objectively reasonable expectation of privacy is a
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question of law for the court, it is also a highly fact intensive inquiry. See O’Connor v.
Ortega, 480 U.S. 709, 718 (1987) (“Given the great variety of work environments in the
public sector, the question whether an employee has a reasonable expectation of privacy
must be addressed on a case-by-case basis.”).
At this stage in the litigation, it is premature to conclude that the plaintiffs could
prove no set of facts under which they could establish both a subjective and objectively
reasonable expectation of privacy in an officer squad room.
The district court made the following incorrect statement of the law: “Even
assuming that their conduct was clearly established to be illegal, the Defendants acted
with objective reasonableness. Therefore, the Defendants are entitled to qualified
immunity on these claims.” Cressman v. Ellis, No. 03-50170, pg. 8. The alleged privacy
violation here was in 2000, twenty-four years after Katz. If a reasonable government
agent would know that the audio and video recordings were clearly illegal, there could be
no qualified immunity.
The dismissal is VACATED and the case is remanded for further proceedings.
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