The defendant was convicted of the crime of murder in the first degree in having caused the death of one Mary Kaufmann, on the third day of May (Tuesday), 1904. At the time of the homicide the defendant and the deceased were living together adulterously, the deceased having abandoned her husband to live with the defendant about four months previously. It is very clear that the deceased, at this time, was substantially plying the trade of a common prostitute. The parties were living in a flat which consisted of four rooms; in front, on the street, a sitting room; back of that a bedroom; back of this bedroom another bedroom, and finally, in the rear of the apartment, a kitchen. A door led from each room into the adjoining room. On Sunday, the first of May, one Henry W. Haas, who was employed as a bartender at the Army and Navy Club, with his wife, Lillie Haas, went to lodge with the deceased. Haas and his wife occupied the rear bedroom adjoining the kitchen, while the deceased and the defendant occupied the one adjoining the sitting room. That evening the defendant, the deceased and Mrs. Haas went out to supper together and on their return to the apartment the defendant and the deceased began to quarrel about the latter returning to her husband. Mrs. Haas testified that on that occasion the defendant picked up a table knife, and seizing the deceased by the throat, said: "I will fix you yet." On Monday morning Kaufmann, the husband of the deceased, came to the flat and had a conversation with his wife in which, as he testified, she *Page 158 promised to return to him. On Monday evening the deceased, the defendant and Mrs. Haas were in the kitchen of the apartment and the quarrel between the defendant and the deceased was renewed, she telling him that she had seen her husband and was going back to live with him because she had made a mistake in leaving him and her children. The defendant replied: "I will fix you before you go back." Haas returned from his work about one o'clock that night and entered the kitchen. He found the defendant and the deceased still quarreling. He told them to go to bed, that he wanted a bath. He testified that the defendant "grabbed" the deceased and said to her, "I will fix you yet," to which she replied, "You will like fun," and with that they left the kitchen and entered their bedroom and closed the door. Haas, after having taken his bath, retired to bed where his wife already was. They heard the deceased and the defendant still quarreling in the adjoining bedroom, the bed there creaking, and also what Haas described as a "gurgling" noise. Haas started to get up when his wife told him to mind his own business. The noise ceased and a few minutes afterwards the defendant passed through their bedroom to the kitchen. Haas heard him searching among the knives kept there and a few minutes after the defendant returned through the Haas room and closed the door. Haas and his wife then went to sleep. Early in the morning they were aroused by a call from the adjoining room to go and get an ambulance. They found the woman dead on the bed, lying upon her back. Her face was blue and there were marks on her throat. She was clad in her chemise with no covering over her. The defendant also lay in the bed with a comforter over him. A policeman and an ambulance surgeon were called in. It was found that the defendant had stabbed himself in the abdomen. He was removed to a hospital. An autopsy was held on the body of the deceased which, according to the testimony of the physicians, showed that she came to her death by strangulation. The medical evidence also showed that pressure on the throat from two to five minutes would be requisite *Page 159 to cause her death. The defendant told the police officers that he had left his wife and three friends in the apartment to go and get some beer, and when he returned he found his wife in bed apparently dead. The prosecution also proved by the cross-examination of Mrs. Griesman, a witness for the defense, that on the Saturday evening prior to the homicide the defendant and the deceased had a violent quarrel, in which the deceased applied vile epithets to the defendant and reproached herself for having left her husband to go with him, while the defendant threatened to kill both the witness and the deceased. The story told by the defendant, as a witness on his own behalf, was substantially this: He denied there had been any quarrels between the deceased and himself, or that he had threatened her life. He said that the deceased had been drinking very hard that night; that after they retired to their bedroom she commenced singing and wanted to drink more whisky; that he threw away the whisky that was in the room; that deceased then went into the parlor and started to dress, saying she would go out and get some whisky; that he stopped her, saying, "You are not going on the street to-night;" that thereupon she seized a penknife that lay on the table and cut him on the wrist; that he caught her by the neck, pushed her into the bedroom and threw her on the bed face downwards, saying, "Now, you drunken fool, lay there for a while;" that he took a pillow that was lying there and threw it on her, and thereupon went through Haas' room; that on his return he spoke to the deceased, and to his "fatal surprise found her dead;" thereupon he went again through Haas' room, got a large knife and stabbed himself.
The defendant's counsel contends that the evidence was insufficient to authorize a finding of the deliberation and premeditation necessary to constitute murder in the first degree. We think otherwise. That the deceased came to her death at the defendant's hands is not denied. While the testimony of the defendant, if believed, would doubtless reduce the degree of his crime, or possibly even acquit him altogether, *Page 160 there being no eye-witnesses to the occurrence, the circumstances were sufficient to justify the jury in discrediting his story. No blood was seen by the ambulance surgeon upon his wrist, where he states he was cut by the knife in the hands of the deceased. She was found lying on her back on the bed instead of being on her face. She had nothing on except a sleeveless chemise, instead of being partially dressed to go out on the street. Many other circumstances are inconsistent with his story. In addition to this, we have the repeated threats of the defendant against the deceased, and a motive — his anger at her intended desertion of him and return to her husband. The case in many respects closely resembles that of People v. Pullerson (159 N.Y. 339). There, also, the homicide was committed by strangulation, and no one saw the deed done. Yet it was held that, in view of the time required to cause death by strangulation and the previous threats of the defendant, the question of deliberation was one of fact to be determined by the jury.
The only other questions that it is necessary to discuss on this appeal arise out of the charge of the court as to the time requisite to constitute deliberation. In answer to a request by the prosecution the court charged: "If there be sufficient deliberation to form a design to take life and to put that design into execution by destroying life, there is sufficient deliberation to constitute murder no matter whether the design is formed at the instant of striking the fatal blow, or whether it be contemplated for months; it is enough that the intention precedes the act, although that follows immediately." This request is a literal extract from the opinion of Judge JOHNSON inPeople v. Clark (7 N.Y. 385) at 394. That case arose under the old law (2 R.S. 656, secs. 4, 5), and before the legislature had made deliberation, as well as premeditation, a necessary ingredient of murder in the first degree. Nevertheless this very excerpt is quoted with approval by RUGER, Chief Judge, inPeople v. Conroy (97 N.Y. 62) at page 76, which arose under our present statute. I think very probably it is also to be found in some other recent cases. *Page 161 Despite this approval I am frank to say that I would be loath to uphold a charge where the proposition formulated by Judge JOHNSON constituted the only instruction to the jury on the subject of deliberation. It may be logically correct, but it may also be liable to mislead a jury. Probably the best definitions of murder in the first degree under our present law are to be found in the opinions in Leighton v. People (88 N.Y. 117) and People v.Majone (91 N.Y. 211). In the first case Judge DANFORTH said: "If the killing is not the instant effect of impulse, if there is hesitation or doubt to overcome, a choice made as the result of thought, however short the struggle between the intention and the act, it is sufficient to characterize the crime as deliberate and premeditated murder." In the second, Judge EARL wrote: "Under the statute there must be not only an intention to kill, but there must also be a deliberate and premeditated design to kill. Such design must precede the killing by some appreciable space of time. But the time need not be long. It must be sufficient for some reflection and consideration upon the matter, for choice to kill or not to kill, and for the formation of a definite purpose to kill, and when the time is sufficient for this it matters not how brief it is. The human mind acts with celerity which it is sometimes impossible to measure, and whether a deliberate and premeditated design to kill was formed must be determined from all the circumstances of the case." I very much question whether these statements of the law can be substantially improved, and I think it would be far wiser for trial courts to adopt these definitions than to refer to cases which arose under different statutes. But the charge of the learned trial judge in this case must be taken as a whole and its correctness is not to be determined on isolated extracts. (People v. McCallam,103 N.Y. 587; People v. Dimick, 107 N.Y. 13; People v.Taylor, 138 N.Y. 398.) While he charged the excerpt fromPeople v. Clark, already given, he also charged the law as laid down by Judges DANFORTH and EARL in the exact language which we have quoted. He then said to the *Page 162 jury: "You must determine from the facts proven here whether this defendant intended to kill Mary Kaufmann. If he did intend to kill her, was it premeditated and deliberated? If it was pursuant to such a design to effect her death that he killed her he is guilty of murder in the first degree. I repeat to you that there is no space of time necessary within which the premeditation and deliberation must occur. It need not be for months, but it must occur; whether it occurs or not is a question of fact for you, gentlemen, to determine from the evidence in this case." Exception was taken to that part of the language of the trial court already quoted, "that there is no space of time necessary within which the premeditation and deliberation must occur." The language criticised, however, is only part of a sentence which must be construed as a whole. So construed the fair interpretation is that no particular length or space of time was necessary for deliberation, not that no time at all was necessary. This is apparent from what occurred subsequently. The counsel for the defendant stated that he desired to except to the charge of the court in stating substantially "there is no space of time necessary for premeditation and deliberation before the commission of the act which effected death." To this the court responded: "I don't think I said quite that; I said there was no fixed duration of time necessary. It is necessary for the jury to find there was premeditation and deliberation, but no measured length of time was necessary for them to find that it existed." If there was any danger of the jury misunderstanding the previous instruction of the court, it was entirely removed by this explicit statement. Again and again throughout the charge the jurors were told that to convict the defendant of the crime charged in the indictment there must have been deliberation, and that whether there was deliberation or not was a question of fact exclusively for their determination. Reading the charge as a whole, though there are parts of it that might have been better expressed, and possibly still better omitted, we do not see how the jury could fail to understand that to constitute *Page 163 murder in the first degree there must be a deliberate design to effect death, and that such deliberation must precede the act.
The judgment of conviction should be affirmed.
GRAY, O'BRIEN, BARTLETT, HAIGHT, MARTIN and VANN, JJ., concur.
Judgment of conviction affirmed.