J-A09044-16
NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37
IN THE INTEREST OF: J.M.G., A MINOR IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
PENNSYLVANIA
APPEAL OF: J.M.G.
No. 1547 MDA 2015
Appeal from the Adjudication of Delinquency July 6, 2015
in the Court of Common Pleas of Cumberland County
Criminal Division at No.: CP-21-JV-0000206-2014
BEFORE: FORD ELLIOTT, P.J.E., JENKINS, J., and PLATT, J.*
MEMORANDUM BY PLATT, J.: FILED JULY 12, 2016
Appellant, J.M.G., appeals from the dispositional order entered
following his July 6, 2015 adjudication of delinquency of indecent assault.1
On appeal, Appellant challenges the denial of his motion to suppress, the
denial of his motion to dismiss based upon speedy trial concerns, and the
admission of the victim’s videotaped interview with the Children’s Resource
Center (CRC). For the reasons discussed below, we affirm.
We take the underlying facts and procedural history in this matter
from the juvenile court’s April 28 and September 8, 2015 opinions and our
independent review of the certified record.
____________________________________________
*
Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court.
1
18 Pa.C.S.A. § 3126(a)(7).
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Appellant, (d.o.b. 8/27/96), has a long history of mental health
hospitalizations. (See N.T. Suppression Hearing, 4/20/15, Exhibit 1
Discharge Summary, 3/17/13, at unnumbered pages 1-2). After attempting
to choke his adoptive mother (Mother), Appellant, who was over age
fourteen, voluntarily admitted himself to Philhaven. (See id.). Following
treatment at Philhaven, Appellant agreed to a voluntary admission to
Bradley Center, a residential treatment facility, on March 15, 2013. (See
id.).
While at Bradley Center, Appellant had family therapy sessions, via
telephone, once a week with Mother.2 (See N.T. Suppression Hearing,
3/02/15, at 9). Mother and Appellant had one such session on September
26, 2013. (See id. at 10). Either later that day, or the next, Appellant’s
therapist called Mother and said that Appellant wanted to talk to her. (See
id.). When Appellant called Mother, he told her he had been “inappropriate”
with his adoptive sister (Sister). (Id.). Appellant did not provide any
specific details. (See id. at 10-11). Mother, a mandated reporter, called
Childline and “let them handle it.”3 (Id. at 11). Subsequently, because of
the call, Children’s Services took the case and began an investigation. (See
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2
Appellant’s therapy was unrelated to being either a sexual offender or a
victim of sexual abuse. (See N.T. Suppression Hearing, 3/02/15, at 25-27).
3
A therapist from the Bradley Center also called Childline. (See id. at 23,
25).
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id. at 19). In addition, CRC contacted Mother and told her that they needed
to interview Sister. (See id. at 13).
On October 8, 2013, Scott Cray of Dauphin County Children and Youth
Services contacted Detective Autumn Lupey of the Lower Paxton Township
Police Department and notified her about the CRC interview. (See id. at 28-
29). Detective Lupey observed the interview and heard Sister disclose that
Appellant sexually abused her. (See id. at 29, 32, 34).
On November 25, 2013, Detective Lupey filed a written allegation
report in Dauphin County. (See Juvenile Court Opinion, 4/28/15, at 1).
Dauphin County transferred the allegation report to Cumberland County 4 in
late December 2013. (See id. at 3). On January 30, 2014, a juvenile
probation officer conducted an intake interview with Appellant 5 at the
Children’s Home of Reading. In January 2014, Appellant’s counsel contacted
the Cumberland County District Attorney’s office to express concerns about
the legitimacy of proceeding against Appellant; then Assistant District
Attorney (ADA) Richard Bradbury, Jr., advised counsel to file a motion to
suppress. (See N.T. Suppression Hearing, 4/06/15, at 8-9). At the time,
there was a standing policy between the Cumberland County District
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4
While Mother resided in Dauphin County at the time of the alleged
incidents, she now resides in Cumberland County. (See N.T. Hearing on
Finding of Fact, 5/11/15, at 34).
5
We note that Appellant turned eighteen in August 2014. (See Trial Ct.
Op., 4/28/15, at 3).
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Attorney’s Officer, the Cumberland County Probation Office, and the
Cumberland County Public Defender’s Office, to have weekly meetings to
discuss all pending juvenile cases. (See id. 9-10). The parties frequently
discussed the instant matter, and were assured by defense counsel that the
filing of a motion to suppress all evidence in the case was imminent. (See
id. at 10, 22-23). ADA Bradbury did not schedule the case for a status
hearing during the period between January 2014 and September 2014,
because he believed such a hearing would be futile since the juvenile court
would just continue the matter pending the filing of a motion to suppress.
(See id. at 13-14). Ultimately, on September 23, 2014, the Commonwealth
filed a written allegation and on September 24, 2014, it filed a delinquency
petition.
On November 21, 2014, Appellant filed an omnibus pre-trial motion.
In the motion, Appellant alleged that his incriminating statements were not
admissible under this Court’s decision in In re C.O., 84 A.3d 726 (Pa. Super.
2014), appeal denied, 97 A.3d 742 (Pa. 2014). (See Omnibus Pre-Trial
Motion, 11/21/14, at unnumbered page 2). Appellant also sought to dismiss
the matter on speedy trial grounds. (See id. at unnumbered pages 3-4).
The juvenile court held hearings on Appellant’s motion on March 2, April 6,
and April 20, 2015. On April 28, 2015, the juvenile court denied the motion.
A finding of fact hearing took place on May 11, 2015. During the
hearing, Appellant objected to the showing of the video of the CRC
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interview, arguing that it was not done under oath and that there was no
opportunity for cross-examination during the interview. (See N.T. Finding of
Fact Hearing, 5/11/15, at 22). The juvenile court overruled the objection.
(See id.). On July 6, 2015, the juvenile court adjudicated Appellant
delinquent and remanded him. On July 7, 2015, Appellant filed a post-
dispositional motion. The juvenile court denied the motion on September 8,
2015. The instant, timely appeal followed.6
On appeal, Appellant raises the following questions for our review:
I. Did the [juvenile] court err in failing to suppress
statements made by the juvenile while in mental health
treatment pursuant to the holding of this Court in [C.O.,
supra] and protected by the physician-patient privilege
which applied to the juvenile while in mental health
treatment?
II. Did the Commonwealth fail to proceed diligently with
regards to the speedy trial rights of the juvenile when it
took no action for over one year thus subjecting the
juvenile to potential Act 21 lifetime involuntary
commitment?
III. Did the [juvenile] court err in failing to hold an in-camera
hearing prior to allowing hearsay statements made by the
juvenile witness as required by 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 5985.1?
IV. Did the [juvenile] court err in failing to find that the
Commonwealth did not provide notice to the juvenile
regarding the use of hearsay statements as required by 42
Pa.C.S.A. § 5985.1?
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6
The juvenile court did not order Appellant to file a concise statement of
errors complained of on appeal. See Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b). The Juvenile court
did not issue any additional opinions. See Pa.R.A.P. 1925(a).
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(Appellant’s Brief, at 5) (unnecessary capitalization omitted).
In the first claim, Appellant avers that the juvenile court erred in
denying his motion to suppress. (See Appellant’s Brief, at 12-17).
Specifically, Appellant maintains that the juvenile court’s ruling runs afoul of
this Court’s decision in C.O., supra. (See id. at 15). He further alleges
that the therapist’s decision to make a Childline report was “in direct
contravention of [his] rights pursuant to the [physician-patient] privilege
and [] confidentiality.” (Id.). Appellant argues that because the Childline
report led to the police contacting the victim, all evidence “adduced from the
[S]ister are clearly fruits of the poisonous tree[.]” (Id. at 16). We disagree.
When we review a ruling on a motion to suppress, “[w]e must
determine whether the record supports the suppression court’s factual
findings and the legitimacy of the inferences and legal conclusions drawn
from these findings.” Commonwealth v. Holton, 906 A.2d 1246, 1249
(Pa. Super. 2006), appeal denied, 918 A.2d 743 (Pa. 2007) (citation
omitted). Because the suppression court in the instant matter found for the
Commonwealth, we will consider only the testimony of the Commonwealth’s
witnesses and any uncontradicted evidence supplied by Appellant. See id.
If the evidence supports the suppression court’s factual findings, we can
reverse only if there is a mistake in the legal conclusions drawn by the
suppression court. See id.
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Initially, for purposes of clarity, we note that the Commonwealth never
sought to admit any statements Appellant made to his therapist. (See N.T.
Suppression Hearing, 3/02/15, at 46). Rather, the sole statements at issue
are those he made to Mother and the statements of Sister, which Appellant
claims are fruit of the poisonous tree. (See Appellant’s Brief, at 15-17).
Appellant relies on this Court’s decision in C.O., supra in support of
his contention that the statements are inadmissible. (See id.). We find
such reliance misplaced. In C.O., the juvenile court had adjudicated the
appellant delinquent of sexual offenses; the court placed the appellant in a
residential treatment facility for sex offenders, and as part of the mandated
treatment modality, the facility required offenders to disclose all previous
sexual offenses. See C.O., supra at 728-29. The staff would report
previously undisclosed sexual offense to the relevant authorities. See id. at
729. Further, because the appellant was not progressing with treatment,
the juvenile court extracted a promise from him that he would be compliant
with all future treatment options. See id. Subsequently, the appellant
disclosed that he had sexually abused a previously unknown victim; a staff
member obtained detailed information from the appellant about the abuse,
had him fill out and sign a form describing the abuse, and reported the
abuse to the authorities. See id. at 729-30. The staff member did not
inform the appellant of his rights. See id. at 730.
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After a hearing, the juvenile court suppressed the statements made by
the appellant. See id. We affirmed. In so doing, we noted that in order to
successfully complete the sexual offender treatment program, the appellant
was required to reveal details of any other undisclosed sexual offenses. See
id. at 733-34. Further, the juvenile court specifically required the appellant
to promise to cooperate and answer all questions posed to him by staff; and
mandatory reporting laws required the staff to inform law enforcement of
any new allegations. See id. at 734. We concluded, therefore, that the
appellant was in custody at the time he made the statements; accordingly,
the staff was required to provide Miranda7 warnings. See id.
Here, at the time he made the statements, no court had adjudicated
Appellant delinquent or committed him to a sexual offender treatment
facility. Rather, Appellant voluntarily admitted himself 8 first to Philhaven
and then to the Bradley Center, not for treatment of sexual offenses, but for
on-going mental health problems. (N.T. Suppression Hearing, 4/20/15,
Exhibit 1 Discharge Summary, 3/17/13, at unnumbered pages 1-2; see also
N.T. Suppression Hearing, supra at 12, 17). There is nothing in the record
____________________________________________
7
Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966).
8
While Appellant strenuously argues that his commitment was involuntary,
he has pointed to nothing in the record that supports this contention. (See
Appellant’s Brief, at 12-15). Rather, his argument appears to be more of a
public policy argument that we cannot consider any dependent juvenile
capable of voluntarily committing him or herself to mental health treatment.
(See id.).
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which shows that Appellant was required to participate in therapy as a
condition of leaving the facility or that he was required to discuss any
particular topic in therapy. During his stay at Bradley, Appellant made some
type of statement to his therapist, which prompted the therapist to contact
Childline. (See N.T. Suppression Hearing, 3/02/15, at 3). Although
Appellant did call Mother and disclose the sexual abuse to her, nothing
demonstrates that this was at the prompting of the therapist. (See id. at
10-11). Further nothing shows that, other than alerting Mother that
Appellant wished to speak to her, the therapist or any other staff at Bradley
Center was involved in the call or prompted Appellant’s statement in any
way, or dictated its content. (See id.). Mother also contacted Childline and
it is not readily apparent from the record which call to Childline prompted
CRC to contact Mother and schedule the interview with Sister. (See id. at
11, 13, 19). Thus, with the exception of the fact that Appellant’s therapist
was a mandated reporter (as was Mother), none of the coercive
circumstances that were present in C.O., are present in the current matter.
Under Appellant’s expansive reading, the holding in C.O. would be extended
to every treatment situation, regardless of the circumstances. (See
Appellant’s Brief, at 8-9). We see nothing in C.O. that indicates that the
Court wished to extend its holding to such an extreme. See C.O., supra at
734.
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Appellant also claims that his therapist violated doctor-patient privilege
by reporting the abuse to Childline. (See Appellant’s Brief, at 15).
However, Appellant has waived this claim. Appellant did not seek to
suppress the evidence on this basis. (See Omnibus Pre-Trial Motion,
11/21/14, at unnumbered page 2). It is well-settled that, “[a]ppellate
review of an order denying suppression is limited to examination of the
precise basis under which suppression initially was sought; no new theories
of relief may be considered on appeal.” Commonwealth v. Freeman, 128
A.3d 1231, 1241 (Pa. Super. 2015) (citations omitted). Thus, as Appellant
did not raise his privilege claim in his motion to suppress, he waived it. See
id. Accordingly, because the issues Appellant raises in his first claim are
either waived or meritless, we find that “the record supports the suppression
court’s factual findings” as well as “the legitimacy of the inferences and legal
conclusions drawn from [them]. Holton, supra at 1249 (citation omitted).9
In his second claim, Appellant contends that “[t]he Commonwealth’s
failure to diligently proceed in this matter . . . is violative of [his] speedy
trial rights[.]” (Appellant’s Brief, at 9). We disagree.
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9
Because we find that this Court’s decision in C.O., supra did not bar the
admission of Appellant’s statements and because he waived his doctor-
patient privilege argument, we need not address his claim that Sister’s
statements are fruit of the poisonous tree.
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The Pennsylvania Rules of Juvenile Court procedure state, in pertinent
part: “[i]f the juvenile is not detained, the adjudicatory hearing shall be
held within a reasonable time.” Pa.R.J.C.P. 404(B). This Court has held that
juveniles have a Sixth Amendment right to a speedy trial in delinquency
proceedings; however, we have declined to set an exact time limit. See
Commonwealth v. Dallenbach, 729 A.2d 1218, 1222-23 (Pa. Super.
1999). There must be a legitimate reason for a delay in scheduling an
adjudicatory hearing. See id. In Dallenbach, this Court applied the four-
part test enunciated in the United States Supreme Court’s decision in
Barker v. Wingo, 407 U.S. 514, 530-33 (1972), to determine whether the
delay violated a juvenile’s speedy trial rights. See id. at 1222. Thus,
pursuant to Barker, we must examine: (1) the length of delay; (2) the
reason for the delay; (3) the defendant’s assertion of his right; and (4) the
prejudice to the defendant. See id.
Here, the length of the delay was approximately eighteen months,
(see Appellant’s Brief, at 19). This is the same period of delay that the
Dallenbach Court referred to as “lengthy.” Dallenbach, supra at 1222.
Thus, pursuant to Dallenbach, this factor favors Appellant. See id.
The next factor is the reason for the delay. On appeal, the
Commonwealth argues that the delay was because the juvenile was
undergoing pre-existing mental health treatment and there were pending
adult charges against him. (See Commonwealth’s Brief, at 23). However,
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the Commonwealth did not raise these defenses during the suppression
hearing. At the suppression hearing, as discussed above, former
Cumberland County A.D.A. Richard Howard Bradbury, Jr. testified that there
were regular meetings between himself, juvenile probation, and Appellant’s
counsel, and that counsel informed him that he believed that the matter
would be disposed of via a motion to suppress, which counsel was preparing
to file. (See N.T. Suppression Hearing, 4/06/15, at 9-10). Cumberland
County Juvenile Probation employee Emily Garner confirmed this testimony.
(See id. at 22-23). A.D.A. Bradbury acknowledged that he could have
requested a status hearing, but felt there was no point, because the juvenile
court would merely continue the case pending the filing of the motion to
suppress. (See id. at 13-14). Thus, the record shows that while there was
a lengthy delay between the filing of the written allegation and the
delinquency petition, the parties were actively discussing the case and the
Commonwealth reasonably relied on defense counsel’s repeated
representations that this matter could be resolved via a motion to suppress,
which would be filed in the near future. (See id. at 9-10, 13-14, 22-23).
Thus, we find that this factor favors the Commonwealth.
As to the third factor, Appellant filed his motion to dismiss on speedy
trial grounds within thirty days of the filing of the delinquency petition. (See
Omnibus Pre-Trial Motion, 11/21/14, at unnumbered pages 3-4). Therefore,
Appellant promptly asserted his right to a speedy trial.
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As to the final factor, it is settled that a defendant must specifically
prove prejudice; general allegations of prejudice are insufficient. See
Commonwealth v. DeBlase, 665 A.2d 427, 438 (Pa. 1995). A defendant
must show: “(1) impairment of witness’ memories; (2) loss of evidence; (3)
loss of witnesses; or (4) other specifically articulable facts representing a
substantial interference with his ability to conduct a defense.” Id. (citation
omitted). In Dallenbach, the appellant alleged that a defense witness was
now unavailable to testify. See Dallenbach, supra at 1222. While, we
stated that this allegation might be sufficient to demonstrate actual
prejudice, we found that the trial court had not made a specific finding of
fact regarding the witness’s unavailability and remanded the matter for
further fact-finding. See id. at 1226.
Here, Appellant has not alleged any impairment of witness’ memories,
loss of evidence, loss of witnesses or other facts that represented substantial
inference with his ability to conduct a defense. (See Appellant’s Brief, at 18-
21). The sole prejudice alleged by Appellant is that he might be subject to
involuntary commitment pursuant to 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 6403(a). (See
Appellant’s Brief, at 20-21). This statute allows for the involuntary
commitment of an adult who had been previously adjudicated delinquent for
act[s] of sexual violence, remains in an institution or facility pursuant to that
adjudication at age twenty, and is found to be in need of continued
treatment. See 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 6403(a). However, this claim is mere
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speculation and not the type of actual prejudice the law requires. See
DeBlase, supra at 438; Dallenbach, supra at 1226. Thus, because
Appellant has not shown that he was prejudiced by the delay, the trial court
did not err in denying his motion to dismiss for speedy trial violations. See
id.
In his third and fourth claims, Appellant challenges the admission of
Sister’s videotaped interview at CRC into evidence. (See Appellant’s Brief,
at 22-25). Specifically, Appellant claims that the juvenile court failed to hold
an in camera evidentiary hearing as required by 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 5985.1.10
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10
The statute provides in relevant part:
(a) General rule.—An out-of-court statement made by a child
victim or witness, who at the time the statement was made was
12 years of age or younger, describing any of the offenses
enumerated in 18 Pa.C.S.[A.] Chs. 25 (relating to criminal
homicide), 27 (relating to assault), 29 (relating to kidnapping),
31 (relating to sexual offenses), 35 (relating to burglary and
other criminal intrusion) and 37 (relating to robbery), not
otherwise admissible by statute or rule of evidence, is admissible
in evidence in any criminal or civil proceeding if:
(1) the court finds, in an in camera hearing, that the
evidence is relevant and that the time, content and
circumstances of the statement provide sufficient
indicia of reliability; and
(2) the child [ ]:
(i) testifies at the proceeding[.]
42 Pa.C.S.A. § 5985.1(a)(1) and (a)(2)(i).
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(See id. at 22-23). Appellant further argues that the Commonwealth failed
to provide proper notice of its intent to use the videotape as required by 42
Pa.C.S.A. § 5985.1.11 However, Appellant waived these claims.12
As we noted above, at the finding of fact hearing, while Appellant did
object to the admission of the videotape, he did so on the grounds that it
was not done under oath and that there was no opportunity for cross-
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11
The statute states in pertinent part:
(b) Notice required.—A statement otherwise admissible under
subsection (a) shall not be received into evidence unless the
proponent of the statement notifies the adverse party of the
proponent’s intention to offer the statement and the particulars
of the statement sufficiently in advance of the proceeding at
which the proponent intends to offer the statement into evidence
to provide the adverse party with a fair opportunity to prepare to
meet the statement.
42 Pa.C.S.A. § 5985.1(b).
12
We briefly note that this Court has held that:
[w]ith regard to evidentiary challenges, it is well
established that [t]he admissibility of evidence is at the
discretion of the trial court and only a showing of an abuse of
that discretion, and resulting prejudice, constitutes reversible
error. An abuse of discretion is not merely an error of judgment,
but is rather the overriding or misapplication of the law, or the
exercise of judgment that is manifestly unreasonable, or the
result of bias, prejudice, ill-will or partiality, as shown by the
evidence of record. Furthermore, if in reaching a conclusion the
trial court overrides or misapplies the law, discretion is then
abused and it is the duty of the appellate court to correct the
error.
Commonwealth v. Serrano, 61 A.3d 279, 290 (Pa. Super. 2013) (citation
and quotation marks omitted).
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examination during the interview. (See N.T. Finding of Fact Hearing,
5/11/15, at 22). He did not argue that the trial court and the
Commonwealth failed to comply with various aspects of 42 Pa.C.S.A. §
5985.1. (See id.). This Court has stated that, “[w]here a specific objection
is interposed, other possible grounds for the objection are waived.”
Commonwealth v. Shank, 883 A.2d 658, 672 (Pa. Super. 2005), appeal
denied, 903 A.2d 538 (Pa. 2006) (citations omitted). Because Appellant did
not object on the grounds of violations of 75 Pa.C.S.A. § 5985.1, he waived
his third and fourth claims. See id.
Dispositional order affirmed.
Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 7/12/2016
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