J-S56041-16
NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA, IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
PENNSYLVANIA
Appellee
v.
CARRINGTON KEVON JOSEPH,
Appellant No. 2033 MDA 2016
Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence November 12, 2015
In the Court of Common Pleas of Lancaster County
Criminal Division at No(s): CP-36-CR-0002224-2014
BEFORE: BENDER, P.J.E., PANELLA, J., and STEVENS, P.J.E.*
MEMORANDUM BY STEVENS, P.J.E.: FILED JULY 14, 2016
Carrington Kevon Joseph (Appellant) appeals from the judgment of
sentence of life imprisonment entered in the Court of Common Pleas of
Lancaster County on November 12, 2015, following a bench trial1 and
Appellant’s conviction of first-degree murder.2 Upon our review of the
record, we affirm.
The trial court summarized the relevant facts herein as follows:
At trial, the Commonwealth established the following,
gruesome facts. On May 2, 2014, [Appellant] stabbed the victim,
his wife, more than eighty (80) times. Notes of Trial Testimony
____________________________________________
1
On June 12, 2014, the Commonwealth filed a notice of its intent to seek
the death penalty. In exchange for Appellant’s waiving his right to a jury
trial, the Commonwealth agreed not to pursue the death penalty. N.T.,
Pretrial Hearing, 4/20/15, at 3-15.
2
18 Pa.C.S.A. § 2502(a).
*Former Justice specially assigned to the Superior Court.
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("N.T.T. ") at 235-252; Commonwealth's Exhibits 13, 18-21. The
majority of the wounds were to the victim's abdomen, neck, and
head. Id. During the attack, [Appellant] broke two knives and
made multiple trips to the kitchen to retrieve additional knives.
N.T.T. at 142-149, 161-166; Commonwealth's Exhibits 3, 5-10,
13. At one point, the victim attempted to stagger out of the
apartment's front door and, as the victim's family attempted to
assist her, [Appellant] pointed the knife at them and told them
to move back before they too got stabbed. N.T.T. at 53 -57, 104
-108, 111-117; Commonwealth's Exhibit 13. [Appellant] then
dragged the victim back into the apartment and closed the door
to continue his attack. N.T.T. at 116-117. During the majority of
this extended attack, the victim was laying [sic] helplessly on
the ground. N.T.T. at 254-255, 260-261, Commonwealth's
Exhibit 13. [Appellant’s] infant children were seated in their car
seats in the room in which the attack took place. Notes of
Pretrial Hearing at 25-26. [Appellant] was described as calm
throughout this whole incident and, after being taken into
custody, calmly recounted these facts, in great detail, with little
remorse shown. N.T.T. at 206; Commonwealth’s Exhibit 13.
Trial Court Opinion, filed 1/8/16, at 2-3.
Appellant filed a timely notice of appeal on November 19, 2015, and
the parties have complied with Pa.R.A.P. 1925. In his brief, Appellant
presents a single issue for our review:
1. The evidence was insufficient to sustain a conviction for
first-degree murder. More sufficiently, insufficient evidence was
presented that [A]ppellant acted with malice and/or the specific
intent to kill.
Brief for Appellant at 4.
The standard we apply when reviewing the sufficiency of
the evidence is whether viewing all the evidence admitted at trial
in the light most favorable to the verdict winner, there is
sufficient evidence to enable the fact-finder to find every
element of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt. In applying
the above test, we may not weigh the evidence and substitute
our judgment for the fact-finder. In addition, we note that the
facts and circumstances established by the Commonwealth need
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not preclude every possibility of innocence. Any doubts
regarding a defendant's guilt may be resolved by the fact-finder
unless the evidence is so weak and inconclusive that as a matter
of law no probability of fact may be drawn from the combined
circumstances. The Commonwealth may sustain its burden of
proving every element of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt
by means of wholly circumstantial evidence. Moreover, in
applying the above test, the entire record must be evaluated and
all evidence actually received must be considered. Finally, the
trier of fact while passing upon the credibility of witnesses and
the weight of the evidence produced is free to believe all, part or
none of the evidence. Furthermore, when reviewing a
sufficiency claim, our Court is required to give the prosecution
the benefit of all reasonable inferences to be drawn from the
evidence.
However, the inferences must flow from facts and
circumstances proven in the record, and must be of such volume
and quality as to overcome the presumption of innocence and
satisfy the jury of an accused's guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.
The trier of fact cannot base a conviction on conjecture and
speculation and a verdict which is premised on suspicion will fail
even under the limited scrutiny of appellate review.
Commonwealth v. Slocum, 86 A.3d 272, 275-76 (Pa.Super. 2014)
(citations omitted).
Section 2502 of the Crimes Code, 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 2502, defines murder
of the first degree as follows: “(a) Murder of the first degree.--A criminal
homicide constitutes murder of the first degree when it is committed by an
intentional killing.” 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 2502(a). As such, to obtain a conviction
of first-degree murder, the Commonwealth must have demonstrated that:
a human being was unlawfully killed, the defendant perpetrated
the killing, and the defendant acted with malice and a specific
intent to kill.” Commonwealth v. Montalvo, M., 604 Pa. 386,
986 A.2d 84, 92 (2009) (quoting Commonwealth v. Kennedy,
598 Pa. 621, 959 A.2d 916, 921 (2008)); accord 18 Pa.C.S. §
2502(a) & (d) (defining first degree murder as an “intentional
killing,” which is further defined as a “[k]illing by means of
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poison, or by lying in wait, or by any other kind of willful,
deliberate and premeditated killing.”). The Commonwealth may
prove the specific intent to kill necessary for first[-]degree
murder wholly through circumstantial evidence.
Commonwealth v. Rega, 593 Pa. 659, 933 A.2d 997, 1009–10
(2007).
Commonwealth v. Murray, 623 Pa. 506, 528-29, 83 A.3d 137, 151
(2013). In addition, our Supreme Court has determined that the repeated
use of a deadly weapon upon vital parts of a victim’s body is sufficient to
demonstrate a specific intent to kill beyond a reasonable doubt.
Commonwealth v. Mitchell, 588 Pa. 19, 44, 902 A.2d 430, 445 (2006).
Herein, Appellant does not dispute that he stabbed the victim and that
the manner of her death was a homicide. Rather, Appellant challenges the
third element of first-degree murder and maintains that the evidence was
insufficient to prove that he possessed the requisite malice and or specific
intent to kill. Essentially, Appellant claims that he had diminished capacity
at the time of the murder and, thus, lacked such specific intent. Specifically,
Appellant reasons that:
The evidence presented at trial in the case sub judice, clearly
showed that the Appellant and Decedent engaged in a very
heated argument, which tragically escalated to both parties
scrambling to the kitchen to get a knife, resulting in a struggle
which culminated in the Appellant repeatedly stabbing the
Decedent in a maniacal rage. Clearly, Appellant’s conduct was
not the product of specific intent, where the Decedent first
threatened to stab the Appellant and was actually the first
person to run to the kitchen to retrieve a knife, and Appellant
actually blacked out during the altercation and has no memory
of most of the assault. Accordingly, there is insufficient evidence
to establish the requisite mens rea to support Appellant’s
conviction for first degree murder.
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Brief for Appellant at 14-15 (emphasis in original). Appellant further posits
that he remembers stabbing his wife only a single time “in the heat of
passion” as he “attempted to prevent [her] from carrying out her threat to
stab him” and, therefore, his actions were not premeditated and deliberate
acts. Id. at 16.
At the outset we note that while Appellant argued in his closing
argument at trial he acted in self-defense, N.T., 11/12/15, at 284-300,
Appellant conflates the theories of self-defense and diminished capacity in
his appellate brief. These theories are not mutually exclusive and could
have been presented together. See Commonwealth v. Hutchinson, 611
Pa. 280, 24 A.3d 277, 314 (2011). Notwithstanding, when viewed in a light
most favorable to the Commonwealth as the verdict winner, we find the
evidence does not establish that either theory is plausible.
A defense of diminished capacity admits liability while contesting the
degree of culpability based upon a defendant’s inability to possess a
particular mental state. Commonwealth v. Mitchell, 588 Pa. 19, 45, 902
A.2d 430, 446 (2006)(citation omitted). “In order to assert a successful
diminished capacity defense, a defendant must provide extensive psychiatric
testimony establishing a defendant suffered from one or more mental
disorders which prevented him from formulating the specific intent to kill.”
Id. (citation omitted).
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18 Pa.C.S.A. § 505(a) sets forth the elements of self-defense as
follows:
§ 505. Use of force in self-protection
(a) Use of force justifiable for protection of the person.—
The use of force upon or toward another person is justifiable
when the actor believes that such force is immediately necessary
for the purpose of protecting himself against the use of unlawful
force by such other person on the present occasion.
18 Pa.C.S.A. § 505(a). This court has found that:
[w]hen a defendant raises the issue of self-defense, the
Commonwealth bears the burden to disprove such a defense
beyond a reasonable doubt. The Commonwealth sustains this
burden if it establishes at least one of the following: (1) the
accused did not reasonably believe that he was in danger of
death or serious bodily injury; (2) the accused provoked or
continued the use of force; or (3) the accused had a duty to
retreat and the retreat was possible with complete safety. The
Commonwealth need only prove one of these elements beyond a
reasonable doubt to sufficiently disprove a self-defense claim.
Commonwealth v. Ventura, 975 A.2d 1128, 1143 (Pa.Super. 2009)
(citations and quotation marks omitted), appeal denied, 987 A.2d 161 (Pa.
2009).
At the conclusion of trial, the trial court sitting as fact-finder expressly
found “simply absurd” Appellant’s claim that he had acted in self-defense.
In support of this finding, the trial court noted, inter alia, Appellant who was
an “obviously healthy, muscular adult male,” was not stabbed a single time,
while his wife had sustained 82 stab wounds. The court further stressed
Appellant admitted to police his wife never had held a knife. N.T., 11/12/15,
at 308-09. The trial court further noted that while he indicated in his
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statement to police he had blacked out after inflicting the first stab wound
upon his wife, this assertion was contradicted by other portions of his
statement wherein he clearly recounted much of the incident and displayed a
calm demeanor while doing so. Id. at 310-11.
Indeed, the evidence presented at trial established that the victim was
stabbed repeatedly in her face, neck and torso area. A knife left lodged in
her back had to be removed by emergency personnel as it was hindering
CPR. N.T., 11/10/15, at 196. Dr. Wayne K. Ross, a forensic pathologist who
performed the autopsy, testified regarding Appellant’s injuries and
determined the cause of death was multiple stab wounds and the manner of
death was a homicide. N.T., 11/10/15, at 251. He further remarked that
while she may have died as a result of a single stab wound to her neck, her
wounds were sustained from a defensive, rather than an offensive, posture.
N.T., 11/10.15, at 252, 256. Moreover, while he could not speak definitively
as to the amount of time that transpired during the brutal attack, Dr. Ross
indicated that in light of the evidence of movement around the scene and
that fact that the victim sustained 82 stab wounds inflicted by multiple bent
and broken knives, he believed “[t]hat would take some time.” Id. at 260-
61.
The victim’s sister Keina Cowan testified that as Appellant and her
sister argued, she ran to a neighbor’s home to call police, because Appellant
had confiscated their cell phones. As she fled, she could hear the victim
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apologize to Appellant and plead with him to stop. N.T., 11/9/15, at 49-50.
When she returned to the home, she found the door had been locked and
proceeded to kick it in. She discovered her sister alone in the living room
bleeding on the couch. Id. At 50-51. Ms. Cowan fled again to get help, and
when she returned with the victim’s friend and neighbor Porschia Garcia, the
two were unable to gain entry to the home, because someone was holding
the door shut. Id. at 52. Thereafter, the victim fell out of the house, and
Ms. Cowan and Ms. Garcia attempted to pull her away. Appellant appeared
in the doorway and ordered the women to retreat, held a knife to Ms.
Cowan’s forehead and threatened to stab them if they refused to leave.
Next, he pulled the victim’s hair and stabbed her in the neck while the
women looked on. Id. at 54-56.
Detective Brian Freysz, the prosecuting officer, testified that when he
arrived at the scene he noticed Appellant was covered in blood and that “he
seemed calm.” N.T., 11/10/15, at 204-05. At approximately 11:30 that
morning he conducted an interview with Appellant at which time Appellant
clearly understood the questions posed and detailed what had transpired
earlier. Although Appellant also indicated that he had “blacked out,” Officer
Freysz explained Appellant revealed to him “exact details” of the murder,
and Officer Freysz believed Appellant had told him “the truth of exactly what
transpired.” Id. at 215, 222-27.
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The record is devoid of any expert or lay testimony to establish
Appellant’s actions were a brief, spontaneous attack which occurred without
deliberate thought and action. Appellant stabbed his wife scores of times,
during which he had the wherewithal to stop his brutal attack, retrieve
additional knives, threaten to stab other women, lock and close the door,
and drag his victim back inside the home to continue his savagery. He was
able to recount calmly and methodically his actions to police shortly
thereafter.
Any attempt on Appellant’s part to claim he acted in self-defense is
also negated by the record evidence and belied by the statement he
coherently provided to police after the murder. Ms. Cowan heard her sister
plead with Appellant to stop and saw her immobilized due to her injuries. If
Appellant had at any time felt threatened, as his wife lay bleeding on the
doorstep he could have fled the premises when the women came to her aid;
instead, he threatened Ms. Cowan and Ms. Garcia and stabbed the victim in
the neck in their presence.
Clearly, Appellant’s overall conduct was not the result of a heated
exchange between the victim and him, nor were his actions the product of
self-defense. As such, we conclude the Commonwealth presented sufficient
evidence to establish Appellant’s intent to commit first-degree murder.
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Judgment of sentence affirmed.
Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 7/14/2016
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