STATE OF MINNESOTA
IN COURT OF APPEALS
A15-1637
Danna Rochelle Back, petitioner,
Appellant,
vs.
State of Minnesota,
Respondent.
Filed July 18, 2016
Reversed and remanded
Hooten, Judge
Dissenting, Halbrooks, Judge
Hennepin County District Court
File No. 27-CR-07-005374
Daniel J. Bellig, Joseph A. Gangi, Farrish Johnson Law Office, Chtd., Mankato, Minnesota
(for appellant)
Lori Swanson, Attorney General, St. Paul, Minnesota; and
Michael O. Freeman, Hennepin County Attorney, Linda M. Freyer, Assistant County
Attorney, Minneapolis, Minnesota (for respondent)
Considered and decided by Halbrooks, Presiding Judge; Hooten, Judge; and Smith,
John, Judge.
SYLLABUS
I. In determining whether a person who was previously convicted of second-
degree manslaughter based on culpable negligence is an “exonerated” person under
Minnesota Statutes section 590.11, subdivision 1(1)(i) (2014), and is therefore potentially
Retired judge of the Minnesota Court of Appeals, serving by appointment pursuant to
Minn. Const. art. VI, § 10.
eligible for compensation under the Minnesota Imprisonment and Exoneration Remedies
Act, Minnesota Statutes sections 611.362 to 611.368 (2014), a reversal of the conviction
on the ground that the person owed no legal duty to the victim or the perpetrator is a reversal
“on grounds consistent with innocence” within the meaning of section 590.11, subdivision
1(1)(i).
II. Minnesota Statutes section 590.11, subdivision 1(1)(i), violates the Equal
Protection Clause of the Minnesota Constitution by defining “exonerated” to require not
only the vacation or reversal of a judgment of conviction “on grounds consistent with
innocence,” but also the dismissal of the charges by a prosecutor.
OPINION
HOOTEN, Judge
After the Minnesota Supreme Court reversed her conviction of second-degree
manslaughter based on culpable negligence, appellant Danna Rochelle Back petitioned for
an order under Minn. Stat. § 590.11 (2014) declaring her eligible to file a claim for
compensation under the Minnesota Imprisonment and Exoneration Remedies Act
(MIERA). The postconviction court denied the petition, concluding that Back does not
meet the definition of “exonerated” under section 590.11, subdivision 1(1)(i), because the
prosecutor did not dismiss the charges after the reversal. The postconviction court also
rejected Back’s argument that the statutory requirement of prosecutor dismissal violates
her equal protection rights. Because we conclude that the statute violates Back’s equal
protection rights under the Minnesota Constitution and that she is an “exonerated” person
under the statute, Back meets the initial eligibility requirement under section 590.11,
2
subdivision 1(1)(i), and is entitled to have the district court consider the merits of her
petition under the second eligibility requirement under subdivision 3 of the statute.
Accordingly, we reverse and remand for further proceedings under section 590.11.
FACTS
The underlying facts are as follows. Back and the victim, D.H., dated off and on
for several years. State v. Back, 775 N.W.2d 866, 867 (Minn. 2009). Their relationship
deteriorated, and by the summer of 2006, Back moved out of the house that they owned.
Id. During the summer of 2006, Back dated Nicholas Super as well as D.H. Id. Back was
aware that there was significant tension between Super and D.H., as Super had threatened
D.H. several times with a gun and had once driven by D.H.’s house and fired shots at the
garage. Id. Back knew that Super was “known to pull his gun out on anybody.” Id. at
868. Around 3:00 a.m. on January 1, 2007, Back decided to go to D.H.’s house. Id. at 867.
After calling several other people for a ride, Back called Super, who agreed to bring her to
D.H.’s house. Id. Super dropped Back off at D.H.’s house and remained outside the house.
Id. at 868. In her police interview, Back stated that she believed Super would drive away
after dropping her off. Id. Back got into an argument with D.H., which eventually spilled
onto the deck. Id. Super intervened and shot and killed D.H. Id.
A grand jury indicted Back on two counts of aiding and abetting first-degree murder
and one count of aiding and abetting second-degree intentional murder for her role in
D.H.’s death. Id. Back pleaded not guilty, and a jury trial was held in August 2007. During
the trial, the district court granted the state’s motion to dismiss one of the first-degree
murder charges. See id. The district court also granted Back’s motion for acquittal on the
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other two charges and granted the state’s motion to amend the complaint to add the lesser
included offense of second-degree manslaughter based on culpable negligence. Id. at 868–
69. The jury found Back guilty of second-degree manslaughter, and this court affirmed the
conviction in an unpublished decision. Id. 867, 869. In December 2009, the Minnesota
Supreme Court reversed the conviction, holding that Back was not culpably negligent as a
matter of law because there was no evidence that she had a special relationship with either
D.H. or Super that would impose upon her a legal duty to protect D.H. or to control Super.
Id. at 872; see also id. at 870 (“A defendant cannot be negligent, culpably or otherwise,
unless the defendant has a duty that he or she breached.”). The supreme court did not
remand to the district court for further proceedings. Id. at 872.
On December 5, 2014, Back filed a postconviction petition requesting an order
declaring her eligible for compensation based on exoneration and alternatively arguing that
section 590.11 violates her equal protection rights. The postconviction court denied the
petition, concluding that Back is not “exonerated” as that term is defined by section 590.11
and that the statute does not violate her equal protection rights. This appeal followed.
ISSUES
I. Is the reversal of Back’s conviction of second-degree manslaughter based on
culpable negligence, on the ground that she owed no legal duty to the victim or the
perpetrator, a reversal “on grounds consistent with innocence” within the meaning of Minn.
Stat. § 590.11, subd. 1(1)(i)?
II. Does Minn. Stat. § 590.11, subd. 1(1)(i), violate the Equal Protection Clause
of the Minnesota Constitution by defining “exonerated” to require not only the vacation or
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reversal of a judgment of conviction “on grounds consistent with innocence,” but also the
dismissal of the charges by a prosecutor?
ANALYSIS
I. The reversal of Back’s conviction of second-degree manslaughter based on
culpable negligence on the ground that she owed no legal duty to the victim or
the perpetrator is a reversal “on grounds consistent with innocence” within the
meaning of Minn. Stat. § 590.11, subd. 1(1)(i).
The parties dispute whether the supreme court’s reversal of Back’s conviction of
second-degree manslaughter based on culpable negligence is a reversal “on grounds
consistent with innocence,” one of the requirements for establishing that she is an
“exonerated” person within the meaning of section 590.11, subdivision 1(1)(i). Back
argues that her conviction was reversed on the ground that she owed no legal duty to the
victim or the perpetrator and that, therefore, her conduct was not criminal and her
conviction was reversed on grounds consistent with innocence as a matter of law. The state
contends that Back’s conviction was reversed for insufficient evidence based on the state’s
failure to prove sufficient facts showing a legal duty and that such a reversal is not on
grounds consistent with innocence. Section 590.11 and the MIERA are new statutes,
having been enacted in 2014, and the interpretation of the phrase “on grounds consistent
with innocence” is a matter of first impression.
Statutory interpretation is a question of law, which we review de novo. State v.
Riggs, 865 N.W.2d 679, 682 (Minn. 2015). “The object of all interpretation and
construction of laws is to ascertain and effectuate the intention of the legislature.” Minn.
Stat. § 645.16 (2014). When interpreting a statute, “technical words and phrases and such
5
others as have acquired a special meaning . . . are construed according to such special
meaning or their definition.” Minn. Stat. § 645.08(1) (2014). Non-technical words and
phrases “are construed according to rules of grammar and according to their common and
approved usage.” Id. “The first step in statutory interpretation is to determine whether the
statute is ambiguous on its face.” State v. Jones, 848 N.W.2d 528, 535 (Minn. 2014). A
statute is ambiguous only if its language is subject to more than one reasonable
interpretation. Id. If a statute is unambiguous, our role is to apply the plain meaning of
the statutory language. Id. But, if a statute is ambiguous, we may consider the factors set
forth by the legislature to ascertain its meaning. State v. Rick, 835 N.W.2d 478, 482 (Minn.
2013). These factors include:
(1) the occasion and necessity for the law;
(2) the circumstances under which it was enacted;
(3) the mischief to be remedied;
(4) the object to be attained;
(5) the former law, if any, including other laws upon the same
or similar subjects;
(6) the consequences of a particular interpretation; [and]
(7) the contemporaneous legislative history[.]
Minn. Stat. § 645.16.
In order to interpret the phrase “on grounds consistent with innocence” in section
590.11, subdivision 1(1)(i), we must first examine the entirety of section 590.11 and how
it operates in relation to the MIERA. See State v. Struzyk, 869 N.W.2d 280, 287 (Minn.
2015) (“We read and construe a statute as a whole and interpret each section in light of the
surrounding sections to avoid conflicting interpretations.”).
6
A. Minn. Stat. § 590.11 governs who is eligible to file a claim for
compensation based on exoneration under the MIERA.
The MIERA provides compensation to eligible persons who served time in prison
for a crime that they did not commit. See generally Minn. Stat. §§ 611.362–.368. But, a
person can file a claim for compensation under the MIERA only if the person first receives
an order under section 590.11 determining that she is eligible for compensation based on
exoneration. Minn. Stat. § 611.362, subd. 1. Thus, the first step to receiving compensation
under the MIERA is to petition for such an order in the district court where the conviction
was obtained. Minn. Stat. § 590.11, subd. 2.
Section 590.11 defines “exonerated” to mean that:
(1) a court of this state:
(i) vacated or reversed a judgment of conviction
on grounds consistent with innocence and the prosecutor
dismissed the charges; or
(ii) ordered a new trial on grounds consistent
with innocence and the prosecutor dismissed the charges or the
petitioner was found not guilty at the new trial; and
(2) the time for appeal of the order resulting in
exoneration has expired or the order has been affirmed and is
final.
Id., subd. 1 (emphasis added). Subdivision 1 constitutes an initial eligibility requirement
for petitions under section 590.11 because if the petitioner does not meet the definition of
“exonerated,” then no further proceedings may be had. See id., subd. 3. Subdivision
1(1)(i), which this appeal concerns, defines “exonerated” as those petitioners whose
convictions have been vacated or reversed “on grounds consistent with innocence” and
whose charges have been dismissed by a prosecutor. Id., subd. 1(1)(i). Subdivision 2 sets
forth the procedure for filing a petition. Id., subd. 2.
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Only petitioners who meet the definition of “exonerated” within the meaning of
subdivision 1 are entitled to proceed under subdivision 3, where the district court considers
the merits of the petition. See id., subd. 3(b) (providing that only individuals who are
“exonerated” persons within the meaning of subdivision 1 have the opportunity to prove
innocence). Subdivision 3 constitutes a second eligibility requirement, where the question
of innocence is determined by one of two methods. Id., subd. 3. First, under subdivision
3(a), the prosecutor may join the petition by “indicat[ing] that it is likely that the original
complaint or indictment would not have been filed or sought or would have been dismissed
with the knowledge of all of the circumstances.” Id., subd. 3(a). This “conclusively
establish[es] eligibility for compensation precluding any further proceedings.” Id. Second,
under subdivision 3(b), if the prosecutor does not join the petition, the district court must
determine if the petitioner is entitled to compensation “based on the establishment of
innocence if the petitioner establishes that a crime was not committed or that the crime was
not committed by the petitioner.” Id., subd. 3(b). “Unless the petition and the files and
records of the proceeding conclusively show that the petitioner is not eligible for
compensation, the [district] court shall set a hearing on the petition and response thereto.”
Id., subd. 6. In the proceeding under subdivision 3(b), the petitioner bears the burden of
proving her innocence by a preponderance of the evidence, unless the district court
determines that another standard of proof applies. See id., subd. 3(b) (citing Minn. Stat.
§ 590.04, subd. 3 (2014)).
Subdivision 4 governs the submission of evidence during the proceeding under
subdivision 3(b). Id., subd. 4. The types of evidence that are admissible in such a
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proceeding include court records related to the conviction and the exoneration, additional
evidence offered by either the petitioner or the prosecutor bearing on the petitioner’s
innocence, and a statement by the victim. Id. The district court may also consider “acts
by the petitioner that may have contributed to bringing about the conviction and any other
offenses that may have been committed by the petitioner in the same behavioral incident.”
Id.
Subdivision 5 provides that a claim for compensation arises if the petitioner has
established innocence by one of the methods in subdivision 3, and
(1) the person was convicted of a felony and served any
part of the imposed sentence in prison;
(2) in cases where the person was convicted of multiple
charges arising out of the same behavioral incident, the person
was exonerated for all of those charges;
(3) the person did not commit or induce another person
to commit perjury or fabricate evidence to cause or bring about
the conviction; and
(4) the person was not serving a term of imprisonment
for another crime at the same time, provided that if the person
served additional time in prison due to the conviction that is
the basis of the claim, the person may make a claim for that
portion of time served in prison during which the person was
serving no other sentence.
Id., subd. 5. These additional requirements limit compensation to innocent persons who
suffered compensable harm as the direct and sole result of the wrongful conviction.
If the petitioner meets all of these eligibility criteria, the district court “shall” issue
an order pursuant to subdivision 7, notifying the petitioner of her right to file a claim for
compensation under the MIERA. Id., subd. 7. Section 590.11, therefore, serves an
important gatekeeping function, allowing only those who meet all of its eligibility
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requirements to file a claim under the MIERA. See Minn. Stat. § 611.362, subd. 1 (“A
person who receives an order under section 590.11 determining that the person is entitled
to compensation based on exoneration may bring a claim for an award under sections
611.362 to 611.368.”). If a petitioner receives an order under section 590.11 and
subsequently files a claim under the MIERA, a compensation panel appointed by the
supreme court calculates the amount of compensation to which the petitioner is entitled.
Minn. Stat. § 611.363, subd. 1. Finally, the amount of the award is submitted to the
Minnesota Legislature “for consideration during the next session of the legislature.” Minn.
Stat. § 611.367.
B. The phrase “on grounds consistent with innocence” is ambiguous, but
Back’s conviction was reversed on grounds consistent with innocence
under any reasonable interpretation of the phrase.
The legal definition of “innocence” is “[t]he absence of guilt; esp[ecially], freedom
from guilt for a particular offense.” Black’s Law Dictionary 909 (10th ed. 2014). This
definition is unambiguous. But, there is no legal definition of “consistent,” and in common
usage, the word has various meanings. See The American Heritage Dictionary of the
English Language 392 (5th ed. 2011) (defining “consistent” as “[i]n agreement;
compatible,” as well as “not contradictory”); see also Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate
Dictionary 266 (11th ed. 2003) (defining “consistent” as “free from variation or
contradiction” and “marked by agreement”); Oxford Dictionary of English 372 (3d ed.
2010) (defining “consistent” as “not containing any logical contradictions” and
“compatible or in agreement with something”). Given these varied definitions of
“consistent,” it is unclear whether the legislature intended the phrase “on grounds
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consistent with innocence” to mean “agrees with innocence” or “does not contradict
innocence.” Requiring a petitioner to show that the reversal of her conviction “agrees with
innocence” would seem to impose a higher burden than to show that the reversal “does not
contradict innocence.” Both of these interpretations of the statutory phrase, as either
agreeing with innocence or not contradicting innocence, are reasonable. Therefore, the
phrase “on grounds consistent with innocence” is ambiguous, and we may determine
legislative intent by considering the factors set forth by the legislature, including the
contemporaneous legislative history. Minn. Stat. § 645.16.
As introduced, both the house and senate bills that were eventually enacted as
section 590.11 defined the phrase “on grounds consistent with innocence” as either
(1) “exonerated through a pardon or sentence commutation, based on innocence,” or
(2) “exonerated because the judgment of conviction was vacated or reversed, based on new
evidence of actual innocence.” H.F. 2925 (2014); S.F. 2480 (2014). By the third
engrossment of the house bill and the second engrossment of the senate bill, however, the
legislature had removed the requirement of “innocence” or “new evidence of actual
innocence,” and the amended bills provided that the initial eligibility requirement would
be the definition of “exonerated,” which included the vacation or reversal of a conviction
“on grounds consistent with innocence.” H.F. 2925, third engrossment; S.F. 2480, second
engrossment.
In hearings before legislative committees, Representative John Lesch, the primary
author of the house bill, and Senator Ron Latz, the primary author of the senate bill, stated
that the MIERA was designed to compensate people who were convicted of a crime, served
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a prison sentence, and were later determined to have not committed that crime based on
evidence of innocence. Hearing on H.F. 2925 Before the H. Comm. on Judiciary Finance
and Policy (Mar. 26, 2014) (statement of Rep. Lesch); Hearing on S.F. 2480 Before the
S. Comm. on the Judiciary (Mar. 13, 2014) (statement of Sen. Latz). In support of the bills,
both authors cited two wrongfully convicted persons who would be entitled to
compensation under the new law: Koua Fong Lee, who was wrongfully convicted of
criminal vehicular homicide after his Toyota Camry accelerated out of his control into
another vehicle, and Michael Ray Hansen, who was wrongfully convicted of second-degree
murder for killing his infant daughter who actually died of positional asphyxia. It is
apparent that section 590.11 and the MIERA were passed in large part in response to these
two cases.
The statements made during legislative committee hearings and floor debates
indicate that the legislature intended for compensation based on exoneration to be rare and
not to be available to persons whose convictions were reversed on technicalities. During a
senate floor debate, Senator Latz stated that as far as he knew, only two or three people
would currently be eligible for compensation under the statute, including Lee and Hansen.
S. Floor Deb. on S.F. 2480 (May 2, 2014) (statement of Sen. Latz). He acknowledged,
however, that the law would “open[] up the door for potential eligibility” to others. Id.
While the oral legislative history demonstrates the legislature’s general purpose and
intent in enacting section 590.11 and the MIERA, it does not provide any insight into the
changes made during the drafting of subdivision 1 of section 590.11 regarding the
definition of “exonerated.” There was some discussion of cases involving newly
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discovered evidence and subdivision 1(1)(ii) of section 590.11, but there was little, if any,
discussion of the initial eligibility requirements under subdivision 1(1)(i) or of the meaning
of the phrase “on grounds consistent with innocence.”
After examining the legislative record, the district court concluded—and the state
now argues—that a person is exonerated under section 590.11, subdivision 1(1)(i), only if
the person is deemed to be innocent based on newly discovered evidence. This
interpretation fails for two reasons. First, as introduced, the bills specifically required a
vacation or reversal based on newly discovered evidence, which would have limited
eligibility for compensation in the manner that the state and the dissent urge. H.F. 2925;
S.F. 2480. Subdivision 1(1)(ii) of the enacted law covers cases where a petitioner is granted
a new trial based on newly discovered evidence. See Minn. Stat. § 590.11, subd. 1(1)(ii).
But, by the final versions of the bills, the legislature had expanded the initial eligibility
requirement to cover other cases, namely, outright vacation or reversal of a conviction
where no new trial is ordered, as governed by subdivision 1(1)(i) of the statute. See id.,
subd. 1(1)(i). If we were to adopt the state’s and the dissent’s interpretation, we would
essentially be writing subdivision 1(1)(i) out of the statute, which we may not do. See
Minn. Stat. § 645.16 (“Every law shall be construed, if possible, to give effect to all its
provisions.”); State v. Larivee, 656 N.W.2d 226, 229 (Minn. 2003) (“A statute should be
interpreted, whenever possible, to give effect to all of its provisions, and no word, phrase,
or sentence should be deemed superfluous, void, or insignificant.” (quotations omitted)).
Second, the requirement of a vacation or reversal based on “innocence,” as found in
the earlier versions of the bills, was removed, and the enacted version of subdivision 1(1)(i)
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requires the lesser showing of a vacation or reversal “on grounds consistent with
innocence.” Minn. Stat. § 590.11, subd. 1(1)(i) (emphasis added). If the legislature had
intended that a petitioner must establish innocence or actual innocence under subdivision
1, it would have used that language, as it has in another postconviction statute. See Minn.
Stat. § 590.01, subd. 1(2) (allowing petitioner to seek postconviction relief if petitioner
claims that scientific evidence not available at trial establishes petitioner’s “actual
innocence”), subd. 4(b)(2) (exempting from two-year statute of limitations postconviction
claims based on newly discovered evidence if petitioner establishes by clear and
convincing evidence that she is “innocent” of offense of conviction) (2014); see also
Rockford Township v. City of Rockford, 608 N.W.2d 903, 908 (Minn. App. 2000) (“We
. . . presume the legislature acts with full knowledge of existing statutes and judicial
interpretations of those statutes.”). Under the enacted law, the issue of innocence is
determined under subdivision 3, not subdivision 1. Minn. Stat. § 590.11, subd. 3. If we
were to adopt the state’s and the dissent’s interpretation, we would be making the
proceeding under subdivision 3(b), where the petitioner’s “innocence” is determined under
the evidentiary standards set forth in subdivision 4, superfluous, which we may not do. See
Larivee, 656 N.W.2d at 229.
Although some stakeholders may have initially envisioned a statute as narrow as the
state and the dissent suggest, that is not the statute that the legislature ultimately passed,
and we must give effect to the language of the law that was enacted. See id. Our review
of the language of the enacted law and the drafting history compels us to conclude that the
legislature intended for the initial eligibility requirement, subdivision 1, to be less
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restrictive than what it had first contemplated. Based on the language and structure of the
statute, as well as the written and oral legislative history, we believe that the legislature
intended the phrase “on grounds consistent with innocence” to apply narrowly, although
not as narrowly as the state and the dissent assert. To decide this case, however, we need
not resolve whether the phrase “on grounds consistent with innocence” means “agrees with
innocence” or “does not contradict innocence” because we conclude that Back’s conviction
was reversed on grounds consistent with innocence under any reasonable interpretation of
the phrase. See Lipka v. Minn. Sch. Emps. Ass’n, Local 1980, 550 N.W.2d 618, 622 (Minn.
1996) (“[J]udicial restraint bids us to refrain from deciding any issue not essential to the
disposition of the particular controversy before us.”); see also State v. Vang, 847 N.W.2d
248, 265 n.9 (Minn. 2014) (same).
On direct appeal, the supreme court reversed Back’s conviction of second-degree
manslaughter based on culpable negligence, holding as a matter of law that “Back did not
have a duty to control Super or to protect [D.H.] from Super, and she therefore was not
culpably negligent in failing to control Super’s criminal actions.” Back, 775 N.W.2d at
872. The supreme court relied on the common law principle that there is no duty to control
the conduct of a third party to prevent physical harm to another unless there is a special
relationship between the actor and the third party that imposes a duty to control the third
party, or between the actor and the other that imposes a duty to protect the other from the
third party. Id. at 871–72. The supreme court gave no indication that the state could have
produced any evidence of a special relationship between Back and D.H. or between Back
and Super that could have given rise to such a duty. See id. at 872 (citing Delgado v.
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Lohmar, 289 N.W.2d 479, 483–84 (Minn. 1979) (“Such special relationships exist between
parents and children, masters and servants, possessors of land and licensees, common
carriers and their customers, or people who have custody of a person with dangerous
propensities.”)).
The reversal of Back’s conviction is different than typical reversals based on
insufficient evidence because, in those cases, the defendant’s conviction is reversed
because the state did not introduce enough evidence to establish one or more elements of
the offense. Here, in contrast, the supreme court held that Back did not owe a duty as a
matter of law. Id. In doing so, the supreme court explicitly rejected the state’s argument
that the only issue on appeal was whether there was sufficient evidence as to the
foreseeability of harm, explaining that “the question is not simply whether a criminal event
is foreseeable, but whether a duty exists to take measures to guard against it.” Id. at 871
(quotations omitted). “Whether a person has a duty of care is an issue for the court to
determine as a matter of law.” Id. at 869 (quotation omitted); see also Gilbertson v.
Leininger, 599 N.W.2d 127, 130 (Minn. 1999) (stating that existence of special relationship
giving rise to legal duty is issue of law that appellate courts review de novo). We hold that
the reversal of Back’s conviction on the ground that she owed no legal duty to D.H. or to
Super is a reversal on grounds consistent with innocence within the meaning of section
590.11, subdivision 1(1)(i).
Consistent with our interpretation of section 590.11, even if a petitioner satisfies the
lesser burden of showing that her conviction was vacated or reversed “on grounds
consistent with innocence” and that she is otherwise eligible under subdivision 1, she may
16
or may not be able to satisfy the higher burden of proving “innocence” under subdivision
3(b). Cf. Irwin v. Commonwealth, 992 N.E.2d 275, 282 (Mass. 2013) (stating, in
interpreting similar Massachusetts wrongful conviction statute, that “[t]he threshold matter
of eligibility as a member of the class of claimants eligible to pursue relief is . . . separate
and distinct from the merits of the claim for relief that a claimant must establish at trial”).
Under the evidentiary standard of subdivision 4, the prosecutor may present certain
evidence in a subdivision 3(b) proceeding, including “acts by the petitioner that may have
contributed to bringing about the conviction and any other offenses that may have been
committed by the petitioner in the same behavioral incident.” Minn. Stat. § 590.11, subd.
4. The sole purpose of section 590.11, subdivision 1, is to determine whether a petitioner
is entitled to have the merits of her petition considered under subdivision 3 of the statute.1
II. Minn. Stat. § 590.11, subd. 1(1)(i), violates the Equal Protection Clause of the
Minnesota Constitution by defining “exonerated” to require not only the
vacation or reversal of a judgment of conviction “on grounds consistent with
innocence,” but also the dismissal of the charges by a prosecutor.
The state contends that even if Back’s conviction was reversed on grounds
consistent with innocence under section 590.11, subdivision 1(1)(i), she is nonetheless not
1
The dissent claims that subdivision 1 “includes only definitions” and does not screen out
petitions. But, the district court screened out Back’s petition at subdivision 1 by concluding
that she is not exonerated, explicitly stating that it was not considering Back’s arguments
under subdivision 3, i.e., the merits of her claim. Moreover, the dissent seems to read
subdivision 3 into the definition of subdivision 1. Under the dissent’s reasoning, a
petitioner must satisfy the standard of subdivision 3 (innocence) in order to satisfy the
standard of subdivision 1 (consistent with innocence), which makes subdivision 1
superfluous. In our view, the language and structure of the statute indicate that there are
two separate eligibility requirements. Under the clear language of the statute, only a
petitioner who meets the definition of “exonerated” under subdivision 1 is entitled to a
subdivision 3 proceeding.
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entitled to have the district court consider the merits of her petition under subdivision 3
because she has not satisfied the second clause of subdivision 1(1)(i), requiring the
prosecutor to dismiss the charges. Back argues that because the supreme court reversed
her conviction without remanding the case to the district court, there were no charges for a
prosecutor to dismiss. In support of this argument, Back relies on the rules of criminal
procedure, which direct that an appellate court, upon reversal, must “(a) direct a new trial;
(b) vacate the conviction and enter a judgment of acquittal; or (c) reduce the conviction to
a lesser included offense or to an offense of lesser degree.” Minn. R. Crim. P. 28.02, subd.
12 (emphasis added). Back also cites State v. Pass, which stated that “[o]nce an acquittal
[on the merits] occurs, the prosecution is over.” 832 N.W.2d 836, 840 (Minn. 2013)
(involving double jeopardy issue); see also State v. Sahr, 812 N.W.2d 83, 90 (Minn. 2012)
(quotations omitted) (stating that decision on merits in favor of criminal defendant of
“some or all of the factual elements of the offenses charged” constitutes acquittal on
merits). Back contends that because she is similarly situated to petitioners whose
convictions were vacated or reversed on grounds consistent with innocence and whose
charges were dismissed by a prosecutor, and because she is denied consideration of her
petition under subdivision 3 on the arbitrary basis that a prosecutor has to dismiss a charge
that was effectively dismissed by the supreme court, she is denied equal protection under
both the federal and state constitutions.
The Equal Protection Clause of the United States Constitution guarantees that no
state will “deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.” U.S.
Const. amend. XIV, § 1. The Equal Protection Clause of the Minnesota Constitution
18
guarantees that “[n]o member of this state shall be disfranchised or deprived of any of the
rights or privileges secured to any citizen thereof, unless by the law of the land or the
judgment of his peers.” Minn. Const. art. 1, § 2. “[A] facial challenge to a statute on equal-
protection grounds asserts that at least two classes are created by the statute, that the classes
are treated differently under the statute, and that the difference in treatment cannot be
justified.” State v. Richmond, 730 N.W.2d 62, 71 (Minn. App. 2007) (quotation omitted),
review denied (Minn. June 19, 2007).2 The constitutionality of a statute is a question of
law, which we review de novo. State v. Cox, 798 N.W.2d 517, 519 (Minn. 2011).
“[Appellate courts] presume that Minnesota statutes are constitutional and will strike down
a statute as unconstitutional only if absolutely necessary.” Id. “To prevail, a party
challenging the constitutionality of a statute must demonstrate beyond a reasonable doubt
that the statute violates a constitutional provision.” Id.
To determine whether a statute violates equal protection, the threshold consideration
is whether similarly situated persons are treated differently. Id. at 521. If the challenged
statute does not treat similarly situated persons differently, there is no equal protection
violation. Schatz v. Interfaith Care Ctr., 811 N.W.2d 643, 657 (Minn. 2012). Persons are
similarly situated if “they are alike in all relevant respects.” Cox, 798 N.W.2d at 522.
2
In addition to her facial equal protection challenge, Back purports to bring an as-applied
challenge to the statute. However, we believe that her challenge is essentially a facial
challenge because she does not claim that the statute is facially neutral yet inequitably
applied. See Richmond, 730 N.W.2d at 71 (“A facially neutral statute can violate the
guarantee of equal protection if it is applied in a way that makes distinctions between
similarly situated people without a legitimate government interest.”).
19
We conclude that section 590.11, subdivision 1(1)(i), creates two classes of persons:
(1) those whose convictions are vacated or reversed on grounds consistent with innocence
and whose charges are dismissed by the prosecutor, presumably under Minn. R. Crim. P.
30.013; and (2) those whose convictions are vacated or reversed on grounds consistent with
innocence and whose charges are not dismissed by the prosecutor. Because Back’s
conviction was reversed on grounds consistent with innocence, as we held in Part I of this
opinion, we conclude that she is similarly situated to petitioners whose convictions were
reversed on grounds consistent with innocence and whose charges were dismissed by the
prosecutor, and she therefore meets the threshold requirement for her equal protection
challenge.
We review an equal protection challenge to a statute “under a rational basis standard
unless the challenge involves a suspect classification or a fundamental right.” State v.
Garcia, 683 N.W.2d 294, 298 (Minn. 2004). We agree with the parties that the rational
basis test applies to Back’s constitutional challenge because the statute involves neither a
suspect classification nor a fundamental right. In order to prevail on her equal protection
challenge, Back need only show that the statute violates either the federal or state
constitution. Because we conclude that section 590.11, subdivision 1(1)(i), violates the
Equal Protection Clause of the Minnesota Constitution, we analyze Back’s claim solely
under the Minnesota rational basis test. See id. at 297, 299–301 (applying only Minnesota
3
Under rule 30.01, “The prosecutor may dismiss a complaint or tab charge without the
court’s approval, and may dismiss an indictment with the court’s approval. The prosecutor
must state the reasons for the dismissal in writing or on the record.”
20
rational basis test and striking down statute based on violation of state equal protection
clause, even though defendant challenged statute under both state and federal
constitutions); State v. Russell, 477 N.W.2d 886, 887–91 (Minn. 1991) (same).
Under the Minnesota rational basis test, a statute must satisfy three requirements:
(1) The distinctions which separate those included within the
classification from those excluded must not be manifestly
arbitrary or fanciful but must be genuine and substantial,
thereby providing a natural and reasonable basis to justify
legislation adapted to peculiar conditions and needs; (2) the
classification must be genuine or relevant to the purpose of the
law; that is there must be an evident connection between the
distinctive needs peculiar to the class and the prescribed
remedy; and (3) the purpose of the statute must be one that the
state can legitimately attempt to achieve.
Russell, 477 N.W.2d at 888 (quotation omitted).4 The Minnesota Supreme Court has
described the Minnesota rational basis test as “a more stringent standard of review” than
the federal rational basis test, requiring “a reasonable connection between the actual, and
4
The district court applied a version of the Minnesota rational basis test that was more
deferential to the legislature, relying on Gluba ex rel. Gluba v. Bitzan & Ohren Masonry,
735 N.W.2d 713, 721–23 (Minn. 2007) (stating, in a constitutional challenge to a workers’
compensation statute, “We have consistently concluded that it is proper to defer to the
legislature in matters concerning the desirability of statutory classifications affecting the
regulation of economic activity and the distribution of economic benefits” (quotations
omitted)). In the absence of more explicit guidance from the supreme court, however, we
apply the Minnesota rational basis test as articulated in Russell because it appears to be the
default rational basis test under the Minnesota Constitution. See, e.g., In re Guardianship
& Conservatorship of Durand, 859 N.W.2d 780 (Minn. 2015) (involving different
treatment of protected and non-protected surviving spouses under elective share statute);
Garcia, 683 N.W.2d 294 (involving different jail credit treatment for juveniles designated
as extended jurisdiction juveniles and juveniles certified as adults); Wegan v. Village of
Lexington, 309 N.W.2d 273 (Minn. 1981) (involving different statutes of limitations in
dram shop actions based on type of alcohol involved); Weir v. ACCRA Care, Inc., 828
N.W.2d 470 (Minn. App. 2013) (involving different treatment of personal care assistants
under unemployment compensation statute).
21
not just the theoretical, effect of the challenged classification and the statutory goals.” Id.
at 889. We analyze the three requirements articulated in Russell in a slightly different
order.
First, we conclude that the purpose of the statute is legitimate because there needs
to be a process for deciding who is eligible for compensation under the MIERA and
because innocence is a legitimate criterion.
Second, however, we conclude that the distinction between the classes is not
genuine and substantial. As noted above, section 590.11, subdivision 1(1)(i), creates two
classes of persons. The distinction between these classes—dismissal by the prosecutor—
is manifestly arbitrary and fanciful because, where an appellate court or a postconviction
court vacates or reverses a conviction and does not order a new trial, and where there are
no other pending charges, the case is concluded, and there is no further action for the
prosecutor to take. See Minn. R. Crim. P. 28.02, subd. 12 (stating, in pertinent part, that
upon reversal, appellate court must “vacate the conviction and enter a judgment of
acquittal”); Black’s Law Dictionary 1513 (defining “reversal” as “[a]n annulling or setting
aside; esp[ecially], an appellate court’s overturning of a lower court’s decision”), 1782
(defining “vacate” as “[t]o nullify or cancel; make void; invalidate”). When a court vacates
or reverses a conviction and does not order a new trial, the proceedings are over, and the
state cannot continue prosecuting the person. Cf. Pass, 832 N.W.2d at 840; Sahr, 812
N.W.2d at 90. Under these circumstances, requiring a prosecutor to file a dismissal under
rule 30.01 is to require a meaningless act.
22
Requiring the prosecutor to dismiss the charges is a genuine and substantial
distinction only when an appellate court or postconviction court orders a new trial, which
is specifically provided for under subdivision 1(1)(ii) of section 590.11. In that scenario,
the proceedings are ongoing, and dismissal by the prosecutor has significance. For
example, if a postconviction court orders a new trial based on newly discovered evidence,
see Minn. Stat. § 590.01, subd. 1 (2014), the prosecutor could decide to dismiss the charges
under rule 30.01 if the prosecutor no longer thinks that the evidence supports a conviction
or thinks that new evidence establishes that the petitioner is innocent. In contrast, requiring
the prosecutor to dismiss the charges in a case under subdivision 1(1)(i) of the statute, after
an appellate court or a postconviction court has vacated or reversed a judgment on grounds
consistent with innocence and has not ordered a new trial, is manifestly arbitrary and
fanciful and, as Back argues, could result in prosecutorial abuse.
Third, we conclude that the classification is not genuine or relevant to the purpose
of the law. Because dismissal by the prosecutor is meaningless and ineffectual under these
circumstances, there is no evident connection between this requirement and the purpose of
the law. In other words, the requirement under subdivision 1(1)(i) that the prosecutor
dismiss the charges does not assist postconviction courts in differentiating between those
who are entitled to a subdivision 3 proceeding to determine innocence, and those who are
not.
Therefore, applying the Minnesota rational basis test, we hold that by defining
“exonerated” to require not only the vacation or reversal of a judgment of conviction on
grounds consistent with innocence, but also the dismissal of the charges by a prosecutor,
23
section 590.11, subdivision 1(1)(i), violates the Equal Protection Clause of the Minnesota
Constitution.
We must now determine if we can sever the offending portion of the statute while
leaving the rest of the statute intact.
Unless there is a provision in the law that the provisions
shall not be severable, the provisions of all laws shall be
severable. If any provision of a law is found to be
unconstitutional and void, the remaining provisions of the law
shall remain valid, unless the court finds the valid provisions
of the law are so essentially and inseparably connected with,
and so dependent upon, the void provisions that the court
cannot presume the legislature would have enacted the
remaining valid provisions without the void one; or unless the
court finds the remaining valid provisions, standing alone, are
incomplete and are incapable of being executed in accordance
with the legislative intent.
Minn. Stat. § 645.20 (2014). In severing the portions of the statute that render it
unconstitutional, we are to retain as much of the statute as possible. State v. Melchert-
Dinkel, 844 N.W.2d 13, 24 (Minn. 2014).
Because the legislature did not specifically instruct otherwise, we presume that the
legislature intended for the provisions of section 590.11 to be severable. Thus, the phrase
in subdivision 1(1)(i) “and the prosecutor dismissed the charges” is severable unless the
rest of the statute is essentially and inseparably connected with and dependent upon it. As
discussed in Part I of this opinion, subdivision 1 is simply the initial eligibility requirement,
and subdivision 3 is the primary merits-based eligibility requirement where the petitioner
must establish her innocence. If, as in this case, the prosecutor disagrees that the petitioner
is innocent, the prosecutor can oppose the petition under subdivision 3(b). Moreover, as
24
discussed above, the disputed phrase in subdivision 1(1)(i) constitutes a meaningless and
ineffectual requirement, particularly in light of rule 28.02, subdivision 12, which provides
that the appellate court, upon reversal, must vacate the conviction and enter a judgment of
acquittal. We conclude that the rest of the statute is not essentially and inseparably
connected with and dependent upon the disputed phrase, and we conclude that the
legislature would have wanted the rest of the statute to remain in effect. Accordingly, we
sever and excise the words “and the prosecutor dismissed the charges” from section 590.11,
subdivision 1(1)(i).
Because Back’s conviction was reversed on grounds consistent with innocence, and
because we have severed the requirement that the prosecutor must dismiss the charges, we
hold that Back is an exonerated person under section 590.11, subdivision 1(1)(i). The
postconviction court erred by denying Back’s petition on the basis that she is not an
exonerated person.
DECISION
Because the statute violates Back’s equal protection rights under the Minnesota
Constitution, we sever the words “and the prosecutor dismissed the charges” from section
590.11, subdivision 1(1)(i). We conclude that Back is an “exonerated” person under the
statute and that the postconviction court abused its discretion by denying Back’s petition.
We therefore reverse the denial of the petition and remand for further proceedings under
subdivision 3 of section 590.11. We reiterate that Back has only satisfied the initial
eligibility requirement under subdivision 1 of the statute and express no opinion as to
25
whether she will be able to establish innocence during the proceeding provided for under
subdivision 3(b).
Reversed and remanded.
26
HALBROOKS, Judge (dissenting)
I respectfully dissent. In reversing Back’s conviction of culpable negligence
manslaughter, the supreme court held that “[b]ecause the evidence is not sufficient to prove
that Back was culpably negligent, Back’s conviction for second-degree manslaughter is
reversed.” State v. Back, 775 N.W.2d 866, 872 (Minn. 2009). Because Back’s judgment
of conviction was not reversed, nor was a new trial ordered, “on grounds consistent with
innocence,” I would conclude that Back was not “exonerated” and is therefore not eligible
for compensation under the plain language of Minn. Stat. § 590.11 (2014). I would affirm
the district court’s order denying Back’s petition for an order declaring eligibility for
compensation. It is, therefore, unnecessary to consider Back’s equal-protection challenge
to the statute.
As a threshold matter, I note that nothing in the language or structure of the
compensation-eligibility statute persuades me that the legislature envisioned a multi-step
screening process by the district court. I reject the majority’s characterization of Minn.
Stat. § 590.11, subd. 1, which includes only definitions, as an “initial eligibility
requirement.” To the extent that any “initial eligibility” determination occurs, it is by the
prosecutor in deciding whether to join in the petition. Minn. Stat. § 590.11, subd. 3(a).
I also disagree with the majority’s conclusion that the phrase “on grounds consistent
with innocence” in Minn. Stat. § 590.11, subd. 1(1), is ambiguous. Statutory language is
only ambiguous when it is “subject to more than one reasonable interpretation.” Am.
Family Ins. Grp. v. Schroedl, 616 N.W.2d 273, 277 (Minn. 2000) (quotation omitted).
Reading subdivision 1(1) in context, “on grounds consistent with innocence” is not subject
D-1
to more than one reasonable interpretation. If the language of a statute is unambiguous,
we apply its plain meaning. Brua v. Minn. Joint Underwriting Ass’n, 778 N.W.2d 294,
300 (Minn. 2010). We therefore need not consider legislative intent here.5
It is axiomatic that “innocent” is not the same as “not guilty.” “The constitutional
necessity of proof beyond a reasonable doubt is not confined to those defendants who are
morally blameless.” Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 323, 99 S. Ct. 2781, 2791 (1979).
Reversal of a conviction because the evidence does not support the charged offense
therefore does not equate to blamelessness. See id. (“Under our system of criminal justice
even a thief is entitled to complain that he has been unconstitutionally convicted and
imprisoned as a burglar.”).
That “actual innocence” has a special meaning in federal habeas review also
supports the conclusion that a reversal for insufficient evidence does not equate to “grounds
consistent with innocence.” “‘[A]ctual innocence’ means factual innocence, not mere legal
insufficiency.” Bousley v. United States, 523 U.S. 614, 623, 118 S. Ct. 1604, 1611 (1998).
The federal habeas “actual innocence” standard requires a showing that no reasonable juror
would have convicted the petitioner and permits the court to assess newly discovered
evidence and the credibility of witnesses. Schlup v. Delo, 513 U.S. 298, 329, 115 S. Ct.
5
Although my analysis rests on the plain and unambiguous language of the statute, so that
consideration of legislative history is not necessary, I note that my ultimate conclusion is
consistent with committee testimony and floor debates. The testimony from the Innocence
Project was that cases qualifying for compensation based on exoneration would be
“extremely rare.” Additionally, the compensation statute was passed in response to the
reversal of two convictions based on newly discovered scientific evidence establishing that
no crime was committed, supporting my narrow reading of “grounds consistent with
innocence” in Minn. Stat. § 590.11, subd. 1(1).
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851, 868 (1995). Under this strict standard, habeas petitions advancing genuine claims of
actual innocence are extremely rare. Id. at 321 n.36, 324, 115 S. Ct. at 864 n.36, 865. The
sufficiency-of-the-evidence standard, on the other hand, is limited to review of record
evidence and deference to the fact-finder’s credibility determinations. Id. at 330, 115 S. Ct.
at 868. Because reversal of a conviction for insufficient evidence is based solely on the
evidence adduced at trial, a reversal for insufficient evidence is not consistent with a
determination that the defendant is innocent.
In evaluating the meaning of “innocence,” we also construe the statute “as a whole
and must interpret each section in light of the surrounding sections to avoid conflicting
interpretations.” Schroedl, 616 N.W.2d at 277. The postconviction statute specifically
provides a mechanism for obtaining relief when “scientific evidence not available at trial
. . . establishes the [person’s] actual innocence.” Minn. Stat. § 590.01, subd. 1(2) (2014).
To this end, the statute permits a convicted person to make a motion for the performance
of fingerprint or forensic DNA testing to demonstrate the person’s “actual innocence”
under certain circumstances. Id., subd. 1a (2014). And there is an exception to the two-
year time bar for filing a petition for postconviction relief for newly discovered evidence
when petitioner “establishes by a clear and convincing standard that the petitioner is
innocent of the offense or offenses for which the petitioner was convicted.” Id., subd.
4(b)(2) (2014).
Further, if a prosecutor does not join in a compensation-eligibility petition, the
petitioner is only eligible for compensation “based on the establishment of innocence if the
petitioner establishes that a crime was not committed or that the crime was not committed
D-3
by the petitioner.” Minn. Stat. § 590.11, subd. 3(b). In determining eligibility, the district
court “may consider acts by the petitioner that may have contributed to bringing about the
conviction and any other offenses that may have been committed by the petitioner in the
same behavioral incident.” Id., subd. 4.
Reading Minn. Stat. § 590.11, subd. 1(1), in the context of the statute as a whole
and in light of the common legal usage of “innocence,” I would conclude that the phrase
“on grounds consistent with innocence” encompasses only a very narrow class of persons
who can establish actual (as in factual) innocence, which does not exist here. The supreme
court reversed Back’s conviction (relying largely on civil caselaw) on the ground that the
state failed to produce sufficient evidence to prove that Back breached any duty of care to
the victim. Back, 775 N.W.2d at 866-67.6
Notably, Back did not raise this duty argument to the district court, to this court, or
to the supreme court. Id. at 869 n.5. The supreme court addressed the issue sua sponte
because it determined that the existence of a duty was dispositive. Id. (citing State v.
Hannuksela, 452 N.W.2d 668, 673 n.7 (Minn. 1990)). Although appellate courts may
certainly “review any other matter as the interest of justice may require,” Minn. R. Civ.
App. P. 103.04, reversal based on a legal theory not raised by the parties is not akin to
6
The majority construes the supreme court’s reversal in Back as one made “as a matter of
law” that Back had no duty to the victim. Therefore, the majority asserts that the supreme
court’s holding was based on legal impossibility and not on insufficiency of the evidence.
But the supreme court held that the state could have proved that Back had a duty by
demonstrating that she had a special relationship with either the victim or the individual
that shot the victim—the state simply failed to “introduce any evidence to support the
conclusion.” Back, 775 N.W.2d at 872.
D-4
newly discovered evidence as contemplated by the postconviction statute. Nor does the
reversal of Back’s conviction mean that a crime was not committed. In short, Back was
not “exonerated” by the reversal of her conviction.
Back’s conviction was reversed based on insufficient evidence of duty in the trial
record and not on a showing of actual or factual innocence. Reading Minn. Stat. § 590.11
in the context of the postconviction statute as a whole, I would conclude that when a
conviction is reversed because the state failed to introduce evidence to prove an element of
the offense, the reversal is not “on grounds consistent with innocence.”
D-5