This opinion will be unpublished and
may not be cited except as provided by
Minn. Stat. § 480A.08, subd. 3 (2014).
STATE OF MINNESOTA
IN COURT OF APPEALS
A16-0320
Calvin Boswell, Jr., petitioner,
Appellant,
vs.
State of Minnesota,
Respondent.
Filed July 18, 2016
Affirmed
Stauber, Judge
Hennepin County District Court
File No. 27-CR-05-018292
Calvin Boswell, Jr., Bayport, Minnesota (pro se appellant)
Lori Swanson, Attorney General, St. Paul, Minnesota; and
Michael O. Freeman, Hennepin County Attorney, Linda K. Jenny, Assistant County
Attorney, Minneapolis, Minnesota (for respondent)
Considered and decided by Stauber, Presiding Judge; Ross, Judge; and Johnson,
Judge.
UNPUBLISHED OPINION
STAUBER, Judge
On appeal from the summary denial of his petition, appellant argues that the
district court erred by construing his motion to correct his sentence under Minn. R. Crim.
P. 27.03, subd. 9, as a petition for postconviction relief and concluding that the petition
was time-barred and procedurally barred. We affirm.
FACTS
In August 2005, appellant Calvin Boswell was convicted of second-degree
intentional murder and second-degree assault. The district court then found several
aggravating factors and sentenced appellant to an upward departure of 360 months in prison
for the murder charge, and a stayed consecutive 60-month sentence for the assault charge.
Appellant subsequently filed a direct appeal and this court affirmed. State v. Boswell, No.
A05-2377, 2007 WL 509388 (Minn. App. Feb. 20, 2007), review denied (Minn. Apr. 25,
2007).
In September 2015, appellant filed a motion to correct his sentence under Minn. R.
Crim. P. 27.03, subdivision 9. Appellant claimed that (1) the district court abused its
discretion by basing its upward departure on impermissible aggravating factors that lacked
evidentiary support in the factual record and (2) the state did not provide proper notice that
it was seeking an upward departure. The district court treated the motion as a petition for
postconviction relief under Minn. Stat. § 590.01 (2014) and summarily denied the petition
as time-barred under Minn. Stat. § 590.01, subd. 4, and procedurally barred under State v.
Knaffla, 309 Minn. 246, 243 N.W.2d 737 (1976). This appeal followed.
DECISION
Appellant challenges the district court’s denial of his motion to correct his sentence,
arguing that the court erroneously concluded that his motion should be construed as a
petition for postconviction relief. This court reviews a district court’s decision denying a
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postconviction petition for an abuse of discretion. Riley v. State, 819 N.W.2d 162, 167
(Minn. 2012). Findings of fact will not be reversed unless they are clearly erroneous, but
legal issues are reviewed de novo. Id. “The interpretation of a procedural rule is subject to
de novo review.” Johnson v. State, 801 N.W.2d 173, 176 (Minn. 2011).
A defendant may challenge his sentence in a petition for postconviction relief under
Minnesota Statutes chapter 590. Minn. Stat. § 590.01, subd. 1. A petition for
postconviction relief must generally be filed within two years of the date of an appellate
court’s disposition of a direct appeal. Minn. Stat. § 590.01, subd. 4(a)(2). In addition,
after a direct appeal, “all matters raised therein, and all claims known but not raised, will
not be considered upon a subsequent petition for postconviction relief.” Knaffla, 309
Minn. at 252, 243 N.W.2d at 741.
Alternatively, a defendant may challenge his sentence under Minn. R. Crim. P.
27.03, subd. 9, by moving to “correct a sentence not authorized by law.” A motion to
correct an unauthorized sentence under Minn. R. Crim. P. 27.03, subd. 9, is not subject to
the same time bar or a limitation against filing a second or subsequent motion, and may
be raised at any time. Washington v. State, 845 N.W.2d 205, 211 (Minn. App. 2014).
A district court may, in some situations, recharacterize a motion to correct
sentence as a postconviction petition. The supreme court has approved of such a
recharacterization, albeit on case-specific grounds. See Bonga v. State, 765 N.W.2d 639,
642-43 (Minn. 2009); Powers v. State, 731 N.W.2d 499, 501 n.2 (Minn. 2007). This
court, however, has limited the discretion of a district court to treat a motion to correct a
sentence as a postconviction petition by holding that a district court may not apply the
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procedural rules and limitations of chapter 590 if an offender has properly invoked the
remedy available in rule 27.03, subdivision 9. See State v. Amundson, 828 N.W.2d 747,
751 (Minn. App. 2013); Vazquez v. State, 822 N.W.2d 313, 318-20 (Minn. App. 2012).
But this court has also held that an offender’s challenge to a sentence is “properly filed”
under rule 27.03, subdivision 9, only in limited circumstances: “only if the offender
challenges the sentence on the ground that it is ‘unauthorized by law’ in the sense that the
sentence is contrary to an applicable statute or other applicable law.” Washington, 845
N.W.2d at 214. And “an offender may not avoid the requirements of the postconviction
act by simply labeling a challenge as a motion to correct a sentence under rule 27.03,
subdivision 9.” Id. at 212.
In this case, appellant filed his motion under rule 27.03, subdivision 9, arguing
that the upward departure “was based on ‘impermissible aggravating factors that were
unauthorized by law’ and that the evidence used to justify the district court’s findings was
insufficient to prove the existence of any such factors.” He also contends that the state
“did not provide proper notice of its intent to seek [an] upward departure pursuant to
Minn. R. Crim. P. 7.03.”
Appellant argues that his upward departure was based on “impermissible
aggravating factors” and was “unauthorized by law” because it is contrary to the
permissible list of aggravating factors set forth in the sentencing guidelines, and the
applicable caselaw. But a review of the applicable law demonstrates that appellant’s
sentence is plainly authorized by law. In sentencing appellant to an upward departure,
the district court relied on the following four aggravating factors: (1) appellant was
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“unamenable to probation”; (2) the victim was “treated with particular cruelty”; (3) the
offense involved “multiple victims”; and (4) the offense occurred in a “public setting,”
which put “others in the zone of danger.” Particular cruelty, multiple victims, and putting
others in the zone of danger are all permissible aggravating factors which allow a
sentencing court to legally impose an upward departure.1 See State v. Vance, 765
N.W.2d 390, 395 (Minn. 2009) (recognizing particular cruelty as a legally valid
aggravating factors); Dominguez, 663 N.W.2d at 567 (stating that “multiple victims is a
legitimate aggravating factor sufficient to support an upward departure”); State v.
Mitjans, 408 N.W.2d 824, 834 (Minn. 1987) (stating that a defendant’s conduct is more
serious than the typical crime and warrants an upward departure if the conduct puts a
large number of people at risk or in fear of their safety). Thus, appellant’s sentence was
“authorized by law.”
Appellant’s remaining challenges to his sentence are that (1) the aggravating
factors on which the upward departure was based lacked evidentiary support in the record
and were elements of the offenses of which he was convicted and (2) the state failed to
provide adequate notice of its intent to seek an upward departure. But these are not
1
We note that unamenability to probation is a valid basis to dispositionally depart from
the sentencing guidelines. State v. Schenk, 427 N.W.2d 12, 14 (Minn. App. 1988). But
because unamenability to probation is an offender-related factor, it may not be used to
support an upward durational departure. State v. Chaklos, 528 N.W.2d 225, 228 (Minn.
1995). Thus, the district court erroneously cited appellant’s unamenability to probation
as an aggravating factor supporting the upward departure. However, the “district court
only needs one valid basis to support an upward departure.” State v. Dominguez, 663
N.W.2d 563, 567 (Minn. 2003). Because the district court found four aggravating
factors, three of which are valid bases to depart, appellant’s sentence is not unauthorized
by law.
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arguments that appellant’s sentence is “‘unauthorized by law’ in the sense that the
sentence is contrary to an applicable statute or other applicable law.” See Washington,
845 N.W.2d at 214. Instead, these challenges to his sentence involve “fact-based
challenge[s] to the record.” Id. at 214-15. Therefore, appellant’s challenges to his
sentence were not properly filed under rule 27.03, subdivision 9, and the district court
properly construed his claims to be claims seeking postconviction relief. See Johnson,
801 N.W.2d at 176 (stating that when a petitioner files a claim under rule 27.03,
subdivision 9, that should have been brought under chapter 590, the appellate court must
analyze the claim as though it were a postconviction petition for relief).
Because the correct vehicle for the postconviction relief appellant seeks is Minn.
Stat. § 590.01, the two-year statute of limitations is applicable. Appellant sought
postconviction relief in September 2015, more than two years after his conviction became
final in 2007. Therefore, appellant’s claims are untimely under Minn. Stat. § 590.01.
The district court may, however, consider the merits of an untimely postconviction
petition if one of five statutory exceptions applies. Minn. Stat. § 590.01, subd. 4(b). The
fifth exception allows for consideration of an untimely postconviction petition if “the
petitioner establishes to the satisfaction of the court that the petition is not frivolous and
is in the interests of justice.” Id. The interests-of-justice exception applies only in
“exceptional circumstances.” Gassler v. State, 787 N.W.2d 575, 586 (Minn. 2010).
Appellant argues that his untimely petition should be considered in the interests of
justice because he was 16 years old at the time of his sentencing and his direct appeal,
and had a sixth to eighth “grade education level.” But the supreme court has rejected the
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argument that a petitioner’s pro se status and limited educational attainment satisfy the
“interests of justice” requirement of subdivision 4(b)(5), at least in the context of a
petitioner who has previously filed a petition for postconviction relief that was not time-
barred. See Wayne v. State, 866 N.W.2d 917, 920 (Minn. 2015); Erickson v. State, 842
N.W.2d 314, 319 (Minn. 2014). Here, although appellant has not previously filed a
petition for postconviction relief, appellant filed a direct appeal following his conviction,
and the supreme court denied appellant’s petition for further review. Appellant also filed
a petition for writ of habeas corpus in 2008. Appellant’s age and lack of educational
attainment did not prevent him from filing his direct appeal, his petition for further
review, or his habeas petition. Accordingly, appellant is unable to establish that the
district court abused its discretion by declining to consider his untimely postconviction
petition in the interests of justice.
Finally, appellant’s claims are also precluded by the Knaffla rule, which provides
that claims that were raised, or known and should have been raised on direct appeal, may
not be brought in a subsequent petition for postconviction relief unless the claims are
novel or the interests of fairness and justice warrant relief. Anderson v. State, 811
N.W.2d 632, 634 (Minn. 2012) (citing Knaffla, 309 Minn. at 252, 243 N.W.2d at 241).
The challenge appellant now asserts was either known to him or should have been known
to him at the time of his direct appeal. And appellant has not attempted to invoke any of
the exceptions to the Knaffla rule. Thus, appellant’s postconviction petition is
procedurally barred.
Affirmed.
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