[PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
Nos. 16-13779-J; 16-14615-J
IN RE: ANTRONE DAVIS,
Petitioner.
Application for Leave to File a Second or Successive
Motion to Vacate, Set Aside,
or Correct Sentence, 28 U.S.C. § 2255(h)
Before: MARTIN, JULIE CARNES, and JILL PRYOR Circuit Judges
ORDER:
Antrone Davis has filed two pro se application for permission to file a
28 U.S.C. § 2255 motion based on Johnson v. United States, 576 U.S. , 135
S. Ct. 2551 (2015). Because Davis already filed one § 2255 motion, his new
motion must be “certified as provided in section 2244 by a panel of the appropriate
court of appeals to contain . . . a new rule of constitutional law, made retroactive to
cases on collateral review by the Supreme Court, that was previously unavailable.”
28 U.S.C. § 2255(h)(2). “The court of appeals may authorize the filing of a second
or successive application only if it determines that the application makes a prima
facie showing that the application satisfies the requirements of this subsection.”
Id. § 2244(b)(3)(C).
When a prisoner seeks permission to file a second or successive § 2255
motion based on Johnson, “[w]e may only deny the application if it is clear that the
motion will not contain a Johnson claim.” In re Rogers, F.3d , , 2016 WL
3362057, at *1 (11th Cir. June 17, 2016) (per curiam). This can happen in two
ways. First, the application may be denied if “the sentencing court record
demonstrates that the sentencing court specifically identified three prior
convictions as qualifying as ACCA predicates under the elements or enumerated
crimes clauses, or based on the ‘serious drug offense’ provision.” Id. Second, the
application may be denied if, “under binding precedent, it is clear that the prior
convictions the sentencing court identified categorically qualify as ACCA
predicates under the elements or enumerated crimes clauses.” Id. But if “the
record does not make clear that the sentencing court relied solely on ACCA’s still-
valid provisions to classify each predicate offense and binding precedent does not
otherwise demonstrate that only valid ACCA clauses are implicated,” then the
applicant must be granted permission to file his § 2255 motion. Id.
Davis has made the “prima facie showing” required by § 2244(b)(3)(C).
Davis’s presentence investigation report did not specify which of Davis’s prior
convictions would serve as predicates for his ACCA sentence. And at the sentence
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hearing, the judge observed that Davis was convicted of burglary after he was
found inside a stolen car. Though “burglary” is listed under ACCA’s “enumerated
crimes clause,” a state burglary crime meets that definition only if the state crime
has “the basic elements of unlawful or unprivileged entry into, or remaining in, a
building or structure, with intent to commit a crime.” Taylor v. United States, 495
U.S. 575, 599, 602, 110 S. Ct. 2143, 2158, 2160 (1990) (emphasis added). Since
Davis was convicted of burglarizing a car rather than “a building or structure,” his
crime could not have required those elements. This means Davis’s ACCA
sentence may be invalid due to Johnson.
We recognize that Davis is serving both a 327-month ACCA sentence and a
separate but concurrent 327-month sentence for conspiracy to possess cocaine with
intent to distribute. We have held that a Johnson application can be denied “if a
defendant has concurrent sentences on multiple counts of conviction . . . unless the
defendant would suffer ‘adverse collateral consequences.’” In re Williams,
F.3d , , 2016 WL 3460899, at *4 (11th Cir. June 24, 2016) (quotation
omitted). Williams applied the “concurrent sentence doctrine,” which “provides
that, if a defendant is given concurrent sentences on several counts and the
conviction on one count is found to be valid, an appellate court need not consider
the validity of the convictions on the other counts.” United States v. Fuentes–
Jimenez, 750 F.2d 1495, 1497 (11th Cir.1985) (per curiam). The Supreme Court
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has suggested that this doctrine’s only “continuing validity” is as a “rule of judicial
convenience.” Benton v. Maryland, 395 U.S. 784, 791, 89 S. Ct. 2056, 2061
(1969). Benton also observed that no precedent gave a “satisfactory explanation
for the concurrent sentence doctrine.” Id. at 789 S. Ct. at 2060. And it warned that
“whatever the underlying justifications for the doctrine, it seems clear to us that it
cannot be taken to state a jurisdictional rule.” Id. at 789–90, 89 S. Ct. at 2060.
Williams does not apply here. The applicant in Williams “received a
concurrent mandatory life sentence on Count 1 that was unrelated to his ACCA
status.” Williams, 2016 WL 3460899, at *4. Unlike in Williams, Davis’s 327-
month sentence on his conspiracy conviction was neither “mandatory” nor
“unrelated to his ACCA sentence.” In Williams, the sentencing judge was required
to impose a sentence of life in prison, regardless of ACCA. The minimum
sentence for Davis’s conspiracy conviction was 5 years. Unlike the mandatory
minimum life sentence in Williams, this was far short of the 15-year minimum for
Davis’s ACCA violation. Also, this is not a case where the applicant’s non-ACCA
sentence “was unrelated to his ACCA status.” Id. To the contrary, the judge
sentenced Davis based on a single Sentencing Guidelines range for Davis’s ACCA
violation combined with his conspiracy crime. The judge’s sentencing decision
was therefore no doubt informed by Davis’s ACCA designation, which means
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Davis may have suffered “adverse collateral consequences” if his ACCA sentence
turns out to be unlawful. Id.
We therefore hold that Davis’s application “contain[s] . . . a new rule of
constitutional law, made retroactive to cases on collateral review by the Supreme
Court.” 28 U.S.C. § 2255(h). As usual, “[t]his is a limited determination on our
part, and, as we have explained before, the district court is to decide the § 2255(h)
issues ‘fresh, or in the legal vernacular, de novo.’” In re Moss, 703 F.3d 1301,
1303 (11th Cir. 2013) (quoting Jordan v. Sec’y, Dep’t of Corr., 485 F.3d 1351,
1358 (11th Cir. 2007)). That court owes no “deference to a court of appeals’ prima
facie finding that the requirements have been met.” Jordan, 485 F.3d at 1357.
Also, whatever
determination that the district court makes about whether
[Davis] has satisfied the requirements for filing a second
or successive motion, and any determination it makes on
the merits, if it reaches the merits, is subject to review on
appeal from a final judgment or order if an appeal is
filed. Should an appeal be filed from the district court[’]s
determination, nothing in this order shall bind the merits
panel in that appeal.
Moss, 703 F.3d at 1303.
APPLICATION GRANTED.
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JULIE CARNES, Circuit Judge, Dissenting:
The majority grants Antrone Davis’s application to file a second or
successive § 2255 application challenging his sentence enhancement under the
Armed Career Criminal Act [ACCA], even though success on this motion will not
undo any conviction that he has incurred or affect at all the sentence that he will
still have to serve even should the enhancement be removed. In short, this grant
will require an already busy district court and the parties to expend time on a futile
venture: an exercise that is unnecessary given precedent permitting us to apply the
concurrent sentence doctrine. I therefore respectfully dissent.
In 2002, Davis was convicted by a jury of possession of a firearm by a
convicted felon (Count 1); possession of a controlled substance with the intent to
distribute (Count 2); and using or carrying a firearm during a drug-trafficking
offense (Count 3). He was subject to a minimum 5-year sentence for his
conviction on Count 3 for carrying a firearm during a drug-trafficking offense,
which sentence was required to run consecutively to the sentences imposed on
Counts 1 and 2. The district court imposed that 5-year consecutive sentence as to
Count 3, and it is not at issue here.
As to the drug charge in Count 2, the Presentence Investigation Report
(PSR) recommended that Davis be sentenced as a career offender under the
Sentencing Guidelines. The PSR noted that a defendant is a career offender when
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the offense of conviction is a controlled substance offense and the defendant has at
least two prior felony convictions for a crime of violence or a controlled substance
offense. The PSR noted that Davis had two such convictions: a 1995 conviction
for the sale of cocaine and a 1995 conviction for resisting an officer with violence.
Accordingly, the PSR indicated that Davis’s adjusted offense level was a 34, under
§ 4B1.1(B).
For purposes of Count 1 (the § 922(g) offense), the PSR indicated that Davis
was an armed career criminal subject to the enhancement provided in 18 U.S.C.
§ 924(e) because he had at least three prior convictions for violent felonies. It did
not identify the convictions supporting an ACCA enhancement.
At the sentencing hearing, Davis conceded that the career offender
enhancement under the Guidelines should apply. He, however, contested the
existence of a third predicate felony necessary to render him an armed career
offender under the ACCA, albeit acknowledging that the court’s determination on
that point would not change the sentencing calculation.
The colloquy between the court and counsel as to a potential third predicate
felony for ACCA purposes focused on only one conviction: Davis’s 1991
conviction for burglary of a structure/conveyance. According to the PSR, Davis
was discovered by police inside an automobile that he acknowledged was stolen.
During the colloquy, the district judge expressed uncertainty as to why this
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burglary conviction would qualify as a predicate offense. He twice quoted
verbatim the definition for a violent felony set out in § 924(e), which included the
residual clause that was later struck by the Supreme Court in Johnson.1 Then
stating, “It sounds to me like it is covered,” the judge agreed that the ACCA
enhancement should apply.
The PSR indicated that the career offender enhancement resulted in an
adjusted offense level of 34, which when combined with a criminal history
category of VI, yielded a sentencing range of 262–327 months. The PSR did not
set out the offense level for the ACCA enhancement, but the Guidelines indicate,
in pertinent part, that the offense level for that enhancement is the greater of the
offense level for career offender or either a 33 or 34. See U.S.S.G. § 4B1.4 (b).
Thus, the offense level triggered by the ACCA enhancement was also a level 34,
yielding the same sentencing range as that for a career offender under the
Guidelines, and the sentence ultimately imposed by the district court confirms this
to be so. Ultimately, the district court imposed a 327-month sentence on both
Counts 1 and 2, to run concurrently with each other, and a 60-month sentence on
Count 3, to run consecutively. In imposing a sentence at the high end of the range,
the district court set out, in detail, Davis’s long and violent criminal history.
1
Johnson v. United States, 576 U.S. , 135 S. Ct. 2551 (2015).
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The colloquy described above suggests that the district court relied on the
residual clause in identifying a third predicate conviction for purposes of applying
an ACCA enhancement as to the § 922(g) sentence. Thus, like the majority, I
conclude that Davis has shown that, in violation of Johnson, the residual clause
was likely used by the district court to count a prior conviction as an ACCA
predicate offense. But unlike the majority, I do not conclude that Davis has shown
that he would benefit from a Johnson challenge based on this fact. Why? Because
the district court ran the 327-month sentence for Count 2, in which Davis was
deemed a career offender, concurrently with the 327-month sentence imposed on
Count 1, in which Davis was subject to an ACCA enhancement. And the sentence
based on Davis’s career offender status is not vulnerable to a Johnson challenge.
In reaching this conclusion, I act under the assumption that Johnson and
Welch could potentially apply to invalidate a defendant’s designation as a career
offender under the Sentencing Guidelines if the residual clause of the Guidelines’
definition of a crime of violence was used in counting a prior conviction as a
predicate crime of violence.2 Yet, were Davis here leveling a Johnson challenge to
the Guidelines’ enhancement for career offender status, he would clearly lose and,
in fact, we would hold that he had not even made a prima face case as to such a
2
Our precedent, however, indicates that Johnson, which invalidated the residual clause in the
definition of a violent felony under the ACCA, does not apply to invalidate the residual clause in
the Guidelines career offender provision. See United States v. Matchett, 802 F.3d 1185 (11th
Cir. 2015); accord In re Griffin, F.3d , 2016 WL 3002293 (11th Cir. May 25, 2016).
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challenge. We would reach that conclusion because, without any reliance on a
residual clause, Davis clearly has two predicate convictions that render him a
career offender.
Specifically, Davis’s prior predicate drug conviction is obviously unaffected
by Johnson’s holding regarding the proper definition of a crime of violence. As to
his second predicate offense, a Florida conviction for resisting an officer with
violence, we have held, since Johnson, that such a conviction categorically
qualifies as a violent felony for ACCA purposes, meaning that it would likewise
qualify as a crime of violence for career offender purposes. See United States v.
Hill, 799 F.3d 1318, 1322–23 (11th Cir. 2015).
In short, even if we were considering in this current application a Johnson
challenge to the district court’s application of the Guidelines’ career offender
enhancement, Davis could not make a prima facie showing that Johnson impacted
that sentencing decision because he clearly had two qualifying predicate offenses.
That being so, any success by Davis in validating his 327-month ACCA sentence
on Count 1 will gain him nothing because the concurrent 327-month sentence
based on Count 2 is unaffected by Johnson and remains valid.
In fact, in In re Williams, Nos. 16-13013, 16-13232, F.3d , 2016 WL
3460899 (11th Cir. June 24, 2016), we denied a federal prisoner’s application to
file a successive § 2255 motion challenging a sentence based on an ACCA
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sentencing enhancement because the prisoner had also received a concurrent life
sentence that was unrelated to the ACCA sentence that he sought to challenge. In
doing so, we relied on the concurrent sentence doctrine and explained that when “a
defendant has concurrent sentences on multiple counts of conviction and one count
is found to be invalid, an appellate court need not consider the validity of the other
counts unless the defendant would suffer ‘adverse collateral consequences from the
unreviewed conviction.’” Id. at *4 (quoting United States v. Bradley, 644 F.3d
1213, 1294 (11th Cir. 2011). Because Williams had received a concurrent
sentence on a count that was “unrelated to his ACCA status” and “unaffected by
Johnson,” we concluded that he was “unable to show that he would ‘benefit’ from
Johnson” and his effort to file a successive § 2255 motion would be “an exercise in
futility.” Id at *5.
So, it is here. Davis is serving a concurrent 327-month sentence for which
Johnson offers him no relief and that is unaffected by any error in the ACCA-
designation,3 meaning that even if his ACCA sentence is reduced, Davis will still
be serving the same 327 months. Accordingly, I respectfully dissent from the
decision to grant this application.
3
The majority reads Williams as being limited to cases in which the unchallenged concurrent
sentence results from a mandatory penalty set by statute. I do not read Williams as so limited. It
is true that this happened to be the scenario in Williams. But one could envision other scenarios
in which the valid, concurrent sentence was not a mandatory sentence set by statute. In such
cases, if the valid, concurrent sentence was unrelated to the prisoner’s ACCA status and not
potentially affected by the decision in Johnson, then Williams would control and the concurrent
sentence doctrine would apply.
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