Filed 7/22/16 P. v. Littleton CA3
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
THIRD APPELLATE DISTRICT
(Shasta)
----
THE PEOPLE,
Plaintiff and Respondent, C078903
v. (Super. Ct. No. 12F1497)
RAY ERNEST LITTLETON,
Defendant and Appellant.
A jury found defendant Ray Ernest Littleton guilty of one count of oral copulation
with a child 10 years of age or younger (Pen. Code, § 288.7, subd. (b))1 and five counts
of lewd or lascivious acts upon a child under the age of 14 (§ 288, subd. (a)). The trial
court sentenced defendant to serve a total prison term of 31 years to life, consisting of an
indeterminate term of 15 years to life for the oral copulation offense plus a determinate
1 Undesignated statutory references are to the Penal Code.
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term of 16 years for the lewd or lascivious acts offenses. On appeal, defendant contends
the trial court erred by failing to instruct the jury on the lesser included offense of
attempted oral copulation with a child 10 years of age or younger. We conclude the trial
court did not err because the offense of attempted oral copulation is not a lesser included
offense of oral copulation. We affirm the judgment.
DISCUSSION2
Defendant did not request, and the trial court did not give, a jury instruction on
attempted oral copulation with a child 10 years of age or younger. However, defendant
now contends the trial court had a sua sponte obligation to instruct the jury on this
offense because it is a lesser included offense of oral copulation with a child 10 years of
age or younger. We reject defendant’s contention.
The elements of oral copulation with a child 10 years of age or younger (§ 288.7,
subd. (b)) are: (1) The defendant engaged in an act of oral copulation with the victim; (2)
when the defendant did so, the victim was 10 years of age or younger; and (3) at the time
of the act, the defendant was at least 18 years old. (CALCRIM No. 1128.) Oral
copulation is defined as any contact, no matter how slight, between the mouth of one
person and the sexual organ or anus of another. Penetration of the mouth is not required.
(People v. Dement (2011) 53 Cal.4th 1, 41-42.) Oral copulation is a general intent crime.
(People v. Warner (2006) 39 Cal.4th 548, 557-558.)
A trial court has a sua sponte duty to instruct on all lesser included offenses
supported by substantial evidence. The duty applies whenever there is evidence in the
record from which a reasonable jury could conclude the defendant is guilty of the lesser,
2 We dispense with a detailed recitation of the facts as they are unnecessary to the
resolution of this appeal. Instead, we discuss only the facts relevant to the issue on
appeal.
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but not the greater, offense. (People v. Schockley (2013) 58 Cal.4th 400, 403-404.) The
instruction on a lesser included offense must be given when there is “ ‘ “substantial
evidence raising a question as to whether all of the elements of the charged offense are
present.” ’ ” (People v. Cole (2004) 33 Cal.4th 1158, 1215.) In this context, substantial
evidence is “evidence that a reasonable jury could find persuasive.” (People v. Barton
(1995) 12 Cal.4th 186, 201, fn. 8.)
“[T]wo tests [are applied] in determining whether an uncharged offense is
necessarily included within a charged offense: the ‘elements’ test and the ‘accusatory
pleading’ test. [Citation.] The elements test is satisfied if the statutory elements of the
greater offense include all of the statutory elements of the lesser offense, such that all
legal elements of the lesser offense are also elements of the greater. [Citation.] In other
words, ‘ “ ‘[I]f a crime cannot be committed without also necessarily committing a lesser
offense, the latter is a lesser included offense within the former.’ ” ’ [Citations.] Under
the accusatory pleading test, a lesser offense is included within the greater charged
offense if the facts actually alleged in the accusatory pleading include all of the elements
of the lesser offense.” (People v. Bailey (2012) 54 Cal.4th 740, 748 (Bailey).)
“On appeal, we independently review whether a trial court erroneously failed to
instruct on a lesser included offense. [Citation.]” (People v. Trujeque (2015) 61 Cal.4th
227, 271.)
We conclude the trial court did not err by not instructing the jury on a lesser
included offense. “An attempt to commit a crime consists of two elements: a specific
intent to commit the crime, and a direct but ineffectual act done toward its commission.”
(§ 21a.) Accordingly, because attempted oral copulation with a child 10 years of age or
younger is a specific intent crime whereas the completed crime is a general intent crime,
the trial court was not obligated to instruct the jury on the attempt offense under the
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elements test. (People v. Mendoza (2015) 240 Cal.App.4th 72, 82-83 (Mendoza)
[“Because of the different mental states required, a defendant could be guilty of the
completed offense [of oral copulation with a child 10 years of age or younger] but not the
attempt [of that crime]”]; see Bailey, supra, 54 Cal.4th at pp. 752-753 [“where the
attempted offense includes a particularized intent that goes beyond what is required by
the completed offense,” it is not a lesser included offense]; People v. Braslaw (2015)
233 Cal.App.4th 1239, 1248-1249 (Braslaw) [“If the attempt requires a heightened
mental state, as is the case with attempts of many general intent crimes, the attempt
requires proof of an additional element and is therefore not a lesser included offense”];
People v. Ngo (2014) 225 Cal.App.4th 126, 156 [“when the completed offense is a
general intent crime, an attempt to commit that offense does not meet the definition of a
lesser included offense under the elements test because the attempted offense includes a
specific intent element not included in the complete offense”].)
Nor was the trial court obligated to instruct the jury on the attempt offense under
the accusatory pleading test. A comparison of the accusatory pleading with the relevant
statutory elements reveals the facts alleged in the pleading do not include all of the
elements of the crime of attempted oral copulation with a child 10 years of age or
younger. Count 1 of the information alleges defendant “did willfully and unlawfully,
being over the age of 18 years, participate in an act of oral copulation . . . of L.M. . . .
who was then 10 years of age or younger.” Section 288.7, subdivision (b), provides:
“Any person 18 years of age or older who engages in oral copulation . . . with a child who
is 10 years of age or younger is guilty of a felony . . . .” Accordingly, because the
accusatory pleading tracks the statutory language defining the crime of oral copulation
with a child 10 years of age or younger, and does not allege defendant had a specific
intent to commit oral copulation with the victim or defendant engaged in any direct but
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ineffectual act toward its commission, the trial court did not err in not instructing the jury
on attempt to violate section 288.7, subdivision (b). (Mendoza, supra, 240 Cal.App.4th at
pp. 83-84; see Braslaw, supra, 233 Cal.App.4th at p. 1247 [“Where the accusatory
pleading, as in this case, tracks the statutory language rather than reciting factual details
of the offense, ‘only the statutory elements test is relevant in determining if an uncharged
crime is a lesser included offense of that charged’ ”].)
Defendant’s reliance on People v. Kelly (1992) 1 Cal.4th 495, is misplaced.
Defendant cites this case for the general proposition that “an attempt to commit a crime is
a lesser included offense of the completed crime.” However, Kelly did not involve
section 288.7, subdivision (b). Further, as the Braslaw court explained, Kelly predated
our Supreme Court’s decision in Bailey, supra, 54 Cal.4th 740, Kelly did not apply the
elements test set forth in Bailey, and Kelly did not engage in any analysis to establish the
attempt offense in those cases was a lesser included offense of the completed crime.
(Braslaw, supra, 233 Cal.App.4th at p. 1252.) The Braslaw court also explained, “Bailey
itself marginalizes Kelly, noting it does not stand for the proposition that any attempt is a
lesser included offense and explaining “ ‘ “[t]he law of ‘attempt’ is complex and fraught
with intricacies and doctrinal divergences.” ’ ” [Citation.] Thus, even if Kelly ‘applied
the general principle that attempt is a lesser included offense of any completed crime’
that principle is not applicable ‘where the attempted offense includes a particularized
intent that goes beyond what is required by the completed offense.’ [Citation.]”
(Braslaw, at p. 1252.) We agree with the reasoning of Braslaw, and conclude the
analytical framework in Bailey is controlling and compels the conclusion that attempted
oral copulation with a child 10 years of age or younger is not a lesser included offense of
the completed crime.
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In sum, under either the elements test or the accusatory pleading test, the trial
court did not err by not instructing the jury on a lesser included offense because
attempted oral copulation with a child 10 years of age or younger is not a lesser included
offense of the completed crime.
DISPOSITION
The judgment is affirmed.
/s/
HOCH, J.
We concur:
/s/
BLEASE, Acting P. J.
/s/
ROBIE, J.
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