Estate of Barbara M. Frost

MAINE SUPREME JUDICIAL COURT Reporter of Decisions
Decision: 2016 ME 132
Docket: Cum-15-559
Argued: May 3, 2016
Decided: August 16, 2016

Panel: ALEXANDER, MEAD, GORMAN, JABAR, HJELM, and HUMPHREY, JJ.

ESTATE OF BARBARA M. FROST

JABAR, J.

[¶1] Nancy Gamash appeals from a summary judgment entered in the

Cumberland County Probate Court (Mazziotti, J.) in a matter derivative to a

will contest that she initiated regarding the estate of Barbara M. Frost. She

contends that the court erred in concluding that Bank of America, N.A.,

(BANA) holds a valid note and mortgage encumbering property of Frost’s

estate, and that the advances on BANA’s mortgage are valid obligations of

Frost’s estate. In the absence of a genuine dispute of material fact on the

issue, we affirm the judgment entered in BANA’s favor as to the validity of the

note and mortgage. With respect to the validity of certain mortgage advances,

however, we vacate the judgment entered in favor of BANA and remand for

the entry of a summary judgment in favor of Gamash.
2

I. FACTUAL BACKGROUND

[¶2] “Viewing the record in the light most favorable to the

non-prevailing part[y], the summary judgment record contains the following

facts, which are undisputed unless otherwise noted.” Remmes v. Mark Travel

Corp., 2015 ME 63, ¶ 3, 116 A.3d 466 (citation omitted).

[¶3] Frost, who was born in 1933, executed a will in March 2000,

naming her half-sister, Gamash, as her sole beneficiary. Frost’s friend, Thomas

Blair, began managing tenants, repairs, and renovations at Frost’s multi-unit

property and residence in Old Orchard Beach (the property) at some point in

the early 2000s. On September 9, 2005, Frost executed a durable financial

power of attorney (the POA) appointing Blair as her agent.

[¶4] In February 2007, Blair contacted an assisted living facility and

paid a deposit to reserve the next available apartment for Frost. Frost moved

to the assisted living facility in August 2007. On September 10, 2007, Frost

executed another will, eliminating Gamash as legatee and naming Blair as her

primary beneficiary. Frost was admitted to the hospital for spinal surgery on

September 19, 2007, and discharged to a rehabilitation center on

September 27, where she remained until October 10.
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[¶5] In September 2007, Blair contacted Countrywide Bank and applied

for a reverse mortgage on the property, using the POA to sign or initial

numerous documents, including a “Certificate of Home Equity Conversion

Mortgage Counseling” and a disclosure explaining that the loan could be

accelerated if the property ceased to be the borrower’s primary residence.

Blair also completed a residential reverse mortgage application in which he

represented that he was Frost’s son and that the borrower, Frost, intended to

occupy the property as her primary residence. Frost later signed the

application that Blair had completed, personally acknowledging that “the

property will be occupied as certified herein.”

[¶6] In October 2007, Countrywide issued a letter to Frost stating that

it had approved her application for a reverse mortgage subject to the

satisfaction of several preconditions, including completion of another

counseling certificate without the POA information and review and approval

of the POA by the closing agent if the borrower planned to use the POA at

closing. Frost then executed a “Certificate of Home Equity Conversion

Mortgage Counseling,” and Countrywide’s closing agent, Absolute Title,

reviewed and approved the POA for use at closing. In November 2007,

Countrywide issued closing instructions to Absolute Title, directing Absolute
4

Title to postpone the closing if it “has knowledge or a belief that Borrower

owns and occupies another residence not subject to this transaction and does

not intend to occupy the Property.” Absolute Title thereafter faxed a message

to Countrywide, stating that “[Frost] is currently in Rehab. Not certain if will

be able to make closing. Son – Tom Blair is contact. . . . Attached are copies of

Tom[’]s POA.”

[¶7] On November 7, 2007, a loan closing agent met with Frost at her

assisted living facility, and Frost signed and initialed each page of a

promissory note and a deed of trust in connection with a Countrywide reverse

mortgage loan in the original principal amount of $950,000. The note

provided, inter alia, that “[a]ll outstanding principal, accrued interest, and

other charges” would be immediately due and payable if the property ceased

to be the borrower’s principal residence. During the closing, Frost signed or

initialed numerous other documents, including another residential reverse

mortgage application, wherein she affirmed that she intended to occupy the

property as her primary residence; and a reverse mortgage loan agreement

with an attached payment plan and a schedule of closing costs. The closing

agent completed a mailing affidavit, directing that future correspondence

from Absolute Title would go to Blair’s home address.
 5

[¶8] On the closing date, $40,000 was advanced on the loan, and

$128,634 was paid to Saco & Biddeford Savings to extinguish a preexisting

mortgage on the property. Between March 2008 and December 2012, Frost,

or Blair as POA for Frost, submitted credit request forms to the initial lender,

Countrywide, and later to Countrywide’s successor, BANA, drawing more than

$250,000 on the mortgage. Of that amount, $208,000 was advanced through

Blair’s use of the POA.

[¶9] When Frost died in December 2012, she owned the property

encumbered by BANA’s mortgage.1

II. PROCEDURAL HISTORY

[¶10] After Frost’s death, Gamash initiated a will contest, asserting that

Frost’s 2007 will was a product of Blair’s undue influence. In conjunction with

that contest, Gamash petitioned for a declaratory judgment that the note and

mortgage held by BANA were invalid because they were “created through” a

POA that lacked the statutory notices required by 18-A M.R.S.A. § 5-508 (1998

& Supp. 2004),2 and because the lender and its agents “were aware that it was

1 After Frost’s death, BANA assigned the mortgage to Reverse Mortgage Solutions, Inc. (RMSI).

In May 2013, RMSI assigned the mortgage back to BANA.
2 Although Gamash’s petition referred to 18-A M.R.S.A § 5-508 (1998 & Supp. 2005), the

amendments to the statute enacted in 2005 did not take effect until September 17, 2005, eight days
after Frost executed the POA on September 9, 2005. See P.L. 2005, ch. 184, § 1 (effective Sept. 17,
2005); P.L. 2005, ch. 284, § 2 (effective Sept. 17, 2005). In this opinion, we refer to the statute that
6

Mr. Blair who wanted the reverse mortgage.” Gamash also requested a

declaration that the mortgage advances were invalid because they were

“secured through the use of” that same defective POA. BANA filed an answer,

asserted defenses, and filed a counterclaim requesting a declaratory judgment

either that the mortgage and note were valid or that BANA was entitled to an

equitable lien on the property in the amount of the mortgage that was used to

pay off the preexisting mortgage.

[¶11] Gamash moved for a summary judgment, asking the court to

declare that defects in the POA rendered the note, the mortgage, and the

mortgage advances secured through the POA invalid, and that BANA was not

entitled to an equitable lien on the property. BANA filed a cross-motion for

summary judgment, requesting the same declaratory relief that it had

requested in its counterclaim and arguing, inter alia, that (1) even if the POA

was invalid, the mortgage was valid because (a) Blair had apparent authority

to act as Frost’s agent and (b) Frost ratified Blair’s actions in the loan

application process, and (2) there was no dispute of fact concerning fraud that

would invalidate the mortgage. Gamash opposed BANA’s cross-motion,

was in effect on September 9, 2005—i.e., 18-A M.R.S.A. § 5-508 (1998 & Supp. 2004). We also note
that 18-A M.R.S. §§ 5-501 to 5-510 have since been repealed, and the notice requirements for
powers of attorney have been reenacted in amended form at 18-A M.R.S. § 5-905 (2015). See
P.L. 2009, ch. 292 §§ 1-2 (effective July 1, 2010).
 7

arguing that the mortgage was invalid because BANA, through its predecessor

Countrywide and Countrywide’s agent, Absolute Title, had “perpetuated and

ratified” Blair’s fraud in the mortgage documents by proceeding with the

transaction when “it knew or should have known” that Frost did not intend to

occupy the property as her primary residence.

[¶12] On August 19, 2015, the court entered a summary judgment in

favor of BANA, concluding that, although the POA was invalid because it did

not include certain mandatory notices, the note and mortgage were valid

obligations of Frost’s estate because Frost had personally executed the loan

closing documents and thereby ratified Blair’s use of the invalid POA in the

loan application process. Gamash thereafter filed a “motion for clarification,”

inquiring whether the summary judgment foreclosed a trial on (1) her claims

that the note and mortgage were vitiated by fraud, and that the mortgage

advances procured by Blair’s use of the invalid POA were invalid, or (2)

BANA’s claim that it was entitled to an equitable lien.

[¶13] On October 23, 2015, the court entered an order, pursuant to M.R.

Prob. P. 59 and M.R. Civ. P. 59(e), issuing further conclusions and otherwise

denying Gamash’s motion. The court concluded that Gamash had failed to

generate a factual dispute as to fraud in the formation of the mortgage. With
8

respect to the validity of the mortgage advances, the court stated, “Where the

loan and mortgage itself was valid, and any advances were made to and for

the benefit of the mortgagor, it only makes sense that [BANA] has the right to

recoup those payments . . . . There are no issues of fact to be tried regarding

the advances.” The court did not reach the issue of whether BANA was

entitled to an equitable lien on the property because it concluded that BANA

had adequate remedies at law pursuant to its valid mortgage.

[¶14] Gamash appealed. See 18-A M.R.S. § 1-308 (2015).

III. DISCUSSION

[¶15] We review a ruling on cross-motions for summary judgment

de novo, considering the properly presented evidence and any reasonable

inferences that may be drawn therefrom in the light most favorable to the

nonprevailing party, in order to determine whether there is a genuine issue of

material fact and whether any party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of

law. See Budge v. Town of Millinocket, 2012 ME 122, ¶ 12, 55 A.3d 484;

F.R. Carroll, Inc. v. TD Bank, N.A., 2010 ME 115, ¶ 8, 8 A.3d 646. “When the

material facts are not in dispute, we review de novo the trial court’s

interpretation and application of the relevant statutes and legal concepts.”

Remmes, 2015 ME 63, ¶ 19, 116 A.3d 466. “Summary judgment is appropriate
 9

when review of the parties’ statements of material fact and the record

evidence to which the statements refer, considered in the light most favorable

to the nonprevailing party, demonstrates that there is no genuine issue of

material fact that is in dispute and the prevailing party is entitled to judgment

as a matter of law.” Id. ¶ 18.

[¶16] Gamash argues that the court erred by concluding that (1) Frost

effectively ratified Blair’s use of the POA in the loan application process;

(2) there was no dispute of fact as to whether the note and mortgage were

vitiated by fraud; and (3) there was no dispute of fact that the mortgage

advances were made for Frost’s benefit. We consider these issues in turn.

A. Whether Frost Ratified Blair’s Use of the POA in the Application Process

[¶17] When Frost executed the POA in September 2005, Title

18-A M.R.S.A. § 5-508(d) mandated the inclusion of certain statutory notices

in any durable financial POA.3 There is no dispute that the POA of

3 At that time, 18-A M.R.S.A. § 5-508(d) provided as follows:

(d) A durable financial power of attorney must contain the following language:

“Notice to the Principal: As the “Principal,” you are using this Durable Power of
Attorney to grant power to another person (called the “Agent” or “Attorney-in-fact”)
to make decisions about your money, property or both and to use your money,
property or both on your behalf. If this written Durable Power of Attorney does not
limit the powers that you give your Agent, your Agent will have broad and sweeping
powers to sell or otherwise dispose of your property and spend your money without
advance notice to you or approval by you. Under this document, your Agent will
continue to have these powers after you become incapacitated, and you may also
10

September 2005 did not contain the notices required by section 5-508(d).

The Probate Court concluded that the omission of the statutory notices

rendered the POA invalid. Because BANA did not file a cross-appeal from that

conclusion, we do not consider BANA’s unpreserved contention that the POA

was excepted from the statutory notice requirements. See MaineToday Media,

Inc. v. State, 2013 ME 100, ¶ 28 n.17, 82 A.3d 104 (declining to consider an

argument when its proponent failed to preserve it by filing an appeal).

choose to authorize your Agent to use these powers before you become
incapacitated. The powers that you give your Agent are explained more fully in the
Maine Revised States, Title 18-A, sections 5-501 to 5-508 and in Maine case law.
You have the right to revoke or take back this Durable Power of Attorney at any time
as long as you are of sound mind. If there is anything about this Durable Power of
Attorney that you do not understand, you should ask a lawyer to explain it to you.

Notice to the Agent: As the “Agent” or “Attorney-in-fact,” you are given power under
this Durable Power of Attorney to make decisions about the money, property or
both belonging to the Principal and to spend the Principal’s money, property or both
on that person’s behalf in accordance with the terms of this Durable Power of
Attorney. This Durable Power of Attorney is valid only if the Principal is of sound
mind when the Principal signs it. As the agent, you are under a duty (called a
“fiduciary duty”) to observe the standards observed by a prudent person dealing
with the property of another. The duty is explained more fully in the Maine Revised
Statutes, Title 18-A, sections 5-501 to 5-508 and Title 18-B, sections 802 to 807 and
chapter 9 and in Maine case law. As the Agent, you are not entitled to use the money
or property for your own benefit or to make gifts to yourself or others unless the
Durable Power of Attorney specifically gives you the authority to do so. As the
Agent, your authority under this Durable Power of Attorney will end when the
Principal dies and you will not have the authority to administer the estate unless
you are authorized to do so in accordance with the Probate Code. If you violate your
fiduciary duty under this Durable Power of Attorney, you may be liable for damages
and may be subject to criminal prosecution. If there is anything about this Durable
Power of Attorney or your duties under it that you do not understand, you should
ask a lawyer to explain it to you.” This language does not confer powers not
otherwise contained in the durable financial power of attorney.
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[¶18] We do, however, consider Gamash’s argument that the court

erred when it concluded that the note and mortgage are valid,

notwithstanding Blair’s use of the invalid POA in the loan application process,

because Frost effectively ratified Blair’s actions when she signed the operative

loan documents. Our review is informed by the following principles of agency.

[¶19] Although the action of a purported agent is of no legal effect if the

action exceeds the authority granted by the principal, see Casco N. Bank, N.A. v.

Edwards, 640 A.2d 213, 215 (Me. 1994), a principal may ratify the action and

thereby give legal effect to a transaction otherwise inoperative as to the

principal, see QAD Investors, Inc. v. Kelly, 2001 ME 116, ¶ 21, 776 A.2d 1244, by

manifesting an intention to be a party to the transaction, Wilkins v. Waldo

Lumber Co., 130 Me. 5, 12, 153 A. 191 (1931). In order to ratify an agent’s

conduct, a principal must have knowledge of all material facts. QAD Investors,

Inc., 2001 ME 116, ¶ 21, 776 A.2d 1244. “The intention to ratify may be

manifested by express words or by conduct.” Wilkins, 130 Me. at 12

(quotation marks omitted). A principal may ratify the unauthorized action of

a purported agent through conduct by accepting the benefits of the action. Id.

[¶20] Here, it is undisputed that Blair used the invalid POA to execute a

number of documents in the loan application process. It is also undisputed
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that Frost signed multiple documents in the loan application process, as well

as the promissory note, the deed of trust, and many other documents in the

course of closing the loan.4 At oral argument, Gamash asserted—for the first

time in this proceeding—that Frost was incompetent at the time of closing.

This contention was not preceded by similar allegations in Gamash’s

complaint, summary judgment pleadings, or appellate brief, and it is not

supported by any evidence in the summary judgment record. Because

Gamash failed to alert the trial court and the opposing party that she intended

to litigate the issue of competence, we will not consider the issue now. See

Foster v. Oral Surgery Assocs., P.A., 2008 ME 21, ¶ 22, 940 A.2d 1102.

[¶21] Based upon the undisputed facts contained in this summary

judgment record, we conclude that Frost demonstrated a knowledge of the

material facts and indicated her consent to be bound by the mortgage when

she signed the operative mortgage documents. Among those documents was

a reverse mortgage loan agreement and an attached payment plan, showing

that the reverse mortgage would be used to extinguish the preexisting

4 Although Gamash asserts that Blair induced Frost to sign the operative mortgage documents,

and BANA asserts that Frost signed the application of her own free will, we conclude that the
summary judgment record does not properly present a factual dispute on this issue because the
conflicting assertions are not positively set forth, but instead appear as new facts in statements that
qualify or object to affirmative statements of fact. See Doyle v. Dep’t of Human Servs., 2003 ME 61,
¶ 11, 824 A.2d 48 (“A court need not consider additional facts when, as here, they are improperly
commingled in . . . [responsive] paragraphs . . . .”).
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mortgage of $128,634, and that $40,000 would initially be advanced. The

summary judgment record establishes, without any dispute, that the reverse

mortgage inured to Frost’s benefit, at least to the extent that it was used to

extinguish the preexisting mortgage. We therefore affirm the trial court’s

conclusion that the mortgage and note are valid because Frost ratified Blair’s

use of the invalid POA in the loan application process.5

B. Whether the Note and Mortgage Were Vitiated by Fraud

[¶22] We next address Gamash’s argument that the court erred in

concluding that the summary judgment record establishes, without any

material dispute of fact, that the mortgage and note were not vitiated by fraud.

Gamash specifically contends that the summary judgment record establishes

that the mortgage and note are invalid because BANA, through its

5 Because Gamash has not provided any legal basis for voiding or avoiding the mortgage as a

remedy for defects in the mortgage application process, we decline to consider her argument that
the mortgage application documents that Blair executed pursuant to the invalid POA were “integral
aspects of” and “regulatory predicates to” a valid mortgage, rendering it legally impossible for Frost
to ratify the mortgage by signing the operative documents. We also reject Gamash’s argument that
a principal cannot ever ratify actions undertaken under authority granted by a POA when the POA
lacks required statutory notices. In support of this contention, Gamash cites Lubin v. Klein, 193 A.2d
46 (Md. 1963) and Citizens Bank of N. Ky., Inc. v. PBNK, Inc., No. 2004-CA-001351-MR, 2006 Ky. App.
LEXIS 826 (Ky. Ct. App. Feb. 17, 2006), which concern the validity of a mortgage signed by a
purported agent who lacked actual authority. These cases are inapposite to the issue here, which
concerns the validity of a mortgage signed by the principal.

In light of our conclusion that Frost ratified Blair’s actions in the loan application process and
thereby validated the note and mortgage, we need not address BANA’s argument that Blair acted
with apparent authority in the application process. It is also unnecessary to consider whether
BANA is entitled to an equitable lien.
14

predecessor, Countrywide, and Countrywide’s agent, Absolute Title, ratified

Blair’s misrepresentations in the mortgage documents by proceeding with the

transaction when “it knew or should have known” of those

misrepresentations. In the alternative, Gamash argues that the summary

judgment record reflects a dispute of material fact as to whether the mortgage

and note were vitiated by fraud. BANA contends that we should not reach the

merits of this issue because Gamash lacks standing to assert a fraud claim.

[¶23] We assume, without deciding, that Gamash has standing to assert

a fraud claim as part of her challenge to the validity of Frost’s 2007 will. As

the party that moved for summary judgment on the issue of fraud, BANA

bears the burden of demonstrating that Gamash’s summary judgment

materials do not establish a prima facie case for each element of fraud.

See Budge, 2012 ME 122, ¶ 12, 55 A.3d 484. In reviewing the summary

judgment entered on the issue of fraud, we therefore consider whether the

evidence demonstrates specific facts that support Gamash’s claim that

Countrywide or Absolute Title misrepresented a material fact, with

knowledge of its falsity or in reckless disregard of its truth or falsity, and that

Frost reasonably relied on the misrepresentation to her detriment. See Barnes
 15

v. Zappia, 658 A.2d 1086, 1089 (Me. 1995) (setting forth the elements of

fraud).

[¶24] Even when viewed in the light most favorable to Gamash, the

summary judgment record does not establish a prima facie case that the

lender or its agent engaged in fraud with respect to the mortgage. Instead, the

record demonstrates that (1) during the application process, Blair

misrepresented that he was Frost’s son and that Frost intended to reside

primarily at the property; and (2) at closing, Frost signed a document

affirming that she intended to occupy the property as her principal residence.

To the extent that these statements were misrepresentations, their effect was

to increase the likelihood that Countrywide would issue the mortgage to

Frost. To the extent that there was any fraud, the facts in the summary

judgment record indicate that the fraud was perpetuated by Blair and Frost

against the lender. Because Gamash has provided no basis for imputing any

false statements to the lender, the statements provide no basis for Gamash, as

Frost’s heir, to set the mortgage aside. For this reason, the trial court did not

err by granting summary judgment in favor of BANA on Gamash’s fraud claim.
16

C. Whether Frost Ratified the Mortgage Advances

[¶25] Finally, we consider whether the trial court erred by ruling that

the mortgage advances are valid (notwithstanding Blair’s use of the invalid

POA to procure some of them) because it is undisputed that Frost retained the

benefit of the advances. As the party who moved for a summary judgment on

this issue, Gamash bore the burden of establishing each element of her claim

of invalidity by properly placing the facts material to that claim before the

court. See N. Star Capital Acquisition, LLC v. Victor, 2009 ME 129, ¶ 8, 984 A.2d

1278.

[¶26] In her statement of material facts, Gamash asserts, with reference

to proper supporting evidence, that Blair used the invalid POA to secure

advances on the mortgage totaling $208,000.6 Because BANA does not

controvert this properly supported fact, it is deemed admitted. See M.R.

Civ. P. 56(h)(4). Moreover, because the POA did not give Blair the authority to

act on Frost’s behalf, the mortgage advances of $208,000 secured pursuant to

the POA were not binding on Frost when they were made. See Perkins v.

6 As already noted, these funds were advanced after the mortgage instrument was executed and

proceeds of $128,634 were applied from that loan to extinguish Frost’s preexisting mortgage on the
property.
 17

Philbrick, 443 A.2d 73, 74 (Me. 1982) (concluding that an attorney who settled

a client’s claim without authority did not bind the client to the settlement).

[¶27] However, as with the validity of the mortgage instrument itself,

the validity of the mortgage advances could be established through proof that

Frost subsequently ratified the advances. As the party relying on ratification

to establish the validity of the unauthorized advances, BANA bore the burden

of demonstrating that ratification occurred. See Hyams v. Old Dominion Co.,

113 Me. 294, 300, 93 A. 747 (1915). In Gamash’s additional statement of

material facts, she asserted that Blair was the primary beneficiary of the funds

advanced on the mortgage. BANA did not file any response to this statement,

or otherwise properly assert that it was Frost, rather than Blair, who

benefited from the mortgage advances secured through the POA.

[¶28] At oral argument, BANA averred that it had contested Gamash’s

assertion that Blair benefited from the mortgage advances by referring in its

statement of material facts to the affidavit of Blair. Although Blair’s affidavit

states that Frost benefited from the mortgage advances, this statement was

not properly before the court because it is not found anywhere in BANA’s

statements of material facts. See Cach, LLC v. Kulas, 2011 ME 70, ¶ 10 n.3,

21 A.3d 1015 (“[A] court should consider only the portions of the record
18

referred to in the Rule 56(h) statements and is neither required nor permitted

to independently search a record to find support for facts offered by a party.”

(quotation marks omitted)); Chase Home Fin. LLC v. Higgins, 2009 ME 136,

¶ 12 n.4, 985 A.2d 508 (“Facts not set forth in the statement of material facts

are . . . not in the summary judgment record.”); see also HSBC Bank USA, N.A. v.

Gabay, 2011 ME 101, ¶ 17, 28 A.3d 1158 (explaining that the rigors of Rule 56

must be enforced on appeal).

[¶29] In sum, the invalid POA was used to obtain $208,000 in mortgage

advances that did not bind Frost. Unlike the mortgage instrument itself,

which was signed by Frost and inured to her benefit to the extent that it

extinguished a preexisting mortgage on the property, there is no evidence in

the summary judgment record that the $208,000 in mortgage advances

secured through the invalid POA were ratified by Frost’s words or conduct.

Because Gamash established that BANA advanced $208,000 on the mortgage

pursuant to an invalid POA, and BANA failed to carry its burden of presenting

evidence that Frost ratified the advances obtained pursuant to the invalid

POA, the court erred in concluding that the mortgage advances secured

through the POA were valid. Summary judgment on this issue should have

been entered in favor of Gamash.
 19

The entry is:

Summary judgment in BANA’s favor affirmed as
to the validity of the note and mortgage.
Summary judgment in BANA’s favor vacated as
to the validity of the $208,000 in mortgage
advances secured through the invalid POA.
Remanded for the entry of a summary judgment
in Gamash’s favor that the mortgage advances
secured through the invalid POA are not
binding on Frost’s estate.

On the briefs:

John F. Lambert, Jr., Esq., and Abigail C. Varga, Esq., Lambert
Coffin, Portland, for appellant Nancy Gamash

Bradley M. Lown, Esq., Coughlin, Rainboth, Murphy & Lown,
P.A., Portsmouth, New Hampshire, for appellee Bank of
America, N.A.

At oral argument:

Abigail C. Varga, Esq., for appellant Nancy Gamash

Bradley M. Lown, Esq., for appellee Bank of America, N.A.

Cumberland County Probate Court docket number 2013-451
FOR CLERK REFERENCE ONLY