Opinion issued August 16, 2016
In The
Court of Appeals
For The
First District of Texas
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NO. 01-15-00614-CV
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ASSET LIQUIDATION GROUP, Appellant
V.
DANTE WADSWORTH, Appellee
On Appeal from the County Civil Court at Law No. 3
Harris County, Texas
Trial Court Case No. 1049518
MEMORANDUM OPINION
This is an appeal from a suit to recover an unpaid credit-card debt. After ruling
that business records offered as evidence were inadmissible, the trial court entered
judgment that appellant Asset Liquidation Group (“ALG”) take nothing on its claim.
In a single issue on appeal, ALG argues that its business-records affidavit was
sufficient and the trial court erred by excluding the evidence.
We agree that the business-records affidavit satisfied the rules of evidence,
and the exclusion of the documentation prevented ALG from presenting its case.
Accordingly, we reverse and remand the case for a new trial.
Background
Asset Liquidation Group was the assignee and holder of a GE Money Bank
credit card account on which appellee Dante Wadsworth allegedly had defaulted.
ALG sued Wadsworth for breach of contract in the justice of the peace court, which
dismissed the case when both parties failed to appear for trial. ALG then appealed
to the civil county court at law in Harris County for a de novo review.
ALG filed a business-records affidavit, attempting to lay a foundation to admit
records to show that Wadsworth’s account had been assigned to it and the amount
of money that was owed. The affidavit began by stating:
1.
Before me, the undersigned authority, personally appeared
Stephen Faunce, who, being by me duly sworn, deposed as follows:
2.
My name is Stephen Faunce. I am of sound mind, over the age
of 18, capable of making this affidavit, personally acquainted with the
facts herein stated which are true and correct.
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In the affidavit, Faunce averred that he was a vice president and a records custodian
for ALG. He stated that he had “personal knowledge of the account records and the
record keeping method for records” relating to Wadsworth’s account. He further
averred:
Attached hereto are pages of records pertaining to this credit card
account and kept by Asset Liquidation Group. These pages of said
records are kept by Asset Liquidation Group in the regular course of
business, and it is the regular course of business of Asset Liquidation
Group for an employee or representative of Asset Liquidation Group
with knowledge of the act, event, condition, opinion, or diagnosis
recorded to incorporate such records into the records of Asset
Liquidation Group and the records were made at or near the time or
reasonably soon thereafter. The pages of records attached hereto are the
originals or exact duplicates of the originals.
In addition, the affidavit explained that the attached records were themselves
business records of the assignor company from which the account was originally
transferred to ALG.
The affidavit was signed by Faunce on behalf of Asset Liquidation Group, but
the jurat was struck through, and the words “see attached” were handwritten beneath
it. The attachment was a form “California All-Purpose Certificate of
Acknowledgment,” which stated:
On 7/21/2014 before me, Dawn M. Dacy, Notary Public, personally
appeared Stephen Faunce, who proved to me on the basis of satisfactory
evidence to be the person(s) whose name(s) is/are subscribed to the
within instrument and acknowledged to me that he/she/they executed
the same in his/her/their authorized capacity(ies), and that by
his/her/their signature(s) on the instrument the person(s), or the entity
upon behalf of which the person(s) acted, executed the instrument.
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I certify under PENALTY OF PERJURY under the laws of the State of
California that the foregoing paragraph is true and correct.
In a part of the form labeled “Additional Optional Information,” the “attached”
document was identified as a “Business Records Affidavit D. Wadsworth.”
When the case was called to trial before the bench, ALG offered its business
records into evidence along with Faunce’s business-records affidavit. Wadsworth
objected on the basis that it failed to “meet the predicate of Rule 902(10)” of the
Texas Rules of Evidence. In particular, Wadsworth’s counsel argued that the
affidavit did not indicate that Faunce, as the affiant, was testifying under penalty of
perjury or that he had been sworn. The trial judge stated: “All this piece of paper
says is that they signed—they signed it but there’s nothing about this where they are
swearing that that was true and correct. I think he is right.” Wadsworth’s attorney
replied that he did not prepare the documents, he thought the affidavit looked “fine,”
and “Mr. Faunce has sworn to the affidavit as true and correct on the penalty of
perjury.”
The trial court disagreed, and it sustained the objection that the affidavit was
defective. The judge explained: “I don’t see anything in there where this has Mr.
Faunce swear that what he is signing is true and correct because you have crossed
that out. . . . This doesn’t say it was sworn to. I think that is a substantial defect.”
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Although Wadsworth’s attorney asked for a “reset” to obtain a new affidavit, the
court denied the request and granted a take-nothing judgment in Wadsworth’s favor.
ALG filed a motion for new trial, which the trial court denied. ALG appealed.
Analysis
In a single issue on appeal, ALG argues that the trial court reversibly erred by
excluding its business records. ALG contends that its business-records affidavit was
properly sworn and that the court’s ruling precluded it from offering evidence in
support of its claim, resulting in an improper take-nothing judgment.
We review a trial court’s decision to admit or exclude evidence for abuse of
discretion. In re J.P.B., 180 S.W.3d 570, 575 (Tex. 2005); see also Comiskey v. FH
Partners, LLC, 373 S.W.3d 620, 630 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2012, pet.
denied). We will not overturn the judgment “[u]nless the trial court’s erroneous
evidentiary ruling probably caused the rendition of an improper judgment.”
Horizon/CMS Healthcare Corp. v. Auld, 34 S.W.3d 887, 906 (Tex. 2000); see also
Comiskey, 373 S.W.3d at 630; TEX. R. APP. P. 44.1(a)(1).
To prove its case, ALG proffered records of Wadsworth’s defaulted GE
Money Bank account, which it had obtained by assignment and which formed the
basis of the lawsuit. Standing alone, these documents would be inadmissible hearsay
to the extent they were offered to prove the truth of the matter asserted, the amount
of money owed by Wadsworth. See TEX. R. EVID. 801, 802. Business records that
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otherwise would be considered hearsay nevertheless may be admissible under an
exception to the hearsay rule. See TEX. R. EVID. 803(6). Records of regularly
conducted activity are one such exception, and include a record “made at or near the
time by—or from information transmitted by—someone with knowledge” of the
events or conditions recorded, so long as there is proof at trial that the record “was
kept in the course of a regularly conducted business activity” and made in the
“regular practice of that activity.” Id. When business records are offered as proof,
they are presumed to be trustworthy unless the opponent demonstrates “that the
source of information or the method or circumstances of preparation indicate a lack
of trustworthiness.” Id. Such a showing defeats admissibility. See id.
Documents created by one entity may be admissible as business records of
another entity if: (a) the documents are compiled and kept in the course of the
affiant’s business; (b) that business typically relies upon the accuracy of the contents
of the documents; and (c) the circumstances otherwise indicate the trustworthiness
of the documents. Simien v. Unifund CCR Partners, 321 S.W.3d 235, 240–41 (Tex.
App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2010, no pet.).
Faunce, the affiant, was custodian of the records, and by virtue of work
responsibilities and duties, he was familiar with the record keeping methods for the
records relating to Wadsworth’s account. In the affidavit, Faunce attested that the
records attached were originals or exact duplicates of the originals. He averred that
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the records were made at or near the time of the event or condition recorded,
incorporated into ALG’s records, and compiled and kept in the regular course of
ALG’s business. The affidavit stated that it was “the regular course of business” for
an employee or representative with knowledge of the event to incorporate the records
into ALG’s records. In addition, Faunce confirmed that ALG relied on the accuracy
of the contents of the documents when acquiring the account and that the
circumstances indicated the trustworthiness of the documents because the original
creditor from whom ALG acquired the account was required to keep careful
transactional records or suffer potential civil or criminal liability.
The trial court determined that the affidavit had not been sworn because the
jurat had been struck through and the attached California All-Purpose Certificate of
Acknowledgement only had the notary swear under penalty of perjury that the affiant
had provided evidence that he was who he claimed to be. On this basis, the court
excluded the evidence.
The statutory requirements for an affidavit are found in the Government Code,
which defines an affidavit as “a statement in writing of a fact or facts signed by the
party making it, sworn to before an officer authorized to administer oaths, and
officially certified to by the officer under his seal of office.” TEX. GOV’T CODE
§ 312.011(1); Ford Motor Co. v. Leggat, 904 S.W.2d 643, 645–46 (Tex. 1995). “A
jurat is a certification by an authorized officer, stating that the writing was sworn to
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before the officer.” Mansions in the Forest, L.P. v. Montgomery Cty., 365 S.W.3d
314, 316 (Tex. 2012). Often an affidavit will include a jurat as proof of compliance
with statutory requirements to be made under oath and before an authorized officer.
Id. at 316–17. But a jurat is not a statutory requirement of an affidavit. Id. at 316. To
meet the requirements of the Government Code, the record must contain some
evidence that the purported affidavit was sworn to by the affiant before an authorized
officer. Id. at 317. If it does not, the written statement is not an affidavit. Id.
For example, in Petroleum Analyzer Co. LP v. Olstowski, No. 01-09-00076-
CV, 2010 WL 2789016 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] July 15, 2010, no pet.)
(mem. op.), the appellant argued that an attorney’s fees affidavit was defective
because it had not been sworn to before a notary public. Petroleum Analyzer, 2010
WL 2789016, at *18. That affidavit began by stating: “Before me, the undersigned
authority, personally appeared,” followed by the name of the affiant. Id. at *19. This
court held that this showed that the affiant’s written statement was sworn before a
notary, who had signed the written statement and officially certified it under her seal
of office. Id. As such, the court held that the objection lacked merit. Id.
Similarly, in Norcross v. Conoco, Inc., 720 S.W.2d 627 (Tex. App.—San
Antonio 1986, no writ), the appellee argued that the appellant’s affidavit was not
sworn and did not include the words “subscribed and sworn to before me . . . the
undersigned notary.” Norcross, 720 S.W.2d at 630. The court of appeals held that
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the affidavit was sufficient because it “expressly” stated that the affiant had been
“duly sworn.” Id.
The business-records affidavit proffered at trial by ALG was a written
statement of facts signed by Faunce. Paragraph 1 of the affidavit stated: “Before me,
the undersigned authority, personally appeared Stephen Faunce, who, being by me
duly sworn, deposed as follows . . . .” As in Petroleum Analyzer and Norcross, this
language is evidence that Faunce was sworn. Attached as part of the business-
records affidavit was a one-page form California All-Purpose Certificate of
Acknowledgement. That page was signed by Dawn Dacy, as notary public. Under
the California Code of Civil Procedure, a notary public is authorized by law to
administer oaths. CAL. CIV. PROC. CODE § 2093. Dacy signed the acknowledgment
under penalty of perjury and affixed her notarial seal to it. Thus the affidavit was
sworn before an officer authorized to administer oaths, and officially certified by the
officer under her seal of office. See TEX. GOV’T CODE § 312.011(1).
Nevertheless, Wadsworth asserts that the court did not err by excluding the
proffered affidavit because the business-records exception to the hearsay rule is itself
predicated on the information in the business records being trustworthy. See TEX. R.
EVID. 803(6). Wadsworth argues that the irregularities regarding whether Faunce
was sworn when he made his affidavit “certainly would more than indicate . . . the
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lack of trustworthiness.” In light of our analysis that the affidavit was sworn, this
argument fails.
We will reverse for the erroneous exclusion of evidence when the appellant
shows that the error probably caused the rendition of an improper judgment. State v.
Cent. Expressway Sign Assocs., 302 S.W.3d 866, 870 (Tex. 2009). We review the
entire record and consider the role the excluded evidence played in the context of
trial. Id. If erroneously excluded evidence was crucial to a key issue, the error likely
was harmful. Reliance Steel & Aluminum Co. v. Sevcik, 267 S.W.3d 867, 873 (Tex.
2008).
The excluded business records were crucial to the central issue in this case—
the alleged breach of contract and amount of money Wadsworth allegedly owed.
Immediately after concluding that the affidavit was defective and refusing to allow
for a new one to be obtained, the trial court announced her intention to grant a take-
nothing judgment in favor of Wadsworth. Thus ALG was prevented from
introducing any other evidence. The excluded business records are part of the
appellate record because they were filed with the trial court clerk and with this court
as part of the clerk’s record on appeal. Because the excluded evidence is properly
before this court, we are able to review it, and we conclude that it was crucial to a
key issue.
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Wadsworth argues that ALG waived error by failing to make an offer of proof
of the excluded evidence. Specifically, he contends that there was a lack of proof
that the notary actually “swore the affiant in” or that “the notary even certified the
affiant’s oath.” This argument misconstrues what is required to make an offer of
proof. “A party may claim error in a ruling to admit or exclude evidence only if the
error affects a substantial right of the party and . . . if the ruling excludes evidence,
a party informs the court of its substance by an offer of proof, unless the substance
was apparent from the context.” TEX. R. EVID. 103(a)(2). The proof that Wadsworth
suggests was lacking related to the mechanics of preparing a self-authenicating
business-records affidavit, not “the substance” of the excluded evidence. As
discussed above, the complete substance of the excluded evidence at issue had been
filed with the trial court before trial, and its content was readily apparent from
context.
We have concluded that the affidavit was sworn, and in light of that holding,
we further hold that the erroneous exclusion of the evidence in this case was harmful
error.
We sustain ALG’s sole issue.
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Conclusion
We reverse the judgment of the trial court, and we remand this case to the trial
court for a new trial.
Michael Massengale
Justice
Panel consists of Justices Higley, Bland, and Massengale.
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