IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA
No. 16-0995
Filed August 17, 2016
IN THE INTEREST OF C.C.,
Minor child,
L.M.M., Father,
Appellant.
________________________________________________________________
Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Johnson County, Deborah Farmer
Minot, District Associate Judge.
A father appeals the termination of his parental rights to his child.
AFFIRMED.
Jeannette Keller of Bowman, DePree & Murphy, L.L.C., West Liberty, for
appellant father.
Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, and Katherine S. Miller-Todd,
Assistant Attorney General, for appellee State.
Anthony A. Haughton of Linn County Advocate, Inc., Cedar Rapids, for
minor child.
Considered by Potterfield, P.J., and Doyle and Tabor, JJ.
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DOYLE, Judge.
A father appeals the termination of his parental rights to his child. He
contests the sufficiency of the evidence proving the statutory grounds for
termination, argues termination is not in the child’s best interests and the juvenile
court erred in not applying an exception to the termination statute, and claims the
State failed to provide reasonable efforts to reunify the family. Upon our de novo
review, we affirm the termination of the father’s parental rights.
I. Background Facts and Proceedings.
The child, born in October 2012, came to the attention of the juvenile court
in January 2015 due to suspected abuse by the mother or her live-in boyfriend.
Following a court order, the State removed the child from the home and placed
the child and her half-sibling together in a foster home. The child remained in
that placement at the time of the termination hearing.
The mother and the father1 were involved in a romantic relationship in
Illinois when they conceived the child. Although the couple never lived together,
their families lived near each other, and the father was involved in the child’s life
during the relationship. However, the father’s involvement waned after their
relationship ended in July 2013. The mother moved to Iowa in October 2014,
while the father continued to reside in Waukegan, Illinois.
The father has been arrested on multiple occasions, dating back to 2009.
He was in jail on sexual-assault and sexual-abuse charges from June through
December 2014. At the time of the child’s removal from the home, the father was
1
The mother did not list the child’s paternity on the child’s birth certificate but identified
L.M. as the father. In October 2015, paternity testing confirmed he is the child’s father.
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serving a sentence on a felony conviction for aggravated battery, to which he
pled guilty in November 2014. He was on work release from January until June
2015. The mother informed the Iowa Department of Human Services (DHS) that
the father was in jail but denied knowing his whereabouts. As a result, the father
was not involved in the child-in-need-of-assistance (CINA) proceedings until the
maternal grandmother provided his phone number, at which point he received
personal service of the CINA petition.
The father attended the CINA adjudication hearing in July 2015 and
stipulated that the child was a CINA. The father also attended a dispositional
hearing and visited the child in August 2015. By that time, the State had initiated
proceedings to terminate the mother’s parental rights,2 but it refrained from
pursuing termination of the father’s parental rights at that time due to his late
involvement in the proceedings. However, the father was advised that time was
of the essence because the child had already been removed from the home for
six months and permanency was needed.
After his initial attendance in the CINA proceedings, the father’s
involvement was poor. He failed to attend a September 2015 dispositional
hearing because he lacked transportation.3 He visited with the child via video
chat, but the child was not engaged during these visits. The father scheduled a
visit with the child in October for her birthday but cancelled the visit at the last
minute. The father had no further communication with the child or the DHS until
2
The mother’s parental rights, which were terminated in January 2015, are not at issue
in this appeal.
3
The father’s driver’s license was revoked due to a 2013 conviction for driving under the
influence, and he failed to adhere to the conditions for reinstatement.
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he traveled to Iowa to attend a permanency hearing in February 2016. At that
time, the father requested the child be transported to Davenport for visits to
decrease his travel distance, and the juvenile court granted his request. The
father also agreed to biweekly visits with the child with video-chat visits between.
The father attended two visits with the child in March 2016, canceled a visit
scheduled for April 9, and failed to participate in video chats thereafter.
The State filed a petition seeking to terminate the father’s parental rights
on February 22, 2016, and a hearing was held eight weeks later. In May 2016,
the juvenile court entered an order terminating the father’s parental rights. The
court found the State proved the requirements for termination under Iowa Code
section 232.116(1)(d), (e), (h), and (i) (2015). The court found termination to be
in the child’s best interests and declined to apply any of the exceptions to avoid
termination set forth in section 232.116(3). The father appeals.
II. Scope and Standard of Review.
Before terminating parental rights, the court must follow the three-step
analysis enumerated in Iowa Code section 232.116. See In re P.L., 778 N.W.2d
33, 40-41 (Iowa 2010). We review orders terminating parental rights de novo.
See In re A.M., 843 N.W.2d 100, 110 (Iowa 2014). We give weight to the
juvenile court’s fact-findings, though we are not bound by them. See id.
III. Grounds for Termination.
Although the juvenile court found clear and convincing evidence to
terminate the father’s parental rights under four grounds of section 232.116(1),
we may affirm if the evidence supports termination on any one of these grounds.
See In re T.S., 868 N.W.2d 425, 431 (Iowa Ct. App. 2015). In order to terminate
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the father’s parental rights under section 232.116(1)(h), the State was required to
prove:
(1) The child is three years of age or younger.
(2) The child has been adjudicated a [CINA] pursuant to
section 232.96.
(3) The child has been removed from the physical custody of
the child’s parents for at least six months of the last twelve months,
or for the last six consecutive months and any trial period at home
has been less than thirty days.
(4) There is clear and convincing evidence that the child
cannot be returned to the custody of the child’s parents as provided
in section 232.102 at the present time.
The father does not contest the State has shown the first three requirements by
clear and convincing evidence. He instead argues the State failed to prove the
fourth element for termination under section 232.116(1)(h)—that the child cannot
be placed in his custody at the present time.
The father’s argument centers on the failure to complete an Interstate
Compact Home Study as ordered by the juvenile court in August 2015. As noted
by the juvenile court, this was “only one of many barriers to placement of the
child with her father.” The court noted the father’s lack of involvement in the
child’s life, seeing the child “only when it was convenient for him” and contributing
“financially or materially only when he was able.” As a result, the court noted that
the child interacted with the father as a child of that age would with “a nice family
friend, uncle, or babysitter, not a father,” and instead turned to the DHS worker to
receive “reassurance and comfort during visits” rather than the father. The court
stated it was concerned about the father’s lack of understanding about the child’s
needs, lack of insight into the trauma suffered by the child, failure to make
minimal efforts to maintain contact with the child, and failure to take any steps to
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position himself as a parent to the child. We join in this concern, the basis of
which is amply reflected in the record. The State has proved the grounds for
terminating the father’s parental rights under section 232.116(1)(h).
. IV. Best Interests.
Before terminating parental rights, the court must “give primary
consideration to the child’s safety, to the best placement for furthering the long-
term nurturing and growth of the child, and to the physical, mental, and emotional
condition and needs of the child.” Iowa Code § 232.116(2). In so doing, we
agree with the juvenile court that terminating the father’s parental rights is in the
child’s best interests. The father failed to demonstrate he could provide the child
with consistency and stability. The father consistently failed to follow through and
do what was asked of him or what he agreed to do during the pendency of this
case. There is no reason to believe his ability to do so will improve if the child is
placed in his care.
The child has been in the same foster home since removal from the
mother’s care in January 2015. We therefore must consider “whether the child
has become integrated into the foster family to the extent that the child’s familial
identity is with the foster family, and whether the foster family is able and willing
to permanently integrate the child into the foster family.” Id. § 232.116(2)(b).
The juvenile court summarized the evidence regarding the changes in the
child since placement in that foster home:
On June 2, 2015, [the Family Safety, Risk and Permanency (FSRP)
worker] testified that [the child]’s behavior was the most extreme
she had seen in any child during the twenty-two years she had
worked with families. On April 19, 2016, [the FSRP worker]
described [the child] as “a different girl” who has made remarkable
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progress. [The child] is bonded to her foster parents, their older
children, and their large extended family, which she is coming to
consider her own.
The court further noted the child’s strong bond with her half-sibling, with whom
she shares the same foster-home placement. The court noted the child “loves
him, protects him, and expresses concern for him,” and the FSRP worker
testified the child would be “lost” without him.
Removing the child from this foster home with whom she has closely
bonded in the aftermath of the “traumatic” abuse she suffered is not in the child’s
best interests. Separating the child from the half-sibling with whom she remains
strongly bonded is not in the child’s best interests. The father has been largely
absent from the child’s life, no strong bond has been established between them,
and the child does not look to the father to meet her needs or provide her
support. Placing the child with the father is, therefore, not in the child’s best
interests.
V. Statutory Exceptions to Termination.
The father argues the juvenile court erred in declining to apply the
provisions of section 232.116(3)(c) to avoid terminating his parental rights.
Under this section, the court is not required to terminate parental rights if there is
clear and convincing evidence that termination would be detrimental to the child
due to the closeness of the parent-child relationship. See id. § 232.116(3)(c). As
noted above, the child is not close to the father. Accordingly, the provisions of
this section are inapplicable.
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VI. Reasonable Efforts.
The father next asserts the State failed to make reasonable efforts toward
reunification, as required by Iowa Code section 232.102(7) (requiring the DHS to
“make every reasonable effort to return the child to the child’s home as quickly as
possible consistent with the best interests of the child”). He argues he should
have been provided with financial assistance for trips to visit the child.
The reasonable efforts requirement is not a strict substantive requirement
for termination. See In re C.B., 611 N.W.2d 489, 493 (Iowa 2000). Instead, the
services provided by DHS to reunify parent and child after removal impacts the
State’s burden of proving the child cannot be safely returned to the care of a
parent. See id. Even if the father had been provided with financial assistance for
his transportation to visits, there is no indication he would have followed through;
the father failed to participate in the video visits he agreed to—even though these
visits did not require any travel or expense on his part—just as he failed to follow
through with attending parenting classes and obtaining services for the child in
the nine months leading up to the termination of his parental rights. See id. at
495 (“Insight for the determination of the child’s long-range best interests can be
gleaned from evidence of the parent’s past performance for that performance
may be indicative of the quality of the future care that parent is capable of
providing.”). In addition, the father cited health reasons and extra work hours for
his failure to visit the child, complications that would not have been erased simply
with the provision of financial assistance for trips.
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VII. Additional Time.
Finally, the father argues he should have been granted additional time to
prove himself. He claims the need for removal of the child would no longer exist
if he was granted an additional six months for reunification. See Iowa Code
§ 232.104(b).
“Time is a critical element” in termination proceedings. See C.B., 611
N.W.2d at 495. Once the time period for termination specified in section
232.116(1) has passed, termination proceedings are viewed with a sense of
urgency. See id. Children are not equipped with pause buttons. See In re
T.J.O., 527 N.W.2d 417, 422 (Iowa Ct. App. 1994) (“Children simply cannot wait
for responsible parenting. Parenting cannot be turned off and on like a spigot. It
must be constant, responsible, and reliable.”); In re D.A., 506 N.W.2d 478, 479
(Iowa Ct. App. 1993) (“The crucial days of childhood cannot be suspended while
parents experiment with ways to face up to their own problems.”). The father
failed to make even minimal effort to become a parent to the child during the nine
months leading up to the termination hearing. There is no reason an additional
six months would change the outcome of this case. The father should not be
granted additional time to prove himself at the expense of the child. See In re
J.L.W., 570 N.W.2d 778, 781 (Iowa Ct. App. 1997) (stating that “[a]t some point,
the rights and needs of the child rise above the rights and needs of the parents”).
To do so would be contrary to the child’s best interests.
Accordingly, we affirm the termination of the father’s parental rights.
AFFIRMED.