J-S55034-16
2016 PA Super 187
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA, IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
PENNSYLVANIA
Appellee
v.
DARIAN SMITH,
Appellant No. 2207 EDA 2015
Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence July 20, 2015
In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County
Criminal Division at No(s): CP-51-CR-0007896-2014
BEFORE: LAZARUS, J., DUBOW, J., and STEVENS, P.J.E.*
OPINION BY STEVENS, P.J.E.: FILED AUGUST 25, 2016
Darian Smith (“Appellant”) appeals from the judgment of sentence
entered in the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County, which, sitting
as finder-of-fact in Appellant’s waiver trial, convicted him of possession of a
firearm with altered manufacturer’s number.1 Sentenced to one and one-
half to three years’ incarceration, Appellant challenges the sufficiency and
weight of the evidence—including a chain of custody argument—and
contends the trial court denied his pre-sentence motion for extraordinary
relief in error. We affirm.
The trial court aptly summarizes the procedural and factual histories of
the case sub judice as follows:
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1
18 Pa.C.S. § 6110.2.
*Former Justice specially assigned to the Superior Court.
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On May 12, 2015, Defendant Darian Smith proceeded to trial
before [the trial court], sitting without a jury. Defendant was
convicted of Possession of a firearm with altered manufacturer’s
number (18 Pa.C.S. § 6110.2).
On June 12, 2015, Defendant filed a Post-trial motion, which
motion was denied at the time of sentencing on July 20, 2015.
NT 7/20/15 at 9. On that date, Defendant was sentenced to 1 ½
-3 years imprisonment.[fn]
[fn] The parties agreed that Defendant’s prior record score under
the Sentencing Guidelines was 0, and his offense gravity score
was 9, yielding a sentencing range of 12-24 month[s], plus or
minus 12. NT 7/20/15 at 10.
Police Officer Christopher Culver and his partner, Officer Alice,
went to a home on North 32 Street on May 16, 2014, at about
9:30 PM, to execute a material witness warrant for Defendant.
NT 5/12/15 at 6-7, 13. The door was answered by Defendant’s
mother. As the officers, who were in full uniform, were speaking
with her, they saw Defendant come down the stairs, look in their
direction and run to the back of the house. NT at 7-8. After
determining that the back door was locked on the inside, the
officer[s] proceeded into the basement, where they found
Defendant hiding under the stairs. NT at 8-10. On a dresser,
Officer Culver observed a gun magazine, a bag full of bullets and
a silver .25 caliber Raven firearm. NT at 9-12. The room where
the dresser was located, the only non-storage room in the
basement, also contained a bed, a television, shoes and boxes of
sneakers. NT at 9, 11, 22, 28. There was also mail and
information cards on the dresser. NT at 12.
Subsequently, Officer Culver examined the gun he had first seen
on the dresser. The gun had something wrapped around the
handle, and there was a part missing from the rear area of the
gun, in the area of the striking mechanism. NT at 19-21.
Subsequently, Detective Michael Rocks came to the scene, which
was secured by police, to execute a search warrant. NT at 27,
30. On top of the dresser in the basement, Detective Rocks
recovered three identification cards in the name of Defendant.
NT at 28-29; C-1 (a-c).
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Police Firearms Examiner Norman DeFields testified by
stipulation as an expert in the field of firearms examination and
testing. NT at 37. In his capacity as a co-examiner, DeFields
examined the firearm seized from the basement dresser. NT at
37-38. DeFields rendered an opinion that the firearm was
designed to expel a projectile. NT at 38-39. He further testified
that a tool of some sort had been used to abrade or grind off the
serial numbers located on the back strap area of the gun’s grip.
NT at 39-44.
Trial Court Opinion, filed January 11, 2016, at 1-2.
Appellant presents the following questions for our review:
1. Whether the trial court erred in finding that the evidence was
sufficient to show as a matter of law that appellant was guilty
of VUFA 6110.2 possession of a firearm with the
manufacturer number altered because the Commonwealth
failed to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that appellant was
(1) in possession of a firearm and (2) that the firearm had an
obliterated serial number?
2. Whether the trial court erred in finding that the
Commonwealth established the proper chain of custody for
the inoperable firearm that was recovered?
3. Whether the verdict was against the greater weight of the
evidence and shocks the conscience, was manifestly
unreasonable, and was not supported by the law where the
evidence presented at trial clearly established that: (1) the
appellant was coming from upstairs inside of the property and
was merely present in the house where an inoperable firearm
was recovered from the basement, (2) appellant was not in
possession of the firearm, and (3) based on the
Commonwealth’s expert the manufacturer number on the
firearm was clearly visible and was not altered?
4. Whether the trial court erred and committed an abuse of
discretion by denying appellant’s motion for extraordinary
relief that was filed prior to sentencing wherein appellant
requested a new trial based on (1) the Commonwealth’s
failure to prove all of the elements of the crime of VUFA
6110.2 beyond a reasonable doubt, and (2) the verdict was
against the greater weight of the evidence because appellant
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was merely present inside of the residence where the firearm
was recovered, appellant was not in possession of the
firearm, and based on the testimony of the Commonwealth’s
own expert the firearm was not altered?
Appellant’s brief at 4-5.
Appellant first argues there was insufficient evidence to support his
conviction relating to the firearm. His conviction requires that he be in
possession of a weapon, he argues, and the evidence did not establish that
he was (1) in constructive possession of (2) an actual firearm (3) with an
obliterated manufacturer’s number. We disagree.
When reviewing challenges to the sufficiency of the evidence, we
evaluate the record in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth as
verdict winner, giving the prosecution the benefit of all reasonable inferences
to be drawn from the evidence. Commonwealth v. Duncan, 932 A.2d
226, 231 (Pa.Super. 2007) (citation omitted). “Evidence will be deemed
sufficient to support the verdict when it establishes each material element of
the crime charged and the commission thereof by the accused, beyond a
reasonable doubt.” Id. (quoting Commonwealth v. Brewer, 876 A.2d
1029, 1032 (Pa.Super. 2005)). However, the Commonwealth need not
establish guilt to a mathematical certainty, and it may sustain its burden by
means of wholly circumstantial evidence. Id. In addition, this Court may
not substitute its judgment for that of the factfinder, and where the record
contains support for the convictions, they may not be disturbed. Id. Lastly,
we note that the finder of fact is free to believe some, all, or none of the
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evidence presented. Commonwealth v. Hartle, 894 A.2d 800, 804
(Pa.Super. 2006).
Section 6110.2 states, in relevant part:
Possession of firearm with altered manufacturer’s number
(a) General rule.—No person shall possess a firearm which has
had the manufacturer’s number integral to the frame or
receiver altered, changed, removed or obliterated.
(b) Penalty.—A person who violates this section commits a
felony of the second degree.
(c) Definition.—As used in this section, the term “firearm”
shall have the same meaning as that term is defined in
section 6105(i) (relating to persons not to possess, use,
manufacture, control, sell or transfer firearms), except that
the term shall not include antique firearms as defined in
section 6118 (relating to antique firearms).
18 Pa.C.S § 6110.2.
Appellant first contends the Commonwealth failed to prove the item
recovered was a “firearm” because it was inoperable, and no testimony or
evidence was offered to explain either why the gun was inoperable or that it
could be made operable. Initially, we note that Appellant has waived this
argument for his failure to include it in his court-ordered Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b)
statement. Greater Erie Indus. Dev. Corp. v. Presque Isle Downs,
Inc., 88 A.3d 222, 223 and 227 (Pa.Super. 2014) (en banc ) (holding issues
not included in the Rule 1925(b) statement are waived).
Even if Appellant had preserved this argument, we would reject it.
Under 18 P.S. § 4628, the predecessor of 18 Pa.C.S. § 6105, the
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Pennsylvania Supreme Court held that the Commonwealth was required to
prove the operability of the firearm to prove possession. See
Commonwealth v. Layton, 307 A.2d 843, 845 (Pa. 1973) (superseded by
statute, 18 Pa.C.S. § 6105); 18 P.S. § 4628 (repealed). In Layton, the
Pennsylvania Supreme Court found that since Section 4628 “‘was obviously
intended to cover only objects which could cause violence by firing a shot,’ a
defendant could not be convicted under the Act unless the weapon he
possessed was capable of firing a projectile.” Commonwealth v. Zortman,
985 A.2d 238, 242 (Pa.Super. 2009) (quoting Layton, 307 A.2d at 844).
However, after the legislature modified the definition of a firearm to its
present version at 18 Pa.C.S. § 6105,2 this Court held that
[t]he statutory language is clear, and it does not require proof
that the weapon was capable of expelling a projectile when it
was seized; on the contrary, the fact that a person can be
prosecuted simply for possessing a semiautomatic pistol frame
refutes this notion because the frame requires additional parts,
e.g., a slide and barrel, in order to fire a bullet.[] Thus, the use
of the terms “frame” and “receiver” in section 6105(i)
demonstrates that the legislature sought to eliminate the
____________________________________________
2
A “firearm,” at Section 6105, Persons not to Possess, Use, Manufacture,
Control, Sell, or Transfer Firearms, is defined as follows:
(i) Firearm.--As used in this section only, the term “firearm”
shall include any weapons which are designed to or may readily
be converted to expel any projectile by the action of an explosive
or the frame or receiver of any such weapon.
18 Pa.C.S. § 6105(i).
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operability requirement articulated in Layton for purposes of
this section
Commonwealth v. Thomas, 988 A.2d 669, 672 (Pa.Super. 2009).
Accordingly, because a gun need not be operable to qualify as a firearm for
purposes of Section 6110.2, Appellant may not prevail on the argument that
the gun recovered from his home was inoperable.
Appellant next assails his conviction as unsupported by evidence that
he was in constructive possession of the firearm. Because Appellant was not
in physical possession of the firearm in question, the Commonwealth was
required to establish that he had constructive possession of the seized item
to support his convictions. See Commonwealth v. Kirkland, 831 A.2d
607, 611 (Pa.Super. 2003) (holding where contraband a person is charged
with possessing is not found on person, Commonwealth required to prove
constructive possession). Constructive possession is an inference arising
from a set of facts that possession of the contraband was more likely than
not. Commonwealth v. Parker, 847 A.2d 745, 750 (Pa.Super. 2004).
Constructive possession may be proven by circumstantial evidence and
the “requisite knowledge and intent may be inferred from examination of the
totality of the circumstances.” Commonwealth v. Clark, 746 A.2d 1128,
1136 (Pa.Super. 2000) (quoting Commonwealth v. Haskins, 677 A.2d
328, 330 (Pa.Super. 1996)). Moreover, we review circumstantial evidence
under the same standard as direct evidence, i.e., that a decision by the trial
court will be affirmed “so long as the combination of the evidence links the
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accused to the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.” Commonwealth v.
Johnson, 818 A.2d 514, 516 (Pa.Super. 2003) (citations omitted).
Our review of the record, conducted in the light most favorable to the
Commonwealth, leads to the conclusion that Appellant had the intent and
ability to control the firearm. Specifically, testimony established that other
items found on the basement dresser where the firearm was recovered
included a sneaker box, sneakers, three identification cards belonging to
Appellant—including his driver’s license listing the residential address in
question—and a letter addressed to him. Coupled with Appellant’s flight into
the basement, which demonstrated a consciousness of guilt, see
Commonwealth v. Jones, 570 A.2d 1338, 1349 (Pa.Super. 1990) (holding
finder of fact may infer a consciousness of guilt from person’s flight or other
evasive conduct upon observing police presence), this evidence, although
circumstantial, sufficed to establish that Appellant was in constructive
possession of the firearm. Therefore, Appellant's claim that the
Commonwealth failed to present sufficient evidence to prove constructive
possession of the firearm lacks merit.
The final aspect to Appellant’s sufficiency challenge is that evidence
failed to prove his guilt under Section 6110.2 for possessing a firearm with
an altered manufacturer's number,3 because the firearms expert testified he
____________________________________________
3
Section 6110.2 provides, in relevant part:
(Footnote Continued Next Page)
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was able to make out the number upon his examination. At trial, however,
the expert clarified that someone had clearly attempted to remove the
number by mechanical means—most likely a grinder or some kind of circular
tool—but that he was still able to see the numbers when placed under
magnification:
Q [Prosecutor]: Officer DeFields, in your expert opinion, is it a
coincidence that in all the areas of that gun, the only area that
has significant discoloration, or what we’ve characterized as
scratch marks or rubbing off, was to the serial number?
A: No, that’s not uncommon. We get firearms all the time
where the serial number has been obliterated through abrasion,
gouging, and pounding.
And that’s why we have different techniques of recovering the
serial numbers. Had we not been able to see that, under
magnification, then we would have done a chemical serial
number restoration. And it’s just a technique to recover serial
numbers.
Q: And just to put a finer point on it, Officer, is it your opinion
that the serial number, in this case, was altered?
A: It’s not altered. You can still see it. But someone, clearly,
tried to remove it.
***
[trial court entertains and overrules several defense objections]
_______________________
(Footnote Continued)
(a) General rule.--No person shall possess a firearm which has
had the manufacturer's number integral to the frame or receiver
altered, changed, removed or obliterated.
18 Pa.C.S. § 6110.2.
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Q: And when I say altered, I’m talking about what you
described earlier as somebody taking a circular tool or some kind
of – can you just describe that.
[trial court again overrules defense objections]
A: Your Honor, someone has clearly taken some kind of a
tool, and through abrasion, taken the tip of this off. This is not
consistent with normal wear and use. As you can see this gun
was made sometime between the ‘70s and the ‘90s. And you
can clearly see, from the reset of it, there’s no more wear like
this. This, to me, in my opinion, someone took a tool and tried
grinding this part off.
N.T. at 42-44.
When considered in its entirety, the expert’s testimony confirms that
the manufacturer’s number on the firearm had been mechanically abraded to
such a degree that it was no longer legible unless magnification was
employed. This degree of degradation of the number—rendering it illegible
by ordinary observation—satisfied the statutory requirement that an
alteration or change to the number be apparent on the firearm. In this
respect, the expert’s opinion that the number had not been “altered”
because it was unnecessary to use chemical means to enhance remnants of
a number ostensibly removed did not bear on the legal question of
culpability under Section 6110.2, for it was not for the firearms expert to
define any of the four discrete terms used in the statute. The value of his
testimony, instead, lay in his reporting the means by which discernment of
the number was capable, and his testimony that only extraordinary means—
in this case, magnification—enabled observation of the number established
culpability under Section 6110.2. Accordingly, Appellant’s sufficiency
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argument as it pertains to the alteration of the manufacturer’s number on
his firearm is without merit.
Remaining for disposition are Appellant’s weight of the evidence
challenges, which comprise arguments that the trial court erred in denying
his post-trial claims pertaining to alleged gaps in the chain of custody of the
firearm4 and to his constructive possession of the firearm. An appellate
court's standard of review when presented with a weight of the evidence
claim is distinct from the standard of review applied by the trial court.
Appellate review of a weight claim is a review of the exercise of discretion,
not of the underlying question of whether the verdict is against the weight of
the evidence. Commonwealth v. Clay, 64 A.3d 1049, 1054–55 (Pa.Super.
2013) (quotation marks, quotations, and citations omitted). In order for an
appellant to prevail on a challenge to the weight of the evidence, “the
evidence must be so tenuous, vague and uncertain that the verdict shocks
the conscience of the court.” Commonwealth v. Sullivan, 820 A.2d 795,
806 (Pa.Super. 2003) (quotation marks and quotations omitted).
First, Appellant challenges the trial court’s discretion in failing to grant
a new trial given what he asserts was the Commonwealth’s failure to
establish a proper chain of custody for the firearm recovered from
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4
To the extent Appellant directs this chain of custody claim to the
admissibility of the gun, we find that the testimony of Officer Culver,
discussed infra, laid a proper foundation for admission.
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Appellant’s home. Specifically, counsel for appellant objected when the
Commonwealth presented Detective Michael Rocks to testify to the property
receipt number for the firearm because Detective Rocks had not been at the
property when the firearm was seized. The objection, which was leveled at
the admissibility of the evidence, was, therefore, based on questions as to
whether the firearm in evidence was actually the one seized from the
basement.
A claim asserting such a gap in the chain of custody of evidence goes
to the weight of evidence and not to its admissibility. See Commonwealth
v. Penn, 132 A.3d 498, 505-06 (Pa.Super. 2016) (citing Commonwealth
v. Free, 902 A.2d 565, 573 n.6 (Pa.Super. 2006) (“[the defendant]
complains that the discrepancies between the reports and the photographs,
coupled with the absence of the evidence itself, leaves questions as to
whether the marijuana depicted in the photographs was actually the
evidence seized from Appellee in this case .... [I]ssues regarding chain of
custody concern the ‘weight that is to be afforded evidence’….”)). Here, we
discern no abuse of the trial court’s discretion in denying a new trial on this
issue, as a reasonable inference was made, through the testimonies of the
arresting officer, Officer Chris Culver, and Detective Michael Rocks that the
gun entered into evidence was the gun recovered from Appellant’s home.
Officer Culver testified to observing a silver, .25 caliber Raven handgun on
the dresser, to recovering the firearm and seeing that the scene was secured
until detectives arrived to search the house, and to recognizing the gun that
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was later placed in police custody as the gun that he saw in Appellant’s
home. N.T. at 12, 19-20. Detective Rocks confirmed that uniformed officers
secured the scene until the detectives’ arrival, and he identified Officer
Culver’s signature on the property receipt for the gun. Appellant may not
prevail on this claim.
Nor is there evidentiary support for his weight claim directed at the
issue of constructive possession of the gun. Appellant points to the totality
of evidence that he was coming from upstairs and not the basement when
officers saw him in his boxer shorts and that both male and female articles
of clothing were found in the basement as suggesting he was merely present
in the house and did not exercise domain over items located in the
basement. However, the evidence also included testimony that Appellant
raced toward the basement upon seeing the officers and that identification
cards belonging to him were found on the dresser alongside the firearm.
Such evidence, as noted supra, provided a strong connection between
Appellant and the firearm and belies his position of merely being present in
the home. Nothing about the trial court’s order denying Appellant’s motion
for reconsideration with respect to his possession of the gun or any other
element to the Section 6110.2 conviction shocks the conscience.
Judgment of sentence is AFFIRMED.
Judge Dubow joins this Opinion.
Judge Lazarus files a Concurring Opinion.
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Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 8/25/2016
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