IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA
No. 15-1181
Filed August 31, 2016
STATE OF IOWA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
vs.
ANTONIO RICCARDO CAMPBELL,
Defendant-Appellant.
________________________________________________________________
Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Black Hawk County, George L.
Stigler, Judge.
A defendant appeals his sentence for sexual abuse in the third degree and
assault causing bodily injury. SENTENCE VACATED AND REMANDED FOR
CORRECTION OF SENTENCE.
Mark C. Smith, State Appellate Defender, and Stephan J. Japuntich,
Assistant Appellate Defender, for appellant.
Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, and Sharon K. Hall, Assistant
Attorney General, for appellee.
Considered by Danilson, C.J., and Vaitheswaran and Tabor, JJ.
2
TABOR, Judge.
Antonio Campbell appeals his sentence for sexual abuse in the third
degree, a class “C” felony in violation of Iowa Code section 709.4 (2013), and
assault causing bodily injury, a serious misdemeanor in violation of Iowa Code
sections 708.1(2) and 708.2(2). Campbell argues the district court erred in
finding he had the reasonable ability to pay restitution and either abused its
discretion or abdicated its duty to exercise discretion in imposing his sentence.1
See Iowa Code § 910.2. He contends the court’s failure to address the facts
indicating his inability to pay violated his due process right to a meaningful
restitution hearing. Because the district court’s determination Campbell had the
reasonable ability to pay restitution was premature and unsupported by the
record, we vacate and remand for the entry of a corrected sentencing order.
I. Background Facts and Proceedings
On the day his case was set for trial, Antonio Campbell pleaded guilty to
third-degree sexual abuse and assault causing bodily injury under an agreement
with the State. He chose to proceed with sentencing immediately and waived his
right to a presentence investigation before sentencing. The district court
imposed consecutive sentences of imprisonment for each count. The court also
ordered Campbell to pay fines totaling $1315 with a thirty-five percent surcharge,
court costs, a $250 civil assessment, and victim restitution.
1
In the event we find the restitution issue has been waived, Campbell alternatively
raises this issue in an ineffective-assistance-of-counsel claim. Challenges to a
sentencing order “need not be first presented to the district court,” so we find no waiver
of the restitution issue. State v. Kurtz, 878 N.W.2d 469, 471 n.2 (Iowa Ct. App. 2016).
Accordingly, we decline to address Campbell’s ineffective-assistance claim.
3
A section entitled “Restitution” in the sentencing order stated: “Pursuant to
Iowa Code Section 910.2, and finding that the defendant is reasonably able to
pay, the defendant shall pay and judgment is imposed against the defendant as
follows: Pecuniary damages (determined at a later time) to the victim(s).”
The sentencing order is notable in its omissions. Although the court
verbally imposed court costs during the combined plea colloquy and sentencing
hearing, the written order does not mention court costs. It does not impose
payment for court-appointed attorney fees. At the time of Campbell’s appeal, the
court had not filed a temporary or supplemental order setting the amount of
restitution, known as the plan of restitution (see Iowa Code § 910.3), but several
parties had filed reimbursement claims, including attorney-fee claims totaling
$7553.78.
II. Standard of Review
We review restitution orders for correction of errors at law. State v. Jose,
636 N.W.2d 38, 43 (Iowa 2001). We consider whether the district court’s fact-
findings lack substantial evidentiary support and whether the court correctly
applied the law. State v. Bonstetter, 637 N.W.2d 161, 165 (Iowa 2001).
“Evidence is substantial when a reasonable mind would accept it as adequate to
reach a conclusion.” Id. (quoting Hasselman v. Hasselman, 596 N.W.2d 541,
545 (Iowa 1999)). To the extent Campbell raises a constitutional due process
challenge, our review is de novo. See State v. Love, 589 N.W.2d 49, 50 (Iowa
1998).
4
III. Analysis
A. Justiciability
The State argues we shouldn’t reach the merits of Campbell’s claim
because it is neither appealable nor ripe. The State insists although “[t]he
amount of restitution is part of the sentencing order and is therefore directly
appealable,” a defendant’s “ability to pay is an issue apart from the amount of
restitution and is therefore not an ‘order[] incorporated in the sentence’” and not
directly appealable. See Jose, 636 N.W.2d at 45 (quoting State v. Janz, 358
N.W.2d 547, 549 (Iowa 1984)). The State also claims a defendant may not
challenge the court’s determination of his ability to pay until the court has issued
the plan of restitution, citing State v. Swartz, 601 N.W.2d 348, 354 (Iowa 1999).
We find neither Jose nor Swartz directly addresses the problem with the
sentencing order identified by Campbell.
In Swartz, a defendant challenged a restitution order requiring him to pay
court costs and court-appointed attorney fees when the court did not first
determine his ability to pay. Id. The Swartz court held the defendant could not
make this challenge because (1) the plan of restitution was not complete at the
time of the appeal and (2) the proper remedy for the defendant was a petition to
the district court for a modification. Id. In a companion case to Swartz, the court
explained: “Until [the plan of restitution is complete], the court is not required to
give consideration to the defendant’s ability to pay.” State v. Jackson, 601
N.W.2d 354, 357 (Iowa 1999) (citing Swartz, 601 N.W.2d. at 354).
But here we face a different situation—the sentencing court determined
Campbell had a reasonable ability to pay in its sentencing order before the court
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entered an order constituting the plan of restitution. Campbell does not ask the
court to make a premature finding of his ability to pay as in Swartz. Rather, he
faults the court for making that finding before determining the total amount of
restitution owed.
In light of Campbell’s particular challenge to the sentencing court’s finding,
we consider the statement from Jose that a defendant’s ability to pay is a distinct
issue from the amount of restitution and therefore not directly appealable. In
Jose, a defendant challenged the amount of restitution the court ordered him to
pay although the court did not finalize that amount until after the defendant had
filed his appeal. 636 N.W.2d at 43. The Jose court indicated the issue of the
amount of restitution was directly appealable and carefully distinguished Swartz,
quoting Swartz and Jackson at length and noting “[t]he defendant in Swartz
challenged the ‘reasonable ability to pay’ determination rather than the total
amount to be paid to victims.” Id. at 45. The not-directly-appealable statement
cited by the State follows this discussion.2 See id. Although the statement itself
is not supported by a citation, the location of the language and its content—
referring to an ability-to-pay issue—make the reference to Swartz unmistakable.
2
One sentence—“[t]he amount of restitution is part of the sentencing order and is
therefore directly appealable, as are all orders incorporated in the sentence”—appears
between the Swartz discussion and the language at issue. See Jose, 636 N.W.2d at 45.
This proposition comes from Janz, 358 N.W.2d at 549, and is referenced in the not-
directly-appealable statement itself. See Jose, 636 N.W.2d at 45 (“The ability to pay is
an issue apart from the amount of restitution and is therefore not an ‘order[] incorporated
in the sentence’ and is therefore not directly appealable as such.” (emphasis added)).
But Janz did not address a defendant’s ability to pay; it involved a mistake in the amount
of restitution included by the sentencing court in the sentencing order. See Janz, 358
N.W.2d at 549. Accordingly, the not-directly-appealable statement cannot originate from
Janz alone. Instead, Jose applies the Janz rule—“all orders incorporated in the
sentence” are directly appealable—to the court’s failure to make a reasonable-ability-to-
pay determination in Swartz. Compare Janz, 358 N.W.2d at 549, and Swartz, 601
N.W.2d at 354, with Jose, 636 N.W.2d at 45.
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Thus, Swartz contemplates a situation in which the court has ordered an
amount of restitution without determining the defendant’s reasonable ability to
pay, 601 N.W.2d at 354, and Jose considers a defendant’s challenge to the
actual amount of restitution, 636 N.W.2d at 45. But neither addresses the
circumstances at hand. Campbell does not challenge the amount of his
restitution, which is currently unknown. More importantly, the sentencing court in
this matter actually determined Campbell had the reasonable ability to pay
restitution. Because the court made that finding in the written sentencing order, it
is “incorporated in the sentence,” and we may review it on appeal. See Janz,
358 N.W.2d at 549 (stating appellate courts may correct errors in sentencing
orders entered by district courts concerning restitution).3 Accordingly, we
proceed to the merits of Campbell’s claim.
B. Reasonable Ability to Pay
Campbell asserts the court made an unsupported finding he had the
reasonable ability to pay restitution in the sentencing order.4 Rather than contest
3
The instant case is somewhat the inverse of Kurtz, 878 N.W.2d at 472, where our court
relied on Janz and distinguished Jose, holding Kurtz could challenge the district court’s
failure to consider his reasonable ability to pay where the sentencing order contained
both a plan of restitution as well as a restitution payment plan. Here, where the
sentencing order included neither a plan of restitution nor a payment plan, Campbell can
still challenge on appeal the sentencing court’s affirmative finding in the sentencing order
that he had the reasonable ability to pay. See Janz, 358 N.W.2d at 549.
4
Here, the sentencing order does not explicitly assess any restitution subject to the
ability-to-pay standard of Iowa Code section 910.2(1). But this does not bar the court
from assessing additional restitution in the future. Because the total amount of
restitution was unknown at the time of sentencing, the court may issue a supplemental
order, establishing the full amount of restitution—including court costs and court-
appointed attorney fees—at a later time. See Iowa Code § 910.3. Although the court
has not yet issued a supplemental order, several parties filed fee claims after Campbell’s
sentencing.
We also note the county attorney has already filed a notice of full commitment to
collect delinquent obligations in this matter. We question the propriety of sending an
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this claim, the State acknowledges “[t]he present record does not indicate
Campbell’s state of health or whether he possesses any skills.” We agree the
sentencing court’s finding of Campbell’s ability to pay a yet-to-be determined
amount of restitution under a non-established payment plan is unsupported by
the record.
Regardless of a defendant’s ability to pay, the sentencing court must order
restitution to crime victims and to the clerk of court for fines, penalties, and
surcharges. Iowa Code § 910.2(1); see also State v. Wagner, 484 N.W.2d 212,
215–16 (Iowa Ct. App. 1992). But ordering court costs and court-appointed
attorney fees is subject to the defendant’s reasonable ability to pay. Iowa Code
§ 910.2(1); see also State v. Kaelin, 362 N.W.2d 526, 528 (Iowa 1985). A
defendant’s reasonable ability to pay is a “constitutional prerequisite” for
restitution orders under section 910.2. State v. Van Hoff, 415 N.W.2d 647, 648
(Iowa 1987). “A determination of reasonableness, especially in a case of long-
term incarceration, is more appropriately based on the inmate’s ability to pay the
current installments than his ability to ultimately pay the total amount due.” Id. at
649.
Our supreme court addressed a claim similar to Campbell’s in Kaelin, 362
N.W.2d at 527–28. Kaelin challenged a restitution order requiring him to pay
court costs and $3755 in court-appointed attorney fees. Id. He argued the court
either failed to exercise discretion or abused its discretion in ordering the
account to collections before the court has completed the plan of restitution and
determined the total amount due. Cf. Bader v. State, 559 N.W.2d 1, 3–4 (Iowa 1997)
(finding defendant’s probation could not be revoked for failure to make restitution
payments when court had not completed plan of restitution “against which [defendant’s]
conduct could be tested for compliance”).
8
restitution because the record was silent on his ability to pay and the
presentence report showed he was indigent. Id. at 528. The Kaelin court upheld
the restitution order, reasoning the record showed Kaelin was indigent but had
“several skills that should enable him to earn income” and seemed to be “in good
health.” Id. Campbell contends Kaelin is distinguishable because this record
fails to demonstrate Campbell has any skills enabling him to earn income.
We note during the plea colloquy, the court asked Campbell just four
questions that could speak to his ability to pay restitution:
Q. How old are you? A. Fifty.
Q. And the extent of your education? A. High school
diploma.
Q. Do you have any on-the-job training or any special
training beyond high school? A. I worked at Rath’s.
Q. Do you have any difficulty reading, writing, or
understanding the English language? A. No.
We agree the record is sparse. But more troubling is the fact the sentencing
court made an affirmative finding of Campbell’s ability to pay without knowing the
total amount—or even a reasonable estimate—of the restitution owed. Because
Campbell chose to waive presentence investigation, the clerk of court had not yet
compiled a statement of the court-appointed attorney fees and other costs.5 See
Iowa Code § 910.3. We believe a sentencing court cannot determine a
defendant’s ability to pay restitution without, at a minimum, an estimate of the
total amount of restitution, and we find the sentencing court’s determination of
Campbell’s ability to pay was premature and lacked evidentiary support.
5
Further, the State had not filed a statement of pecuniary damages (victim restitution) at
the time of sentencing. Although consideration of a defendant’s reasonable ability to pay
does not apply to victim restitution, logically, the amount of victim restitution ordered
could affect a defendant’s reasonable ability to pay attorney fees and court costs.
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C. Remedy
Finally, Campbell requests we reverse and remand to the district court “for
a thoughtful and studied determination of Campbell’s ability to pay the obligations
emanating from his convictions.” At the time of Campbell’s appeal, the district
court had not yet entered the order constituting the plan of restitution. The court
is not required to consider Campbell’s ability to pay until it has issued that order.
Swartz, 601 N.W.2d at 354; see also Jackson, 601 N.W.2d at 357. If Campbell
believes the forthcoming plan of restitution does not reflect his reasonable ability
to pay, he may petition the district court for modification under Iowa Code section
910.7. See Iowa Code § 910.7; see also Swartz, 601 N.W.2d at 354.
Accordingly, we vacate and remand to the district court. On remand, the
judgment of sentence and conviction shall be corrected by striking the sentencing
court’s unsupported finding of Campbell’s ability to pay.
SENTENCE VACATED AND REMANDED FOR CORRECTION OF
SENTENCE.