Filed 9/1/16 P. v. Robinson CA2/2
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
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IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION TWO
THE PEOPLE, B264801
Plaintiff and Respondent, (Los Angeles County
Super. Ct. No. NA051400)
v.
KENYUN ROBINSON,
Defendant and Appellant.
APPEAL from an order of the Superior Court of Los Angeles County.
Laura Laesecke, Judge. Affirmed.
Center for Juvenile Law and Policy, Sean Kennedy, Lindsey Cerny and Patrice
Corpus for Defendant and Appellant.
Kamala D. Harris, Attorney General, Gerald A. Engler, Chief Assistant Attorney
General, Lance E. Winters, Assistant Attorney General, Stephanie A. Miyoshi and
William N. Frank, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.
___________________________________________________
In 2003, defendant Kenyun Robinson was convicted of a special circumstance
murder he committed while 16 years old. Defendant was sentenced to life in prison
without the possibility of parole (LWOP), plus four years for personal weapon use. In
2013, defendant filed a petition for writ of habeas corpus, seeking resentencing pursuant
to Miller v. Alabama (2012) 132 S. Ct. 2455 (Miller) and People v. Gutierrez (2014) 58
Cal.4th 1354 (Gutierrez). The trial court held a hearing, considered the sentencing
factors outlined in Miller, and determined that defendant’s originally imposed sentence
was appropriate. We affirm.
BACKGROUND
The events of October 18, 19921
On October 18, 1992, defendant, who was 16 years old, was standing with several
others near a liquor store in Long Beach, when two teenage twin brothers, Jason and
Robert Kennedy, approached the store. Defendant walked up to Jason, put a gun to his
back, and told Jason to give him all of his money or he would blow him away. Jason
grabbed the gun and twisted it to point at defendant’s face. He took the gun from
defendant’s grasp but then gave it back to him and went into the liquor store. After
leaving the liquor store, Jason was again threatened by defendant, who put the gun to the
back of Jason’s head. Jason went home and told his aunt about the incident.
That afternoon, Jason and Robert were at home when they heard a gunshot. They
ran toward the front of their house and saw defendant take a purse from a lady who was
holding her neck. Defendant ran away and the woman, who was later identified as
Matilda Martinez, struggled to walk and then fell. Martinez died from a gunshot wound
to the neck.
Defendant was apprehended later that night by Long Beach Police Officer Jacinto
Ponce. Gunshot residue was collected from defendant’s hands. Defendant was lined up
1 These facts, and the facts relating to the underlying conviction and sentence, are
taken primarily from the opinion in defendant’s prior appeal (People v. Robinson (Jun. 2,
2004, B166845) [nonpub. opn.]), of which we take judicial notice.
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for possible identification, and Jason and Robert both said words to the effect of “Yeah,
that’s him” upon viewing defendant. They both meant that defendant was the person
involved in the attempted robbery of Jason and the shooting of Martinez. Officer Ponce,
however, believed the Kennedys were merely identifying the person who attempted to
rob Jason. Ponce did not know the Kennedys had witnessed defendant’s altercation with
Martinez or that defendant was a suspect in the murder.
Defendant was committed to the California Youth Authority in connection with
the attempted robbery.
Underlying conviction and sentence
In 2000, Detective Paul Edwards began looking at the unsolved killing of
Martinez. He contacted Jason Kennedy, who told him that the person who tried to rob
him was the same person involved in the shooting of Martinez. In 2001, defendant was
questioned about the incident. He said he did not shoot anyone, and could not remember
anything from 1992 because it was such a long time ago. He later said that he was
arrested because “some white guy” accused him of robbery. He said that he could not
remember anything else about the attempted robbery because, back in 1992, he was high
on “sherm” (PCP-laced cigarettes) and other drugs.
Detective John Boston testified that he interviewed Trinidad Bedolla around the
time of the murder. Bedolla was 11 or 12 years old at the time and knew defendant.
According to Detective Boston, Bedolla said that defendant showed him a small gun
shortly before accosting Jason Kennedy. Later that day, Bedolla was walking with
defendant and another individual when defendant said, “Wait here, watch this.”
Defendant approached a lady, grabbed her purse, and started to pull it. She pulled back
and he shot her and then ran away. Bedolla later said that everything he told Boston
about the shooting was a lie and he had not really seen it. At trial, Bedolla only testified
that he heard a gunshot and saw a woman lying on the ground, not that he saw defendant
shoot her.
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In 2003, defendant was convicted of the murder of Martinez in violation of Penal
Code section 187, subdivision (a).2 The jury found true allegations of personal weapon
use (§ 12022.5, subd. (a)) and the special circumstance of robbery (§ 190.2, subd.
(a)(17)). The trial court sentenced appellant to LWOP plus four years for the weapon
use. We affirmed the judgment in 2004.
Resentencing memoranda
Defendant, acting in propria persona, filed a petition for writ of habeas corpus
with the trial court in July 2013. The court set a resentencing hearing.
In April 2015, defendant, having obtained counsel, filed a sentencing
memorandum urging the trial court to resentence him to 29 years to life, in light of Miller
and Gutierrez. The memorandum argued that Robinson was exceedingly immature at the
age of 16, that he was a heavy PCP user at the time, that he was unable to deal with
police and assist his counsel, that he suffered physical and sexual abuse at the hands of
his family, that his family members revered criminal lifestyles, that he lacked criminal
sophistication, and that he had demonstrated he was amenable to rehabilitation.
In support of his memorandum, defendant attached a number of documents
relating to his upbringing, including: an undated and unsworn statement from Dannie
McKinley, stating that defendant’s older brother Antoine had given him and defendant
marijuana and forced them to perform oral sex; an undated and unsworn statement from
defendant’s cousin Donald Hammond, stating that when he and defendant were young,
they would sit around listening to their relatives glorify the gang lifestyle, and that the
relatives drank and used drugs; a declaration by Rayshawn Session, defendant’s cousin,
also recounting how family members used drugs and how the children, including
defendant, had no adult supervision; a declaration by defendant’s uncle, Charles
Hammond, stating that Hammond was constantly in trouble with the law when younger
and would reminisce with relatives in front of the children, including defendant, how they
2 Unless otherwise specified, all further statutory references are to the Penal Code.
4
lived a life of violence; and a “social history,” stating that defendant was not favored by
his family, that he joined a gang to gain acceptance, that defendant’s mother and
stepfather used marijuana and crack cocaine, that most of defendant’s family members
had been incarcerated, that much of the family had mental health problems, that
defendant was easily influenced by peers, that he was low-functioning educationally, and
that he frequently smoked marijuana. Defendant also submitted a declaration by
defendant’s older brother, Antoine Owens, stating that defendant was arrested for
snatching purses in 1992, but the purses found by police were his and not defendant’s,
and a declaration by Bedolla, who stated he was pressured by the police to say he
witnessed the shooting of Martinez, when he really did not.
In addition to these documents, defendant attached a neurocognitive evaluation
summary prepared by a licensed psychologist, based on interviews with defendant and
review of relevant records. According to the evaluation, defendant began using
marijuana and PCP by the age of 12 or 13. He stopped attending school regularly in the
seventh grade and frequently stayed away from home. The evaluation noted that
defendant’s probation and prison records showed no mental health issues, though a
probation officer’s report from 1992 stated that defendant “may even meet the criteria of
developmentally disabled.” Defendant, however, scored in the “low average range” on a
test of intellectual functioning and performed in an unimpaired fashion on a reading
comprehension and accuracy test. The psychologist concluded that defendant did not
have an intellectual disability, but could suffer from a mild neurocognitive disorder
caused by substance abuse and multiple head injuries. The psychologist further opined
that defendant did not exhibit diagnosable levels of depression, but may experience post-
traumatic stress disorder due to witnessing, at a young age, his grandmother stab his
grandfather and other violent acts, being sexually abused by his older brother, and
undergoing strict corporal punishment.
Defendant also submitted exhibits relating to his criminal history and experience
in the justice system. Defendant had an extensive juvenile arrest record. A lengthy
November 1992 probation report—pertaining to the October 18, 1992 attempted robbery
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of Jason Kennedy—noted that defendant had “good” mental health and denied having
any problems with alcohol or drugs. The report stated that defendant had not made
serious efforts to enroll or stay in school, and had not spent “any considerable time” in
school over the previous two to three years. According to a 1993 report, defendant had
tried PCP two to three times, and he denied being under the influence of drugs or alcohol
at the time of his “commitment offense.” In the report, defendant described his childhood
as “bad and happy,” bad because of “all the stuff I did,” and happy because of many
opportunities to participate in family activities such as going to Knott’s Berry Farm. In
the 1992 report, defendant was described in the report as a “potentially dangerous
individual,” who had “low self-esteem, little motivation, and little awareness of his
responsibilities to himself and society as a law-abiding member.” In the opinion of the
probation officer, defendant was “much too sophisticated[] in terms of the nature of the
current offense . . . ,” and his criminal sophistication was “seen as being moderate to
high.”
In response to defendant’s request for resentencing, the prosecution filed a
sentencing memorandum agreeing that defendant was entitled to a new sentencing
hearing, at which the trial court was required to consider the analysis set forth in Miller,
Gutierrez, and similar authority. The prosecution argued, however, that under the
controlling legal authority, a sentence of LWOP, plus four years, was still appropriate.
Even if defendant’s post-conviction conduct could be considered, according to the
prosecution, it did not weigh in favor of a lesser sentence, as defendant had been found
guilty of at least six rule violations while in prison, including fighting, battery on a
prisoner, and possession of an inmate-made weapon.
Resentencing hearing
At the hearing, the trial court noted that it read and considered all materials
presented with the sentencing memoranda. In announcing its tentative ruling to reimpose
a sentence of LWOP, the court stated it had “considered the various five requirements of
Miller.”
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The defense then called a “mitigation specialist,” Efrat Sharony, to testify
regarding defendant’s childhood, as recounted by family members in interviews.
Sharony created the “social history” submitted by defendant. She testified that, in her
“many years” working with teenage defendants, “this is one of the most severe traumatic
and dysfunctional family situations that I have read about.” The interviews revealed that
defendant’s parents were both addicted to drugs, family members were deeply involved
in criminal behavior, and defendant’s older brother, Antoine, inflicted sexual and
physical abuse. According to Sharony, defendant used PCP “pretty regularly” in the
months before his arrest at 16. She opined that defendant’s troubled background was the
“main factor” in the crime.
The defense then argued that defendant had diminished culpability at the time the
homicide was committed based on his age, educational difficulties, the abuse by his older
brother, and his use of PCP. The trial court expressed skepticism of the recent evidence
submitted by defendant, noting that essentially none of the facts recently attested to was
present in the probation reports generated when defendant in the juvenile justice system.
After hearing argument, the trial court determined that LWOP, plus four years,
was the appropriate sentence. It found that, at 16, defendant was able to appreciate the
risks involved in committing the crime. Defendant already had a background with the
criminal justice system, told a companion to “watch this” prior to shooting Martinez, and
earlier that day had pointed a gun at and tried to rob someone else. The court stated that
the murder was “particularly callous,” and defendant appeared to act with an intent to
shoot. The court also found that defendant knew to withhold information and would not
admit to things that he thought would hurt him. It did not find support for claims of
extreme abuse or neglect in the family environment; instead, according to the probation
reports, when defendant was outside of the family home and in a suitable placement, he
continued with criminal behavior and refused to go to school. The court further found
that defendant did not have a problem with PCP, as the probation reports stated he only
tried it a few times, and defendant had stated he was not on PCP on the day of the
murder. The court determined there was no support for the assertion that the homicide
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was committed as a result of peer pressure, either at the direction of defendant’s older
brother or by fellow gang members. It saw no possibility that defendant could have been
convicted of a lesser crime, and he was well experienced with the justice system by the
time he went to trial. Finally, the court found no possibility of rehabilitation, stating that
defendant was an entrenched gang member and “had no interest” “in changing his ways.”
Defendant timely appealed.
DISCUSSION
“Whether a punishment is cruel and/or unusual is a question of law subject to our
independent review, but underlying disputed facts must be viewed in the light most
favorable to the judgment.” (People v. Palafox (2014) 231 Cal.App.4th 68, 82
(Palafox).) Upon considering the factors enunciated in Miller and the relevant evidence,
the trial court has discretion to determine whether LWOP is an appropriate sentence for a
juvenile offender. (Gutierrez, supra, 58 Cal.4th 1354, 1380; Palafox, at p. 91 [trial court
did not “exceed[] the bounds of reason” in imposing LWOP]; see also People v. Sandoval
(2007) 41 Cal.4th 825, 847 [sentencing decisions subject to abuse of discretion review].)
I. Applicable legal principles
In Miller, the United States Supreme Court held that laws imposing mandatory
LWOP sentences on juvenile homicide offenders violated the Eighth Amendment’s
prohibition against “‘cruel and unusual punishments.’” (Miller, supra, 132 S.Ct. 2455,
2460.) This holding built on other Supreme Court decisions examining the often lower
level of culpability present in youthful offenders, including Roper v. Simmons (2005) 543
U.S. 551, in which the high court determined the Eighth Amendment prohibits imposition
of the death penalty for a crime committed by a person under the age of 18 (Roper, at p.
568), and Graham v. Florida (2010) 560 U.S. 48 , where the court concluded the Eighth
Amendment forbids sentencing a non-homicide juvenile offender to LWOP (Graham, at
p. 82).
The Miller court, in explaining its holding, wrote: “Graham, Roper, and our
individualized sentencing decisions make clear that a judge or jury must have the
opportunity to consider mitigating circumstances before imposing the harshest possible
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penalty for juveniles.” (Miller, supra, 132 S.Ct. 2455, 2475.) The court did not
“foreclose a sentencer’s ability” to determine that LWOP is an appropriate sentence for a
juvenile who commits murder. (Id. at p. 2469.) Instead, its decision “mandates only that
a sentencer follow a certain process—considering an offender’s youth and attendant
characteristics—before imposing a particular penalty.” (Id. at p. 2471.) That process
involves the consideration of five factors: (1) the defendant’s “chronological age and its
hallmark features—among them, immaturity, impetuosity, and failure to appreciate risks
and consequences”; (2) “the family and home environment that surrounds him—and from
which he cannot usually extricate himself—no matter how brutal or dysfunctional”; (3)
“the circumstances of the homicide offense, including the extent of his participation in
the conduct and the way familial and peer pressures may have affected him”; (4) “that he
might have been charged and convicted of a lesser offense if not for incompetencies
associated with youth—for example, his inability to deal with police officers or
prosecutors (including on a plea agreement) or his incapacity to assist his own attorneys”;
and (5) “the possibility of rehabilitation.” (Id. at p. 2468.)
In Gutierrez, the California Supreme Court determined that California’s statutory
scheme for sentencing 16- and 17-year-olds convicted of special circumstance murder
does not violate the Eighth Amendment because a sentence of LWOP is discretionary,
not mandatory. (Gutierrez, supra, 58 Cal.4th 1354, 1360-1361 [construing § 190.5, subd.
(b)].) Properly construed, the sentencing standard created by section 190.5, subdivision
(b), allows a sentence of either 25 years to life or LWOP, with no presumption in favor of
LWOP. (Gutierrez, at pp. 1360-1361.) The sentencing scheme “authorizes and indeed
requires consideration of the distinctive attributes of youth highlighted in Miller.” (Id. at
p. 1361.) Thus, a sentencing court must “admit and consider relevant evidence of” the
five Miller factors. (Gutierrez, at pp. 1388-1389.) In considering the pertinent factors, “a
sentencing court has discretion under Miller to decide on an individualized basis whether
a 16- or 17-year-old offender is a ‘“rare juvenile offender whose crime reflects
irreparable corruption,”’” and is therefore deserving of LWOP. (Gutierrez, at p. 1380.)
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In considering the Miller factors, and the evidence pertinent thereto, “[n]o
particular factor, relevant to the decision whether to impose LWOP on a juvenile who has
committed murder, predominates under the law.” (Palafox, supra, 231 Cal.App.4th 68,
73.) “Hence, as long as a trial court gives due consideration to an offender’s youth and
attendant characteristics . . . it may, in exercising its discretion . . . , give such weight to
the relevant factors as it reasonably determines is appropriate under all the circumstances
of the case.” (Ibid.)
II. Analysis
Based on our review of the record, we find that defendant’s sentence is not
unconstitutional, and the trial court did not abuse its discretion in sentencing defendant to
LWOP.
Defendant argues that the trial court did not consider evidence he presented. The
hearing transcript makes clear, however, that the trial court closely reviewed and was
familiar with all of the submitted evidence. At the hearing, the court engaged in a
lengthy discussion with defense counsel regarding the evidence relevant to the Miller
factors. In its ruling, the trial court explained, based on its consideration of the evidence
and its analysis of the five Miller factors, why it determined LWOP, plus four years, to be
the appropriate sentence. It found certain evidence not credible, and gave greater weight
to evidence present at the time of the murder, in 1992, than more recently created
declarations and statements. These determinations of credibility and weight were
properly within the trial court’s discretion. (Palafox, supra, 231 Cal.App.4th 68, 82.)
Simply because the trial court found certain evidence more compelling than other
evidence does not mean that the trial court failed to consider all relevant evidence.
Defendant asserts that the trial court erred by relying on disputed evidence that
defendant said “watch this” prior to shooting Martinez. Again, the trial court had
discretion to weigh the evidence as it saw fit, and there was substantial evidence that
defendant did make such a statement prior to the murder. In any event, this statement
was not the only evidence relevant to the third Miller factor, the “circumstances of the
homicide offense.” (See Miller, supra, 132 S.Ct. 2455, 2475.) As the trial court noted,
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earlier the same day, defendant held a gun to the back of Jason Kennedy. It further relied
on evidence that defendant acted alone in the murder of Martinez, without any apparent
peer or familial pressure. Thus, even if the disputed statement of “watch this” was
disregarded, substantial evidence would support the trial court’s conclusion that the
homicide was “particularly callous.”
Defendant further argues that the trial court improperly disregarded statements that
defendant suffered sexual abuse as a child. At the hearing, the trial court noted that the
probation reports (generated in 1992, 1993, 1994, and 1996) contained no indication that
defendant had ever suffered sexual abuse. Instead, at the time, defendant described his
childhood as “sad” because of his behavior and “happy” because of family activities, and
the 1992 report recorded defendant’s “physical, mental, [and] emotional health” as
“good.” At the resentencing hearing, in response to defense counsel’s statement that
defendant might not have previously revealed the abuse because of shame, the trial court
replied it was a “bit skeptical” that the information was only coming forward
approximately 20 years later, when defendant was asking to be resentenced. The court
noted that the purported abuse also would have been known at the time of defendant’s
original sentencing for the murder in approximately 2003, but the record of those
proceedings contained no evidence of abuse. The trial court’s decision not to give
significant weight to the allegations of sexual abuse—of which there were no firsthand
accounts, other than the recent unsworn statement by McKinley—was not an abuse of
discretion.
The trial court also did not err by finding that defendant’s PCP use was not a
factor in the homicide. A probation report completed shortly after October 1992 stated
that defendant had only tried PCP two to three times, and defendant denied being under
the influence of drugs at the time of his “commitment offense.” Moreover, in the
underlying trial in 2003, defendant’s mother, Renee Robinson, testified that defendant did
not use PCP in 1992.
Defendant further argues the trial court improperly treated defendant’s “social
history” as aggravating rather than mitigating. The record does not support this assertion.
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The trial court stated that the family’s history of criminal activity “cuts both ways,” and
“it may be what he aspires to do or be.” But the court recognized the negative effects of
defendant’s family environment—stating that defendant’s apparent lack of interest in
“changing his ways” was “perhaps . . . part of his family life,” and that family members
did not “set a good example for him.” The court also noted that, even when defendant
was not around his family, he continued to engage in criminal behavior. Its decision not
to give greater weight to the negative impact of defendant’s home environment was a
proper exercise of its discretion. (Palafox, supra, 231 Cal.App.4th 68, 73.)
Defendant next contends that the trial court should have given greater weight to
the neurocognitive evaluation prepared in anticipation of defendant’s resentencing
hearing. At the hearing, the trial court stated: “In this court’s view, psychological reports
this many years later [are] a snapshot of his current psychological state. It does not tell
me what his psychological state would have been at the time he was 16 or at the time of
the trial. I rely more heavily on the probation reports, especially those generated because
of the attempted robbery. . . . And that tells this court a lot more than any analysis now
by a psychologist. . . . That is just sort of the window into my thinking.” Defendant
argues that the trial court’s approach was improper because mitigation that postdates the
original trial proceedings is relevant. In support of this assertion, defendant cites to
Montgomery v. Louisiana (2016) 136 S.Ct. 718, 736, in which the Supreme Court found
evidence of the appellant’s evolution in prison to a “model member of the prison
community” to be “one kind of evidence that prisoners might use to demonstrate
rehabilitation.” Defendant’s neurocognitive evaluation, however, did not demonstrate
rehabilitation. Rather, as the trial court noted, it simply opined on defendant’s
psychological and cognitive state, primarily around the time of the resentencing hearing.
Moreover, the trial court did not err by declining to give more weight to the 1992
probation report’s statement that “[t]he minor appears very low-functioning
educationally, and may even meet the criteria of developmentally disabled.” The
psychologist who prepared the neurocognitive evaluation concluded defendant did not
have an intellectual disability. And the trial court noted that defendant’s educational
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difficulties may have been caused by his lack of interest in attending school. The 1992
probation report stated defendant had not spent “any considerable time” in school over
the previous two to three years, a period that included time when defendant was in a
“suitable placement.”
Finally, defendant argues that the trial court disregarded Miller’s admonition in
regard to LWOP that “appropriate occasions for sentencing juveniles to this harshest
possible penalty will be uncommon,” because of the difficulty of distinguishing “between
‘the juvenile offender whose crime reflects unfortunate yet transient immaturity, and the
rare juvenile offender whose crime reflects irreparable corruption.’” (Miller, supra, 132
S.Ct. 2455, 2469.) The trial court considered all of the Miller factors, however, and
complied with Miller’s “certain process.” (Id. at p. 2471.) Its conclusion lies within the
bounds of reason; therefore, it is affirmed. (See Palafox, supra, 231 Cal. App. 4th 68, 91
[“The trial court here thoughtfully weighed the applicable factors, particularly
defendant’s youth and its attendant circumstances, and implicitly concluded defendant
was unfit ever to reenter society. We cannot say it exceeded the bounds of reason, all of
the circumstances being considered, under section 190.5, subdivision (b).”].)
DISPOSITION
The trial court’s order, finding defendant’s sentence of LWOP plus four years
appropriate, is affirmed.
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS.
BOREN, P.J.
We concur:
ASHMANN-GERST, J.
HOFFSTADT, J.
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