PD-0321&0322&0323&0324-1
PD-0321&0322&0323&0324-15 COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS
AUSTIN, TEXAS
Transmitted 3/25/2015 7:51:47 AM
Accepted 3/26/2015 11:07:50 AM
ABEL ACOSTA
Cause Nos. A-13-19; A-13-20; A-13-21; and A-13-22 CLERK
IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS
OF TEXAS
DEVON ALEXANDER KANE § APPELLANT
§
V. §
§
THE STATE OF TEXAS § APPELLEE
Petition in Cause Nos. A-13-19; A-13-20; A-13-21; and A-13-22
from the 216th Judicial District Court of Kerr County, Texas,
And Appeal Nos. 04-14-00004-CR, Nos. 04-14-00005-CR Nos. 04-14-00006-
CR Nos. 04-14-00007-CR from the Fourth Court of Appeals District of Texas
PETITION FOR DISCRETIONARY REVIEW
The Law Office of Patrick O’Fiel, P.C.
Patrick O’Fiel
March 26, 2015 The Schreiner Building
200 Earl Garrett, Ste. 206
Kerrville, Texas 78028
Phone: (830) 792-5291
Fax: (830) 257-9852
Email: patrick@ofiellaw.com
Attorney for Appellant
ORAL ARGUMENT REQUESTED
INDENTITIES OF PARTIES AND COUNSEL
Devon Alexander Kane, Appellant
Patrick O’Fiel, Attorney for Appellant at Trial and on Appeal
The Law Office of Patrick O’Fiel, P.C.
Texas Bar No. 24304606
The Schreiner Building
200 Earl Garrett, Ste. 206
Kerrville, Texas 78028
Phone: (830) 496-1257
Fax: (830) 257-9852
Email: patrick@ofiellaw.com
State of Texas, Appellee
Bruce Curry, 216th District Attorney, Attorney for Appellee
216th District Attorney’s Office
Texas Bar No. 05268500
The Schreiner Building
200 Earl Garrett, Ste. 202
Kerrville, Texas 78028
Phone: (830) 896-4744
Fax: (830) 896-2620
Email: 216thda@bizstx.rr.com
Hon. N. Keith Williams
216th Judicial District Court
700 Main Street
Kerrville, Texas 78028
Hon. Rebecca C. Martinez
Hon. Patricia O. Alvarez
Hon. Luz Elena D. Chapa
Fourth Court of Appeals
300 Dolorosa Street, 3rd Floor
San Antonio, Texas 78205
2
TABLE OF CONTENTS
IDENTITY OF PARTIES AND COUNSEL………………………………...….2
TABLE OF CONTENTS………………………………………………………..3
INDEX OF AUTHORITIES…………………………………………………….5
STATEMENT REGARDING ORAL ARGUMENT..………………...………..7
STATEMENT OF THE CASE…………..……………………………..……… 7
STATEMENT OF PROCEDURAL HISTORY………………………..…...…..8
GROUNDS FOR REVIEW….………………………………..……….…..……8
ARGUMENT…………………………..………………………………..…..…..9
Ground Number One
The Court of Appeals erred in holding that Appellant did not have
an expectation of privacy his unattended flash drive.
Ground Number Two
The Court of Appeals erred in holding that the actions of a private
person in searching the Appellant’s flash drive was excused under a
law enforcement purpose exception provided by Jenschke v. State
by holding an illegal search of one’s property for identification is
akin to excepting an illegal seizure if the purpose is to provide the
evidence to law enforcement. 147 S.W.3d 398 (Tex. Crim. App.
2004).
Ground Number Three
The Court of Appeals erred in holding that search of the
Appellant’s flash drive was not a violation of Texas Penal Code
section 33.02 (Breach of Computer Security).
3
Ground Number Four
The Court of Appeals erred in not addressing whether a search of
Appellant’s flash drive was a prohibited “trespassory” search of the
kind prohibited by United States v. Jones. 132 S. Ct. 945 (2012).
PRAYER………………………………………………………………….……17
CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE………………………………………...……….18
CERTIFICATE OF COMPLIANCE…………………………………………..18
APPENDIX…………………………………………………………….………19
4
INDEX OF AUTHORITIES
CASES
Jenschke v. State, 147 S.W.3d 398 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004)…..………3, 9, 13-14
Kane v. State, 2015 Tex. App. LEXIS 1291 (Tex. App. San Antonio)…..….8, 19
Katz v. United States, 389 U.S. 347, 351, (1967)……………………..….…….16
Knepp v. State, No. 2009 WL 638249 (Tex. App.—Dallas March 13, 2009, no
pet.)……………………………………………………………………………..15
Miller v. State, 335 S.W.3d 847 (Tex. App—Austin, 2011)………………10, 11
State v. Granville, 373 S.W.3d 218, 223 (Tex. App. Amarillo 2012)…..….11-12
State v. Granville, 423 S.W.3d 399, 405-406 (Tex Crim. App.
2014)………………………………………………………………………..11-12
United States v. Jones, 132 S. Ct. 945 (2012)……………………....…….4, 9, 16
STATUTES
Tex. Code of Crim. Proc. 38.23……………………..………………………….15
Tex. Pen Code § 33.02…………………….…………………..………….3, 9, 15
RULES
Tex. R. App. P. 66.3(a), (b), (c), and (f)…………….………………………….10
5
Tex. R. App. P. 68.2(a)…………………………….…………………………….8
6
TO THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TEXAS:
Devon Alexander Kane, petitions this Court to review the judgment
affirming the denial of his Motion to Suppress in Cause Nos. A-13-19; A-13-20;
A-13-21; and A-13-22.
STATEMENT REGARDING ORAL ARGUMENT
The Appellant, Devon Alexander Kane, request oral argument before the
Court of Criminal Appeals of Texas, because oral argument will assist the Court
with regard to whether an unattended flash drive may be legally searched.
STATEMENT OF THE CASE
This case is an appeal of an Order Denying Defendant’s Motions to
Suppress in Cause Numbers A-13-19; A-13-20; A-13-21; and A-13-22 from the
216th Judicial District Court of Kerr County, Texas. The Appellant was indicted
for Possession of Child Pornography on March 7, 2011 in all causes. (CR at
30)1. On April 29, 2013, Appellant filed a Motion to Suppress-Search
performed by Kathleen Walker and Danny Flores and a Motion to Suppress-
Search Warrant (hereinafter referred to collectively as “Motion to Suppress”).
(CR at 79-88). On July 1, 2013, the trial court denied Appellant’s Motion to
Suppress. (CR at 93-95). On December 18, 2013, Appellant entered into a plea
bargain agreement, reserving his right to appeal his pre-trial motions, for ten
1
All references to the clerk’s record are referring to appellate Cause No. CR-14-0004.
7
years deferred adjudication in each cause. (CR at 143-150, 169-176). Notice of
Appeal was filed on December 20, 2013 (CR-161-162). The Court of Appeals
for the Fourth Court of Appeals District of Texas affirmed the trial court’s
denial of Appellant’s Motion to Suppress on February 11, 2015, in an opinion
designated for publication.
STATEMENT OF PROCEDURAL HISTORY
A three-justice panel of the Fourth Court of Appeals rendered its opinion
on February 11, 2015. 2015 Tex. App. LEXIS 1291 (Tex App. San Antonio).
The Appellant filed a Motion for Rehearing on February 18, 2015. The Fourth
Court of Appeals denied the Appellant’s Motion for Rehearing on February 24,
2015. Pursuant to Rule 68.2(a) of the Texas Rules of Appellate Procedure, this
petition is filed with the clerk of the Court of Criminal Appeals within thirty
days after the denial of the Motion for Rehearing.
GROUNDS FOR REVIEW
Ground Number One:
The Court of Appeals erred in holding that Appellant did not have an
expectation of privacy his unattended flash drive.
8
Ground Number Two:
The Court of Appeals erred in holding that the actions of a private person
in searching the Appellant’s flash drive was excused under a law enforcement
purpose exception provided by Jenschke v. State by holding an illegal search of
one’s property for identification is akin to excepting an illegal seizure if the
purpose is to provide the evidence to law enforcement. 147 S.W.3d 398 (Tex.
Crim. App. 2004).
Ground Number Three:
The Court of Appeals erred in holding that search of the Appellant’s flash
drive was not a violation of Texas Penal Code section 33.02 (Breach of
Computer Security).
Ground Number Four:
The Court of Appeals erred in not addressing whether a search of
Appellant’s flash drive was a “trespassory” search of the kind prohibited by
United States v. Jones. 132 S. Ct. 945 (2012).
ARGUMENT
Reasons for Granting Review
It would assist the bench and bar of this State if this Court grants this
petition because in deciding that accessing one’s computer files without the
9
owner’s consent is not an illegal search nor prohibited by Texas law, the United
States Constitution or Texas Constitution, the Court of Appeal’s:
a. decision conflicts with other court of appeals decisions on the same
issue. Tex. R. App. P. 66.3(a)
b. has decided an important question of state or federal law that has
not been, but should be, settled by the Court of Criminal Appeals.
Tex. R. App. P. 66.3(b)
c. has decided an important question of state and federal law in a way
that conflicts with an applicable decision of the Court of Criminal
Appeals. Tex. R. App. P. 66.3(c).
d. decision failing to address an issue on appeal is departing from the
accepted and usual course of judicial proceedings. Tex. R. App. P.
66.3(f).
Ground Numbers One – Expectation of Privacy
The Court of Appeals relies heavily on the holdings in Miller v. State for
its conclusion that the Appellant did not prove he had an expectation of privacy
in the contents of his flash drive. 335 S.W. 3d 847 (Tex. App.—Austin, 2011).
The Appellant would argue that reliance on Miller is misplaced. Id. In Miller,
the court of appeals relied on findings that showed the appellant consented to a
search of the drive by his co-workers, left the drive in a work computer, and on
10
multiple occasions misplaced the drive. Id. at 854-855. In this case before the
Court, the drive was unattended on one occasion, no consent was given by
anyone to anyone to access the drive for any purpose, and the drive was located
on a university where it is against its written policy for students and faculty to
access the computer of another. (II RR at 38, 74), (III RR at 62-64) referring to
(II RR at 52-53). The lack of consent and reliance by the Appellant on the
university’s written policy distinguishes this case from Miller and is decisive in
proving the Appellant had a subjective expectation of privacy in the contents of
his flash drive.
Further, Appellant would argue that this Court’s opinion in State v.
Granville and the Amarillo’s Court of Appeals reasoning in Granville v. State
address the expectation of privacy as it relates to electronic data. 423 S.W. 399
(Tex. Crim. App., 2015) and 373 S.W.3d 218 (Tex. App. Amarillo 2012). The
Amarillo Court of Appeals held cell phones, like flash drives,
“[i]ndeed, they liken to mini-computers or laptops, capable of
opening, in many respects, the world to those possessing them. In
addition to seeking out information deemed important to its
owner, cell phones have the capability of memorializing personal
thoughts, plans, and financial data, facilitating leisure activities,
pursuing personal relationships, and the like. Due to the abundance
11
of programs or "apps" available, users also have the ability to
personalize their phone; it is not farfetched to conclude that a
stranger can learn much about the owner, his thought processes,
family affairs, friends, religious and political beliefs, and financial
matters by simply perusing through it. That such matters are
intrinsically private cannot be reasonably doubted. The importance
and private nature of such information has also led to the
development of passwords, encrypted programs, and like security
measures to prevent its disclosure. Given this, we cannot but hold
that a person has a general, reasonable expectation of privacy in the
data contained in or accessible by his cell, now "smart," phone.”
And that expectation is subject to protection under both the Fourth
Amendment of the United States Constitution and article 1, § 9 of
the Texas Constitution. State v. Granville, 373 S.W.3d 218, 223
(Tex. App. Amarillo 2012).”
The Texas Court of Criminal Appeals in affirming the court of appeals in
Granville provided:
“Courts have held that (1) a person has a subjective expectation of
privacy in the contents of his cell phone, and (2) this expectation of
12
privacy is one that society recognizes as reasonable and legitimate.”
423 S.W.3d 399, 405-406 (2014).
The ruling of the Court of Appeals decision conflicts with this Court’s
and other court of appeals decisions regarding the expectation of privacy.
Appellant would argue that this Court and other court of appeals reasons for
finding an expectation of privacy in a cell phone, due to it being storage of
private information, should not differ in application to a flash drive which is
utilized for the same purpose in storing information. This application is
important question of state and federal law that needs and should be settled by
this Court.
Ground Number Two– Jenschke Exeception
The Court of Appeals erred in relying on this Court’s analysis in Jenschke
v. State, 147 S.W.3d 398 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004). The Court of Appeals
acknowledges that the search of the drive was to identify the owner, which was
accomplished, and a further search of the drive continued. 2015 Tex. App.
LEXIS 1291, 2 (Tex. App. San Antonio Feb. 11, 2015). The purpose of the
search was identification, to some extent; however, it was never alleged to be for
the purpose of turning over the drive or its contents to law enforcement. This
Court held in Jenschke v. State:
13
“[w]hen a person who is not an officer or an agent of an officer
takes property that is evidence of crime, without the effective
consent of the owner and with the intent to turn over the property to
an officer, the conduct may be non-criminal even though the person
has intent to deprive the owner.” 147 S.W.3d 398, 402 (Tex. Crim.
App. 2004).
In Jenschke, the evidence was excluded because the parent’s purpose in illegally
entering the vehicle was to hold onto the evidence of a sexual assault, not to turn
it over to law enforcement. Id. at 403. In the case before the Court, the
Appellant moved to suppress the illegal search of his drive not the seizure of the
drive. The drive itself was not the evidence of the alleged crime to be
suppressed but rather the contents thereof which was found pursuant to an illegal
search. The application by the Court of Appeals ignores the illegality of the
initial search and later utilizes the law enforcement exception to wash away the
taint of the illegal search.
The ruling of the Court of Appeal conflicts with this Court and other court
of appeals decisions regarding the Jenschke law enforcement seizure exception
and impermissibly expanded its application to searches and identification. This
application is an important question of state and federal law that needs and
should be settled by this Court.
14
Ground Number Three – Breach of Computer Security
The Court of Appeals erred in holding that the search of the Appellants
flash drive was not in violation of Texas Penal Code § 33.02 and therefore not
excluding its contents under Texas Code of Crim. Proc. art. 38.23.
The Court of Appeals relies heavily on the holdings in Kneep v. State for
its conclusion that the private actor in the case before the Court had effective
consent to access the flash drive of Appellant. No. 05-08-00002-CR, 2009 WL
638249 (Tex. App.—Dallas March 13, 2009, no pet.)(mem. op. not designated
for publication).
The Appellant would argue that reliance on Kneep v. State is misplaced.
In Kneep v. State, there was evidence that the office policy was to access an
unattended computer and further that Kneep had attended the training regarding
the policy. Id at 8. In the case before the Court, it was undisputed that the
written policy of Schreiner University, where the flash drive was searched,
specifically prohibited the search of one’s computer and made specific reference
to Texas Penal Code 33.02. (III RR at 62-64) referring to (II RR at 52-53). It is
also undisputed that no person had received the consent of the Appellant to
access the drive. (II RR at 38, 74). Further, the evidence in this case showed
that although a search of the computer may have been the informal procedure of
15
the private person, no evidence was shown that the Appellant had any
knowledge of the person’s informal procedure. (II RR at 39).
This application is an important question of state and federal law that
needs and should be settled by this Court.
Ground Number Four – Failure to Address Trespassory Search
The Court of Appeals erred in not addressing the Appellant’s claim that
the search of his flash drive was a “trespassory search”. The Appellant argued
on appeal, in the alternative, should the Court of Appeals find there was no
expectation of privacy the search was subject to the “trespassory” search
analysis reiterated by United States v. Jones, 132 S. Ct. 945 (2012). Justice
Scalia writing for the Supreme Court held
“[t]he Katz reasonable-expectation-of-privacy test has been added
to, not substituted for, the common-law trespassory test.” Id. at
952. “What we apply is an 18th-century guarantee against
unreasonable searches, which we believe must provide at a
minimum the degree of protection it afforded when it was adopted.”
Id.
The Court of Appeals wholly failed to address this issue on appeal
and Appellant argues this is departing from the accepted and usual course of
16
judicial proceedings. Further, this is an important question of state and federal
law that needs and should be settled by this Court.
PRAYER
For the reasons herein alleged, the Appellant contends that the Court of
Appeals erred in overruling his Issues Presented for Review in Nos. 04-14-
00004-CR, Nos. 04-14-00005-CR Nos. 04-14-00006-CR Nos. 04-14-00007-CR.
Therefore, Appellant prays this Court grant this petition, order briefing, and
upon reviewing the judgment entered below, reverse the judgment of the Court
of Appeals and remand this case to the trial court to reverse its denial on
Appellant’s Motions to Suppress.
Respectively submitted,
The Law Office of Patrick O'Fiel, P.C.
The Schreiner Building
200 Earl Garrett, Ste. 206
Kerrville, Texas 78028
Tel: (830) 792-5291
Fax: (830) 257-9852
By:
Patrick O'Fiel
State Bar No. 24034606
E-Mail: patrick@ofiellaw.com
Attorney for Appellant
17
CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE
I do hereby certify that a true and correct copy of the foregoing Petition
for Discretionary Review was served on 216th District Attorney, Bruce Curry,
attorney of record for the State of Texas, and the State Prosecuting Attorney,
P.O. Box 12405, Austin, Texas 78711 on March 25, 2015 by e-file and/or
facsimile.
By:
Patrick O'Fiel
CERTIFICATE OF COMPLAINCE
I certify that this document was produced on a computer using Microsoft
Office and contains 2,153 words, as determined by the computer software’s
word count function.
By:
Patrick O'Fiel
18
APPENDIX
19
Fourth Court of Appeals
San Antonio, Texas
OPINION
Nos. 04-14-00004-CR, 04-14-00005-CR, 04-14-00006-CR, & 04-14-00007-CR
Devon Alexander KANE,
Appellant
v.
The STATE of Texas,
Appellee
From the 216th Judicial District Court, Kerr County, Texas
Trial Court No. A1319, A1320, A1321, & A1332
Honorable N. Keith Williams, Judge Presiding
Opinion by: Patricia O. Alvarez, Justice
Sitting: Rebeca C. Martinez, Justice
Patricia O. Alvarez, Justice
Luz Elena D. Chapa, Justice
Delivered and Filed: February 11, 2015
AFFIRMED
This appeal stems from the trial court’s denial of Appellant Devon Alexander Kane’s
motions to suppress photographs obtained on an unmarked, unlocked flash drive left in a classroom
and discovered by employees of Schreiner University. Kane subsequently entered pleas of guilty;
the trial court deferred a finding of guilt and placed Kane on deferred adjudication probation for a
period of ten years in each case. We affirm the trial court’s denial of Kane’s motions to suppress
for the following reasons: (1) Kane failed to establish a legitimate expectation of privacy in the
04-14-00004-CR, 04-14-00005-CR, 04-14-00006-CR, & 04-14-00007-CR
flash drive, and (2) Kane failed to establish that the evidence was obtained in violation of the law
and thereby inadmissible under article 38.23 of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure.
FACTUAL BACKGROUND
On September 29, 2010, Kathleen Walker, the Director of Instructional Technology at
Schreiner University, found an unmarked, black-colored flash drive in one of the campus
classrooms. In an attempt to identify the owner of the flash drive, Walker inserted the flash drive
into a computer on the university’s computer network. Walker discovered documents belonging
to Kane and also to another student. Walker continued examining the flash drive for something
that would help identify the true owner. While looking through the flash drive’s contents, Walker
opened folders labeled “photos” and “music.” Contained within these folders were pictures that
Walker believed to be child pornography.
Walker immediately contacted Danny Flores, the university’s Director of Security, and
relayed her discovery and the identity of the student to whom she believed the flash drive might
belong. Flores subsequently viewed the same documents on the flash drive before contacting
Kerrville Police Officer Michael McDonald. The officers obtained a search warrant to search the
contents of the flash drive and Kane was charged with possession of child pornography.
Kane filed two motions to suppress in each case, one based on Walker and Flores’s search
and one based on the search warrant, contending the unwarranted search of his flash drive violated
his Fourth Amendment rights and constituted trespass. On December 18, 2013, following the trial
court’s denial of Kane’s motions to suppress, Kane entered pleas of guilty and was sentenced to
ten years deferred adjudication probation in each case. This appeal ensued. Because Kane’s
appellate briefs do not distinguish between the different motions, we address the motions
simultaneously, including the arguments contained therein.
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04-14-00004-CR, 04-14-00005-CR, 04-14-00006-CR, & 04-14-00007-CR
Because all of Kane’s issues on appeal stem from the trial court’s denial of his motions to
suppress, we limit our discussion to the motions to suppress.
MOTIONS TO SUPPRESS
A. Standard of Review
We review the trial court’s denial of a motion to suppress under a bifurcated standard of
review. Valtierra v. State, 310 S.W.3d 442, 447 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010). A trial court’s
determination of historical facts will be given almost total deference, while the trial court’s
application of the law will be reviewed de novo. Derichsweiler v. State, 348 S.W.3d 906, 913
(Tex. Crim. App. 2011); Amador v. State, 221 S.W.3d 666, 673 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007);
Carmouche v. State, 10 S.W.3d 323, 327 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000). A trial court has the distinct
advantage to make first-hand observations of a witness’s demeanor during testimony on a motion
to suppress; we, therefore, defer to the trial court’s determination of “credibility of the witnesses
and the weight to be given their testimony.” State v. Ross, 32 S.W.3d 853, 855 (Tex. Crim. App.
2000); accord Valtierra, 310 S.W.3d at 447; St. George v. State, 237 S.W.3d 720, 725 (Tex. Crim.
App. 2007).
B. Arguments of the Parties
Kane asserts that the acts of Kathleen Walker and Danny Flores violated his Fourth
Amendment rights, amounted to trespass, and violated section 33.02 of the Texas Penal Code;
Kane also contends he had a reasonable expectation of privacy in the flash drive.
We address each assertion individually.
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04-14-00004-CR, 04-14-00005-CR, 04-14-00006-CR, & 04-14-00007-CR
C. Analysis
1. Reasonable Expectation of Privacy
a. Arguments of the Parties
Kane contends that by storing information on a flash drive he manifested a reasonable
expectation of privacy. The State argues that Kane failed to demonstrate that merely storing
information on a flash drive that is not password protected, not marked with personal identifiers,
and not locked in a locked case, manifests a reasonable expectation of privacy.
Both parties agree that Walker and Flores were individual citizens and not working under
the direction of law enforcement. Kane contends that the exclusionary rule applies to illegal
searches conducted by either law enforcement personnel or private citizens. The State counters
the exclusionary rule is inapplicable in this case because Kane’s flash drive was effectively
abandoned, or in the alternative, Walker and Flores took the flash drive with the intent to turn the
drive over to law enforcement.
b. Proof of Reasonableness of an Alleged Expectation of Privacy
“The purpose of both the Fourth Amendment and Article I, section 9 of the Texas
Constitution is to safeguard an individual’s legitimate expectation of privacy from unreasonable
governmental intrusions.” Rogers v. State, 113 S.W.3d 452, 456–57 (Tex. App.—San Antonio
2003, no pet.) (citing Villarreal v. State, 935 S.W.2d 134, 138 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996)). To prevail
on an alleged exclusionary rule violation, a defendant must first establish his standing to challenge
the admission of the evidence obtained by proof that he had a legitimate expectation of privacy in
the place invaded. See TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art 38.23 (West 2005); Villarreal, 935
S.W.2d at 138; see also Chavez v. State, 9 S.W.3d 817, 819–20 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000). “The
Texas exclusionary rule applies to illegal searches or seizures conducted by law enforcement
officers or ‘other persons,’ even when those other persons are not acting in conjunction with, or at
-4-
04-14-00004-CR, 04-14-00005-CR, 04-14-00006-CR, & 04-14-00007-CR
the request of, government officials.” Miles v. State, 241 S.W.3d 28, 36 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007)
(emphasis added). Importantly, “[o]nly those acts which violate a person’s privacy rights or
property interests are subject to the state . . . exclusionary rule.” Id. at 36 n.33 (citing Chavez v.
State, 9 S.W.3d 817, 822–23 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000) (Price, J., concurring)).
The defendant bears “the burden of proving facts establishing a legitimate expectation of
privacy.” Villarreal, 935 S.W.2d at 138 (citing Calloway v. State, 743 S.W.2d 645, 650 (Tex.
Crim. App. 1988)). “To carry this burden, the accused must normally prove: (a) that by his
conduct, he exhibited an actual subjective expectation of privacy, i.e., a genuine intention to
preserve something as private; and (b) that circumstances existed under which society was
prepared to recognize his subjective expectation as objectively reasonable.” Villarreal, 935
S.W.2d at 138 (citing Smith v. Maryland, 442 U.S. 735, 740 (1979)).
c. Analysis
We first address Kane’s subjective expectation of privacy and whether any such
expectation was objectively reasonable.
(1) Kane’s Subjective Expectation of Privacy
The Austin Court of Appeals’ analysis in Miller v. State, 335 S.W.3d 847 (Tex. App.—
Austin 2011, no pet.), is instructive. Miller, an officer with the Elgin Police Department, left his
personal thumb drive in the department’s patrol room computer after printing a copy of his daily
activity report. Id. at 851, 856. The thumb drive was left attached to the computer located at the
front desk of the patrol room and discovered by another officer attempting to use the computer.
Id. at 851. The thumb drive did not have Miller’s name or marks identifying the drive as Miller’s.
Id. One of the Elgin Police Department officers logged onto the computer and opened the drive
in an attempt to return the thumb drive to its rightful owner. Id. In doing so, the officer found a
photograph he considered pornographic and the thumb drive was turned over to his supervisor. Id.
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04-14-00004-CR, 04-14-00005-CR, 04-14-00006-CR, & 04-14-00007-CR
The court found that Miller did not exhibit an actual subjective expectation of privacy. Id. at 854–
55.
The court identified several factors in determining whether Miller possessed a subjective
expectation of privacy. Miller had previously left the thumb drive in the patrol room which was
accessible to other officers, city personnel, and citizens accompanied by officers. Id. at 855.
Additionally, the thumb drive did not contain any identifying markers that would “necessarily
identify the drive as [Miller’s], id. at 853; and finally, Miller did not take any precautions to prevent
others from accessing the information contained on the thumb drive, such as use of a password or
encrypted data, id. at 855.
This case is factually similar to that of Miller. Walker found the flash drive in a public
computer, in a classroom at Schreiner University. At a minimum, the classroom was available to
other students, faculty, and staff of the University. The flash drive did not have any identifying
marks suggesting the identity of its owner and was not password protected, encrypted, or locked.
Moreover, unlike Miller, Kane did not testify during the hearing on the motions to suppress and
did not provide testimony as to his subjective expectation of privacy.
We, therefore, conclude that the trial court could have reasonably concluded that Kane’s
conduct did not exhibit an actual subjective expectation of privacy in the flash drive. Id. at 855;
see also Villarreal, 935 S.W.2d at 138.
Even assuming Kane possessed a subjective expectation of privacy, to establish a
legitimate expectation of privacy, Kane also had to prove that his expectation was objectively
reasonable under the circumstances. See Miller, 335 S.W.3d at 855; see also Villarreal, 935
S.W.2d at 138.
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04-14-00004-CR, 04-14-00005-CR, 04-14-00006-CR, & 04-14-00007-CR
(2) Objective Reasonableness of Kane’s Expectations
The Texas Court of Criminal Appeals identified several factors that courts may consider in
determining whether an individual’s expectation of privacy is objectively reasonable:
(1) whether the accused had a property or possessory interest in the place invaded;
(2) whether he was legitimately in the place invaded;
(3) whether he had complete dominion or control and the right to exclude others;
(4) whether, prior to the intrusion, he took normal precautions customarily taken by
those seeking privacy;
(5) whether he put the place to some private use; and
(6) whether his claim of privacy is consistent with historical notions of privacy.
See Granados v. State, 85 S.W.3d 217, 223 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002) (citing Villarreal, 935 S.W.2d
at 138). “This list of factors is not exhaustive, however, and none is dispositive of a particular
assertion of privacy; rather, we examine the circumstances surrounding the search in their totality.”
Id.
This court previously noted that these factors “are more applicable when discussing the
expectation of privacy in a place than in discussing the expectation of privacy in a computer hard
drive or even a closed container.” Rogers v. State, 113 S.W.3d 452, 457 (Tex. App.—San Antonio
2003, no pet.). Although Kane did not testify at the hearing on the motions to suppress, there is
sufficient evidence to support the trial court’s conclusion that the flash drive belonged to Kane.
See Miller, 335 S.W.3d at 855. Once again, Miller is instructive in analyzing the remaining factors.
See id. at 855–56 (applying Granados, 85 S.W.3d at 223). Here, the trial court “could have
reasonably inferred that in order to return the drive to [Kane], others must have taken temporary
possession of the drive and possibly accessed it to ascertain whether it belonged to [Kane].” Miller,
335 S.W.3d at 856. Kane left the flash drive in a classroom and did not mark it with his name or
other identifying information and did not password protect or take other precautions to prevent
others from viewing the information. See Granados, 85 S.W.3d at 223; Miller, 335 S.W.3d at 856.
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Thus, “[Kane] did not exercise complete dominion or control over the drive, at least during the
times he had misplaced it.” Miller, 335 S.W.3d at 856.
We conclude, like in Miller, that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in finding the
circumstances did not rise to a level that any subjective expectation by Kane was objectively
reasonable. Id.; see also Villarreal, 935 S.W.2d at 138.
(3) Walker’s and Flores’s Intent in Taking Possession of the Flash
Drive
Although the State argues the flash drive was abandoned, the trial court did not make such
a finding. We, therefore, turn to Walker’s and Flores’s intent in taking possession of the flash
drive. The court’s analysis in Jenschke v. State, 147 S.W.3d 398, 399 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004),
provides guidance. In Jenschke, after their teenage daughter reported being sexually assaulted by
a relative, the parents broke into Jenschke’s vehicle and retrieved a box that contained a used
condom. Id. The parents took the box and an adult video out of the vehicle. Id. Over two years
later, the parents turned the evidence over to law enforcement. Id.
The court explained that when an individual, acting in their individual capacity and not as
“an officer or an agent of an officer[,] takes property that is evidence of crime, without the effective
consent of the owner and with the intent to turn over the property to an officer, the conduct may
be non-criminal even though the person has intent to deprive the owner.” Id. at 402. However,
when the victim’s parents broke into the vehicle, they intended to deprive Jenschke of the property;
they did not take the property with the intent to turn it over to law enforcement. Id. Therefore,
the parents violated the law against burglary of the vehicle. Id. at 403. Because the parents took
possession of the property with the intent to hold on to the property, and had not yet decided to
turn the property over to law enforcement, the evidence was properly excluded. Id.
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Walker’s testimony was to the contrary. As university employees, both Walker and Flores
were permitted to be in the classroom where the flash drive was left. Walker initially viewed the
flash drive to identify the owner’s identity. When she discovered the pornographic images, she
immediately took the flash drive to Flores, the head of security. Walker’s intent clearly changed
from simply identifying the owner of the flash drive to turning over the flash drive to law
enforcement based on its content that she believed were potentially illegal. After Flores reviewed
the images, the flash drive was immediately turned over to law enforcement.
The evidence supports a reasonable inference that Walker, and subsequently Flores, took
the flash drive with the intent to turn the evidence over to law enforcement. See Jenschke, 147
S.W.3d at 402; Carlson v. State, 355 S.W.3d 78, 80–81 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2011,
pet. ref’d); Krause v. State, 243 S.W.3d 95, 104–05 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2007, pet.
ref’d).
d. Conclusion
The record supports that the trial court could have reasonably concluded that Kane’s
conduct did not exhibit an actual subjective expectation of privacy in the flash drive. See Miller,
335 S.W.3d at 855; see also Villarreal, 935 S.W.2d at 138. Additionally, we conclude Kane
similarly failed to sustain his burden that any expectation he may have possessed was objectively
reasonable. See Miller, 335 S.W.3d at 855; see also Villarreal, 935 S.W.2d at 138. Finally, even
without the trial court’s finding that the flash drive was abandoned, we cannot say the trial court
erred in concluding that both Walker and Flores took the flash drive with the intent to turn the
evidence over to law enforcement. See Jenschke, 147 S.W.3d at 402. We, therefore, overrule
Kane’s first two issues on appeal.
We next turn to Kane’s issues associated with trespass and consent to search.
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2. Trespass and Consent to Search
a. Arguments of the Parties
Kane asserts the searches conducted by Walker and Flores constituted trespass when they
obtained information from his personal property without his permission and without a warrant.
Kane contends that his failure to password protect the information on his flash drive, mark the
flash drive with personal identification information, or store the flash drive in a locked container,
as well as his leaving the flash drive unattended, did not amount to consent to search the flash
drive.
The State counters that because Kane’s abandonment of his flash drive was voluntary, no
trespass was committed by either Walker or Flores.
b. Exclusion of Evidence Obtained in violation of Texas Penal Code section
33.02 - Breach of Computer Security
Kane’s argument relies on Texas Penal Code section 33.02’s prohibition against a “person
knowingly accesses[ing] a computer, computer network, or computer system without the effective
consent of the owner.” TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 33.02(a) (West Supp. 2014). In this case, Kane
contends the record does not support either actual consent or implied consent. See Baird v. State,
398 S.W.3d 220, 229 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013). Because Walker and Flores allegedly accessed
Kane’s flash drive without his effective consent, Kane asserts any evidence obtained through their
actions was illegally obtained and should be suppressed pursuant to article 38.23 of the Texas Code
of Criminal Procedure. TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 38.23(a) (“No evidence obtained by an
officer or other person in violation of any provisions of the Constitution or laws of the State of
Texas, or of the Constitution or laws of the United States of America, shall be admitted in evidence
against the accused on the trial of any criminal case.”).
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“If a defendant challenges the admissibility of evidence under this article on the ground it
was wrongfully obtained by a private person in a private capacity, the defendant must establish
that the private person obtained that evidence in violation of law.” Mayfield v. State, 124 S.W.3d
377, 378 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2003, pet. ref’d) (citing Carroll v. State, 911 S.W.2d 210, 220 (Tex.
App.—Austin 1995, no pet.)); see also Baird v. State, 379 S.W.3d 353, 357 (Tex. App.—Waco
2012), aff’d, 398 S.W.3d 220 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013); Dipple v. State, No. 05-12-00114-CR, 2013
WL 222277, at *1 (Tex. App.—Dallas Jan. 14, 2013, no pet.) (mem. op., not designated for
publication). We must, therefore, determine whether Walker and Flores violated the law in
obtaining the evidence in question.
c. Analysis
We find the Dallas Court of Appeals’ analysis in Knepp v. State, No. 05-08-00002-CR,
2009 WL 638249, at *3 (Tex. App.—Dallas Mar. 13, 2009, no pet.) (mem. op., not designated for
publication), instructive. Knepp used his personal laptop for work purposes. Id. at *1. When he
left his laptop unsecured, another employee attempted to set a new background image on Knepp’s
computer and accessed his “‘my documents’ folder to find a funny picture.” Id. The pictures
contained child pornography and Knepp’s supervisor contacted the police. Id.
Knepp’s co-worker testified that he followed office protocol by accessing a co-worker’s
unsecured computer and changing a setting to alert the owner that the computer had been left
unsecured. Id. at *3. The court concluded that “[b]y leaving his computer open and unsecured,
[Knepp] knew he was leaving it for his coworkers to access” and “the trial court could reasonably
conclude that [the co-worker] had [Knepp’s] effective consent to access the computer.” Id. at *4.
This case is comparable. Walker testified that she routinely checked the computer lab and
classroom for articles left by students or faculty and regularly discovered flash drives. She further
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testified that doing so was part of her “standard operating procedure” and that the only reason she
viewed the information on the flash drive was to facilitate returning the flash drive to its owner.
We conclude the trial court could have reasonably determined that by examining an
unmarked and unlocked flash drive left in a common-use computer facility, Walker did not violate
Texas Penal Code section 33.02 and that she had Kane’s effective consent to access the flash drive.
Id. Because Walker did not violate section 33.02, Kane failed to prove the evidence should have
been excluded under article 38.23. Mayfield, 124 S.W.3d at 378.
We, therefore, overrule Kane’s third and fourth issues on appeal.
CONCLUSION
Having overruled each of Kane’s issues, we affirm the trial court’s denial of Kane’s
motions to suppress.
Patricia O. Alvarez, Justice
PUBLISH
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