PD-0315-15
PD-0315-15 COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS
AUSTIN, TEXAS
Transmitted 4/22/2015 4:17:06 PM
Accepted 4/23/2015 10:09:46 AM
PETITION FOR DISCRETIONARY REVIEW ABEL ACOSTA
CLERK
OF
NO. 01-11-00210-CR
IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS
WALTER EARL TAYLOR
Appellant
v.
THE STATE OF TEXAS
Appellee
On Appeal from Cause Number 10CR1215
From the 56th District Court of Galveston County, Texas
PETITION FOR DISCRETIONARY REVIEW
APRIL 22, 2015
DAVID SUHLER
P.O. Box 540744
Houston, Texas 77254-0744
(713) 522-1220
April 23, 2015
Bar Card No. 19465900
Attorney for Appellant
IDENTITY OF PARTIES AND COUNSEL
APPELLANT: Mr. Walter Earl Taylor
TRIAL PROSECUTORS: Ms. Allison Lindblade
Assistant District Attorney
600 51st St., Ste. 1001
Galveston, TX 77551
Ms. Rebecca Russell
Assistant District Attorney
600 51st St., Ste. 1001
Galveston, TX 77551
DEFENSE COUNSEL AT TRIAL: Ms. Andrea Harge Sadler
1110 N. Loop 336 East, Ste. 500
Conroe, Texas 77301
Mr. Jeffrey Gelb
2209 Ave. K
Galveston, Texas 77550
TRIAL COURT JUDGE: Hon. Lonnie Cox
56th District Court
Galveston County, Texas
COUNSEL ON APPEAL FOR APPELLANT: David Suhler
P.O. Box 540744
Houston, Texas 77254-0744
COUNSEL ON APPEAL FOR APPELLEE: Mr. Jack Roady
District Attorney
600 51st St., Ste. 1001
Galveston, TX 77551
2
TABLE OF CONTENTS
IDENTITY OF PARTIES AND COUNSEL .................................................................................. 2
TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................................. 3
INDEX OF AUTHORITIES ........................................................................................................ 5
STATEMENT REGARDING ORAL ARGUMENT ...................................................................... 6
STATEMENT OF THE CASE ..................................................................................................... 6
STATEMENT OF PROCEDURAL HISTORY .............................................................................. 6
GROUNDS FOR REVIEW.......................................................................................................... 6
STATEMENT OF FACTS............................................................................................................ 7
SUMMARY OF THE ARGUMENT .............................................................................................. 9
ARGUMENT ............................................................................................................................ 11
GROUND ONE ................................................................................................. 11
MR. TAYLOR’S DUE PROCESS RIGHTS WERE VIOLATED BECAUSE A FORENSIC
SCIENTIST DID NOT FOLLOW ACCEPTED STANDARDS WHEN ANALYZING
EVIDENCE AND THEREFORE THE RESULTS OF HIS ANALYSES ARE
UNRELIABLE. .................................................................................................. 11
GROUND TWO ................................................................................................. 11
LEGISLATIVE INTENT AND STATUTORY INTERPRETATION RULES MAKE CLEAR
THAT A STATE JAIL FELONY SHOULD NOT BE USED TO ENHANCE
PUNISHMENT TO A HABITUAL OFFENDER LEVEL. .......................................... 11
The prior statute is ambiguous............................................................................... 12
The interpretation from the ruling in Samaripas leads to absurd results.... 13
State jail felony punishments always derive from TEX. PEN. CODE § 12.35. 14
The terms ‘felony’ and ‘state jail felony’ are mutually exclusive. .................. 14
GROUND THREE ............................................................................................ 15
THIS COURT’S RULING IN SAMARIPAS IS INCONSISTENT WITH PRIOR RULINGS.
THE RULING IN SAMARIPAS DID NOT OVERRULE THOSE CASES, AND NEEDS
CLARIFICATION............................................................................................... 15
The rulings in Samaripas and Campbell are inconsistent. .............................. 15
The rulings in Samaripas and Webb are inconsistent. ..................................... 16
The ruling in Samaripas is inconsistent with Ford and Reinke..................... 16
3
Policy concerns support disallowing this enhancement. ................................. 17
PRAYER FOR RELIEF ............................................................................................................. 19
APPENDICES .......................................................................................................................... 20
4
INDEX OF AUTHORITIES
Cases
Arriola v. State, 49 S.W.3d 374, 375-76 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2000, pet. ref’d) ...... 17
Baird v. State, 398 S.W.3d 220, 229 (Tex.Crim.App.2013) ............................................... 12
Campbell v. State, 49 S.W.3d 874 (Tex.Crim.App.2001) .............................................passim
Ex Parte Patrick Lynn Hobbs, AP-76, 980 (Tex.Crim.App. March 6, 2013)................ 9, 11
Ex Parte Reinke, 370 S.W.3d 387 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012) ...................................10, 16, 17
Ford v. State, 334 S.W.3d 230 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011) ..........................................10, 16, 17
Hadnot v. State, 851 S.W.2d 378, 379 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1993, pet. ref’d)
............................................................................................................................................. 17
Samaripas v. State, --- S.W.3d ---- (Tex.Crim.App.2014). ...........................................passim
State v. Hardy, 963 S.W.2d 516, 520 (Tex.Crim.App.1997) .............................................. 14
State v. Webb, 12 S.W.3d 808 (Tex.Crim.App.2000)..............................................10, 12, 16
Statutes
TEX. PEN. CODE § 12.35 ........................................................................................... 9, 14, 15
TEX. PEN. CODE § 12.42 ..............................................................................................passim
Other Authorities
Bill Analysis, H.B. 3384 Engrossed Version, 82nd Leg. R.S. (May 19, 2011) ................ 12
Linda D. Jellum & David Hricik, Modern Statutory Interpretation 94 (2nd ed. 2009) ....... 12
5
STATEMENT REGARDING ORAL ARGUMENT
Oral argument is not requested.
STATEMENT OF THE CASE
Mr. Taylor was charged with possessing 4-200 grams of cocaine with two
enhancement counts, one being a prior state jail felony possession of cocaine. (C.R. at
2). Taylor entered a plea of “not guilty.” (C.R. at 5). After a jury trial, Taylor was
found guilty and sentenced by a jury to twenty five (25) years in prison. (C.R. 90).
Taylor filed a motion for new trial. (C.R. 105-07). The trial court denied this motion.
(C.R. 6).
STATEMENT OF PROCEDURAL HISTORY
Taylor timely appealed his case, and the trial court’s ruling was affirmed by the
Court of Appeals for the First District of Texas on November 29, 2012. Taylor filed a
motion for rehearing on January 2, 2013, which was granted on September 3, 2014.
The same panel issued a new opinion, again affirming the trial court’s ruling on
February 19, 2015, basing its decision on this court’s ruling in Samaripas v. State, ---
S.W.3d ---- (Tex.Crim.App.2014).
GROUNDS FOR REVIEW
GROUND ONE
MR. TAYLOR’S DUE PROCESS RIGHTS WERE VIOLATED BECAUSE A
FORENSIC SCIENTIST DID NOT FOLLOW ACCEPTED STANDARDS WHEN
ANALYZING EVIDENCE AND THEREFORE THE RESULTS OF HIS
ANALYSES ARE UNRELIABLE.
6
GROUND TWO
SHOULD STATUTORY INTERPRETATION RULES AND ORIGINAL
INTENT AND PURPOSE OF THE ENHANCEMENT STATUTES ALLOW THE
USE OF A STATE JAIL FELONY FOR ENHANCEMENT TO A HABITUAL
OFFENDER LEVEL?
GROUND THREE
THIS COURT’S RULING IN SAMARIPAS CREATED INCONSISTENT
INTERPRETATIONS THAT NEED TO BE CLARIFIED.
STATEMENT OF FACTS
The lab technician involved in this case was Jonathan Salvador. He was
discharged from DPS for not following accepted standards when testing drug
evidence.
The trial court applied two enhancements to the punishment of Mr. Taylor at
his trial. (C.R. 2). The first is a 2004 conviction for intent to deliver a controlled
substance. (C.R. 2). The second is a 2009 conviction of mere possession of a
controlled substance. (C.R. 2). This petition only brings into question this second
enhancement.
In 2009, Mr. Taylor was convicted of possession of a controlled substance.
(Appendix C pg. 2). An information was filed on March 9, 2009 and included two
enhancements. (Appendix C pg. 1). Mr. Taylor was convicted just one day later to two
years in prison. (Appendix C pg. 2). On his conviction judgment, in the slot for a
defense attorney, the name Troy Pradia is crossed out and Bill Leathers is written next
7
to that cross out. (Appendix C pg. 2). Within 24 hours, Mr. Taylor had an information
filed against him, an attorney appointed (with questions as to who was appointed),
and pled guilty with a two year sentence. (Appendix C pg. 2). This offense was a state
jail felony, with his punishment enhanced to that for a second degree felony.
However, the paperwork and clerk’s website indicate this charge was a second
degree felony. In 2009, the trial court, district clerk, and whoever was actually present
as Mr. Taylor’s defense counsel did not ensure that the charge was input as a state jail
felony with his punishment enhanced to a second degree felony.
The trial court in Mr. Taylor’s present case used this charge as if it was a second
degree felony for enhancement of punishment. This made Mr. Taylor a habitual
offender, with a minimum sentence of 25 years in prison.
8
SUMMARY OF THE ARGUMENT
Jonathan Salvador’s improper forensic testing in this case led to a violation of
Mr. Taylor’s due process rights. Ex Parte Patrick Lynn Hobbs, AP-76, 980
(Tex.Crim.App. March 6, 2013).
The statute at question is ambiguous for three reasons. Because of the
ambiguity, this court should follow legislative history. The legislative history for the
amended statute shows that the current wording of the statute makes its effect more
clear than before. The clarified statute shows that the legislature never intended a
non-aggravated state jail felony to be used for felony enhancement resulting in
habitual offender punishment.
Even if this court finds the statute to be unambiguous, the interpretation put
forth by the first court of appeals and by this court’s ruling in Samaripas v. State, ---
S.W.3d ---- (Tex.Crim.App.2014) would lead to absurd results, as exemplified by this
case.
Even if this court finds that only the plain meaning of the statute will apply,
this court’s interpretation in Samaripas and the first court of appeals’ interpretation do
not analyze all the words of the statutes to apply plain meaning. TEX. PEN. CODE §
12.42(e) only excludes potential enhancements. TEX. PEN. CODE § 12.35 creates the
original power for punishment and it should be analyzed as well as the plain language
of the titles of the applicable sections. Further, the courts in these two cases have
9
ignored the plain meaning that the words ‘felony’ and ‘state jail felony’ are mutually
exclusive.
Even if this court finds the statutes in question are unambiguous and will only
analyze the word ‘punished’ from § 12.42(e), implications from this court’s rulings in
Campbell v. State, 49 S.W.3d 874 (Tex.Crim.App.2001) and State v. Webb, 12 S.W.3d 808
(Tex.Crim.App.2000) are directly inconsistent with its ruling in Samaripas. The ruling
in Samaripas also does not follow the reasoning from the rulings in Ford v. State, 334
S.W.3d 230 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011) and Ex Parte Reinke, 370 S.W.3d 387 (Tex. Crim.
App. 2012). The first court of appeals based its opinion in this case on the ruling in
Samaripas. Further clarification is needed to rectify these inconsistencies in the law.
Finally, policy considerations support disallowing an enhancement to the
habitual offender level in this case.
10
ARGUMENT
GROUND ONE
MR. TAYLOR’S DUE PROCESS RIGHTS WERE VIOLATED BECAUSE A
FORENSIC SCIENTIST DID NOT FOLLOW ACCEPTED STANDARDS WHEN
ANALYZING EVIDENCE AND THEREFORE THE RESULTS OF HIS
ANALYSES ARE UNRELIABLE.
A Department of Public Safety report (12 R.R. 43; Appendix A) shows that the
lab technician who was solely responsible for testing the evidence in this case is the
scientist that committed misconduct. Even if there is evidence remaining that is
available to retest in this case, that evidence was in the custody of the lab technician in
question. His actions are not reliable; Mr. Taylor’s custody was compromised,
resulting in a due process violation. Ex Parte Patrick Lynn Hobbs, AP-76, 980
(Tex.Crim.App. March 6, 2013); 12 R.R. 43 (Appendix A).
GROUND TWO
LEGISLATIVE INTENT AND STATUTORY INTERPRETATION RULES
MAKE CLEAR THAT A STATE JAIL FELONY SHOULD NOT BE USED TO
ENHANCE PUNISHMENT TO A HABITUAL OFFENDER LEVEL.
This case is dictated by the prior enhancement statute found in TEX. PEN.
CODE § 12.42(d) and (e). That enhancement statute was amended, effective Sept. 1,
2011. The most substantial legislative history for this amendment reads:
The parties note that legislation is needed to clarify the meaning [of]
those provisions and to specify that the felonies do not include state
jail offenses that are not aggravated. H.B. 3384 seeks to remain true
11
to the intent of the legislature when it created the lower-level
category of state felony offenses and to retain the special treatment given
to state jail offenses punishable as aggravated state jail felonies.
Bill Analysis, H.B. 3384 Engrossed Version, 82nd Leg. R.S. (May 19,
2011) (emphasis added) (see Appendix B).
The prior statute is ambiguous.
Ambiguity exists in a statute if it “is reasonably susceptible to more than one
understanding.” Baird v. State, 398 S.W.3d 220, 229 (Tex.Crim.App.2013); Samaripas v.
State, --- S.W.3d ----, *7 (Tex.Crim.App.2014) (Keller, P.J., dissenting). A statute is
ambiguous if two different meanings could be interpreted from it. Id; Linda D. Jellum
& David Hricik, Modern Statutory Interpretation 94 (2nd ed. 2009). The statute in
question is ambiguous for three reasons:
1) This court’s own judges applied at least two different meanings to the statute
in the ruling in Samaripas v. State, --- S.W.3d ---- (Tex.Crim.App.2014) (see also
Keller, P.J., dissent).
2) This court has applied different meanings to this statute in other cases. See
Campbell v. State, 49 S.W.3d 874 (Tex.Crim.App.2001); State v. Webb, 12 S.W.3d 808
(Tex.Crim.App.2000).
3) The legislature realized it was ambiguous enough to require clarification
through the need to pass an amendment. See H.B. 3384. Here, the legislature has
clarified their statutory meaning by passing a new law since their intent was not met,
12
making it now easier for the courts to know their original intent. The legislator’s
original intent is to disallow such an enhancement as in this case.
Due to these signs of ambiguity, this court should look to extratextual factors
to make its ruling on the interpretation of this statute. Samaripas (2014) (Keller,
dissenting). In order to properly allow the enhancement in this case, this court must
make an affirmative finding that the extratextual factors support the interpretation
from the majority opinion in Samaripas. Once the purposes and legislative history of
this statute are analyzed, this court should overrule Samaripas and not allow a non-
aggravated state jail felony to enhance a felony to habitual offender level.
The interpretation from the ruling in Samaripas leads to absurd results.
Even if this court finds that the statute is not ambiguous, it should still look to
the legislative history because the interpretation in the Samaripas majority opinion
leads to absurd results. An example of the absurd results that are possible is shown in
this case. Based on one word admittedly needing clarification in an enhancement
statute, Mr. Taylor faced a minimum of 25 years in prison instead of a 5 year
minimum. Further, if his offense occurred five months later, the new clarifying
amendment would have been in effect and his enhancement would not be allowed.1
The difference of 20 years of a man’s life due to the lack of clarification by our
legislators and five months lag for that clarification is nothing short of absurd.
1
This offense occurred in April 2011 and the amendment did not go in effect until
September 2011. See Taylor v. State, No. 01-11-00210-CR (Tex.App.—Houston [1st
Dist.] 2015)(footnotes 3 & 6).
13
State jail felony punishments always derive from TEX. PEN. CODE § 12.35.
The ruling in Samaripas states that the prior state jail felony was punished under
TEX. PEN. CODE § 12.42(a)(2). However, the punishment for non-aggravated state jail
felonies always derives out of § 12.35(a). § 12.42 does not stand alone to completely
replace § 12.35. § 12.35’s punishment is always in existence when a state jail felony is
involved, even if § 12.42 later comes on to add another penalty.
It is presumed that every word in a statute has been used for a purpose and that
each word, phrase, clause, and sentence should be given effect if reasonably
possible. State v. Hardy, 963 S.W.2d 516, 520 (Tex.Crim.App.1997). Therefore, the
titles to the statutes in question have a purpose and effect. The titles of the two
sections in question show that state jail felony punishments always come from §
12.35, entitled “State Jail Felony Punishment”. The title to § 12.42 begins with the
word penalties. Therefore, in § 12.42(e) (the section at question in Samaripas), when
the legislature used the words “punished under Section 12.35(a),” they were referring
to their same use of the word punishment in the title of § 12.35. They were not using
the word “punished” to refer to the “penalties” of Sec. 12.42.
The terms ‘felony’ and ‘state jail felony’ are mutually exclusive.
When interpreting the enhancement statutes at question, this court’s ruling and
the use of the terms by the legislature throughout this section concludes that ‘felony’
and ‘state jail felony’ are mutually exclusive. Campbell, 49 S.W.3d at 878; TEX. PEN.
14
CODE § 12.35 & § 12.42. In this case, Mr. Taylor’s punishment was enhanced by §
12.42(d), which only describes a “felony” as available to enhance punishment to
habitual offender level. His prior state jail felony should not have been used.
In this court’s ruling in Samaripas, as well as the first court of appeals’ ruling in
this case, the courts have used the word “punished” from § 12.42(e) to allow the
enhancement. § 12.42(e) only excludes state jail felonies for use to enhance. No
punishment at all is derived from § 12.42(e). Rather, the courts should look to the
actual statute causing the enhancement in this case, § 12.42(d), which indicates that
only felonies may be used to enhance.
GROUND THREE
THIS COURT’S RULING IN SAMARIPAS IS INCONSISTENT WITH PRIOR
RULINGS. THE RULING IN SAMARIPAS DID NOT OVERRULE THOSE
CASES, AND NEEDS CLARIFICATION.
The rulings in Samaripas and Campbell are inconsistent.
[S]ubsection [12.42](e) does not “specifically allow state jail felonies to be
used for enhancement purposes under all of subsection (a).” Rather, it
specifically bars the use of unaggravated state jail felony convictions
punished under subsection 12.35(a) to enhance second-degree felonies
(subsection 12.42(b)), first degree felonies (subsection 12.42(c)), or “a
felony offense other than a state jail felony” (subsection 12.42(d)), but
permits such enhancement by the use of aggravated state jail felony
15
convictions punished under subsection 12.35(c). This provision indicates
the intent to limit use of prior convictions for
unaggravated state jail felonies for enhancement to the uses
provided by subsection 12.42(a)(1). We will not stretch its unambiguous
language to where the statute’s plain words do not go. Campbell v. State,
49 S.W.3d 874, 877 (Tex.Crim.App.2001) (emphasis added).
This court ruled in Campbell that the unambiguous meaning of § 12.42
disallowed the very enhancement that this court allowed based on the same
“unambiguous” meaning in the Samaripas case. This direct inconsistency needs to be
clarified.
The rulings in Samaripas and Webb are inconsistent.
“The level of specificity set out in these statutes suggests that the ‘multiple
enhancement’ that the state asserts is not authorized.... had the legislature meant to
provide ‘multiple enhancement’ of a non-aggravated state jail felony to ‘habitual
offender’ punishment, it would have explicitly stated so.” State v. Webb, 12 S.W.3d 808,
811-12 (Tex.Crim.App.2000). In this case, the state is using a non-aggravated state jail
felony to enhance Mr. Taylor to “habitual offender” punishment. This is explicitly
disallowed by the specificity of the statute and this court’s ruling in Webb. This direct
inconsistency needs to be clarified.
The ruling in Samaripas is inconsistent with Ford and Reinke.
16
Further, disallowing this type of enhancement is supported by more recent
cases. Ex Parte Reinke, 370 S.W.3d 387 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012); Ford v. State, 334
S.W.3d 230 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011). Ford and Reinke make clear a distinction exists
between an enhanced punishment level and enhancing the level of offense. Id. An
enhanced punishment range does not enhance the underlying offense. Id. In this case,
the underlying state jail felony offense, even though its punishment was enhanced to a
felony, should not be used as something other than a state jail felony for
enhancement. Id.; see also Arriola v. State, 49 S.W.3d 374, 375-76 (Tex. App.—Fort
Worth 2000, pet. Ref’d); Hadnot v. State, 851 S.W.2d 378, 379 (Tex. App.—Houston
[1st Dist.] 1993, pet. Ref’d). This distinction between enhanced punishment and
enhanced offenses supports disallowing the enhancement in this case.
Policy concerns support disallowing this enhancement.
Mr. Taylor was charged with possession of a controlled substance, a non-
violent drug offense. Many legislators are pushing for criminal justice reform to
prevent needless and expensive incarcerations when needs are more efficiently and
effectively met through education and treatment programs. A growing recognition
exists for the support of such initiatives over the more costly option of simply
housing offenders in the prison system. A recent study conducted by Wilson Perkins
Allen Opinion Research for the Texas Public Policy Foundation found that 61% of
voters agree that we should spend more money on effective treatment programs
17
rather than spending more money on our prison system.2 Overcriminalization and the
added costs to taxpayers of unnecessarily holding people in prison longer are real
problems and concerns. Refusing to follow intent by clinging to a 25 year minimum
sentence instead of allowing the proper opportunity for a 5 year minimum sentence is
imprudent of a court given the policy considerations. In this case, if the court follows
the original intent of the enhancement statutes, public policy will be aided and the
majority of Texans would be in thankful support of its decision which would save
taxpayer dollars.
2
David Reaboi, New Poll Shows Voters Strongly Support New Justice Reforms in Texas,
March 9, 2015, http://rightoncrime.com/2015/03/new-poll-shows-voters-strongly-
support-new-justice-reforms-in-texas/ (with Right on Crime Policy Director
indicating, “Texans are clearly demanding a different solution to the state’s criminal
justice problems, especially when it comes to nonviolent offenders...The primary
reason to adopt these policies is that they are the most cost-effective way to fight
crime, but it is reassuring to see that average Texans recognize this as well.”)
18
PRAYER FOR RELIEF
For the foregoing reasons, we respectfully request this court to set aside the
judgement in this case.
In the alternative, we request this court find the use of Mr. Taylor’s non-
aggravated state jail felony for enhancement improper and remand this case for
further punishment findings.
Respectfully submitted,
David Suhler_______________
DAVID SUHLER
Attorney for Appellant
State Bar No. 19465900
P.O. Box 540744
Houston, Texas 77254-0744
713-522-1220
CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE
I hereby certify that a copy of Appellant’s Brief was mailed to the Appellate
Division of the Galveston County District Attorney’s office on the 22nd day of April,
2015.
David Suhler___________________
CERTIFICATE OF COMPLIANCE
This petition for discretionary review complies with Texas Rule of Appellate
Procedure 9.4(i)(3) and contains 3,439 words.
19
APPENDICES
20
APPENDIX A
APPENDIX B
APPENDIX C
APPENDIX D
Opinion issued February 19, 2015
In The
Court of Appeals
For The
First District of Texas
————————————
NO. 01-11-00210-CR
———————————
WALTER EARL TAYLOR, Appellant
V.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee
On Appeal from the 56th District Court
Galveston County, Texas
Trial Court Case No. 10CR1215
OPINION ON REHEARING
On September 3, 2014, this Court granted rehearing in this case and
withdrew our judgment and opinion of November 29, 2012. We now issue this
opinion and accompanying judgment in their stead.
A jury convicted appellant of possession of cocaine weighing between four
and 200 grams.1 Appellant pleaded true to two enhancements that alleged prior
felony convictions, and the jury assessed punishment at 25 years’ confinement.2 In
four issues on appeal, appellant contends that (1) he received ineffective assistance
of counsel at trial; (2) the trial court submitted the wrong range of punishment to
the jury; (3) the evidence was insufficient to prove one of the alleged
enhancements; and (4) the trial court erred by refusing appellant access to the juror
information cards. We affirm.
USE OF NON-AGGRAVATED STATE JAIL FELONY PUNISHED AS
SECOND DEGREE FELONY TO ENHANCE SECOND DEGREE FELONY
Appellant pleaded true in the present case to two felony enhancement
paragraphs. One of the enhancements—cause no. 09CR0724—a conviction for
possession of cocaine, was described in the judgment as a second degree felony,
1
See TEX. HEALTH & SAFETY CODE ANN. §§ 481.102(3)(D) (providing that cocaine
is penalty group one substance), 481.115(a),(d) (providing that possession of a
penalty group one substance in an amount between four and 200 grams is a second
degree felony) (Vernon 2010).
2
See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 12.42(d) (Vernon 2011) (providing range of
punishment between 25 and 99 years for felony conviction enhanced by two prior
felony convictions).
2
and assessed a punishment at two years’ confinement. Appellant argues that cause
number 09CR0724 was a non-aggravated state jail felony conviction, which cannot
be used to enhance his present second degree felony charge. Thus, in three related
issues on appeal, appellant contends that (1) his counsel was ineffective for failing
to object to the erroneous enhancement; (2) the trial court submitted the wrong
range of punishment; and (3) the evidence was insufficient to prove that appellant
was a habitual offender.
Determining the merits of appellant’s complaint requires that we examine
the application and interaction of the enhancement statutes involved. 3 In
interpreting a statute, courts look to the literal text of the statute for its meaning
and ordinarily give effect to that plain meaning, unless application of the statute’s
plain language would lead to absurd consequences that the legislature could not
possibly have intended, or the plain language is ambiguous. Boykin v. State, 818
S.W.2d 782, 785 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991); State v. Webb, 12 S.W.3d 808, 811 (Tex.
Crim. App. 2000).
3
The statutes involved in this decision were revised and reorganized in 2011, with
an effective date of September 1, 2011. See Act of May 25, 2011, 82nd Leg.,
R.S., ch. 834, §§ 7–8, 2011 Tex. Gen. Laws 2104, 2104. Because this offense
occurred on April 21, 2011, we apply the prior versions of these statutes. Id.
3
Former Penal Code sections 12.42(d)4 & (e)5 are the statutes under which the
present second degree felony was enhanced and provide in relevant part as follows:
(d) [I]f it is shown on the trial of a felony offense other than a state jail
felony punishable under Section 12.35(a) that the defendant has
previously been finally convicted of two felony offenses, and the
second previous felony conviction is for an offense that occurred
subsequent to the first previous conviction having become final, on
conviction he shall be punished by imprisonment in the Texas
Department of Criminal justice for life, or for any term of not more
than 99 years or less than 25 years.
(e) A previous conviction for a state jail felony punished under
Section 12.35(a) may not be used for enhancement purposes under
Subsections (b), (c), or (d). (Emphasis added).
Thus, the question this Court must decide is whether cause no. 09CR0724 is a
“state jail felony punished under Section 12.35(a).” See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. §
12.35(a) (Vernon 2011) (defining punishment range for non-aggravated state jail
felony). If it is a “state jail felony punished under Section 12.35(a),” it was
improper to use it to enhance appellant’s present felony conviction.
Cause no. 09CR0724 is a conviction for possession of less than 1 gram of
cocaine, which is generally a state jail felony. See TEX. HEALTH & SAFETY CODE
4
Act of May 11, 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., ch. 87, § 25.150, 2009 Tex. Gen. Laws 208,
373, amended by Act of May 25, 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., ch. 834, § 4, 2001 Tex.
Gen Laws 2104, 2105 (current version at TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 12.42(d)
(Vernon 2011)).
5
Act of May 24, 1995, 74th Leg., R.S., ch. 318, § 1, 1995 Tex. Gen. Laws 2734,
2734–35, repealed by Act of May 25, 2011, 82nd Leg. R.S., ch. 834, §6, 2011
Tex. Gen. Laws 2104, 2105 (current version at TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 12.42(d)
(Vernon 2011)).
4
ANN. §§ 481.102(3)(d), 481.115(b) (Vernon 2010). Such non-aggravated state jail
felonies are generally punished by a term of confinement in a state jail for a period
of 180 days to 2 years. See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 12.35(a) (Vernon 2011). As
such, it would be improper to use a non-aggravated state jail felony to enhance a
felony conviction. See former TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 12.42(e) (Act of May 24,
1995, 74th Leg., R.S., ch. 318, § 1, 1995 Tex. Gen. Laws 2734, 2734–35 (repealed
2011)).
However, the indictment in cause no. 09CR0724 also alleged two prior
felony enhancements, so its punishment was elevated to a second-degree felony
pursuant to former Penal Code article 12.42(a)(2), which provides:
If it is shown on the trial of a state jail felony punishable under
Section 12.35(a) that the defendant has previously been finally
convicted of two felonies, and the second previous felony conviction
is an offense that occurred subsequent to the first previous conviction
having become final, on conviction the defendant shall be punished
for a second-degree felony.
Act of May 24, 1995, 74th Leg. R.S., ch. 318, § 1, 1995 Tex. Gen. Laws 2734,
2734–35, amended by Act of May 25, 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S. ch 834, § 2, 2011
Tex. Gen. Laws 2104, 2104 (current version at TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. §
12.425(b) (Vernon 2011)).
Appellant argues that, even though cause no. 09CR0724 was ultimately
punished as a second degree felony, we should look to the crime charged—a non-
aggravated state jail felony punishable under section 12.35(a)—to determine
5
whether the conviction can be used to enhance a subsequent felony conviction.
The State responds that, because of the felony enhancements, cause no. 09CR0724
was not punished under section 12.35(a), but was punished only under former
section 12.42(a)(2).
The Texas Court of Criminal Appeals recently considered this issue in
Samaripas v. State, No. PD-135-13, ___S.W.3d___, 2014 WL 5247434 (Tex.
Crim. App. Oct. 15, 2014). In Samaripas, the defendant was charged with a third-
degree felony. Id. at *5. The State alleged two prior felony convictions, one a
non-aggravated state jail felony that had been enhanced to a second degree felony.
Id. On appeal, the defendant argued, like appellant does here, that although the
punishment for the underlying offense had been enhanced, that did not enhance the
level of the underlying offense, and therefore, it should have not been available to
enhance his current offense. Id. at 6. The court of appeals rejected Samaripas’s
argument, noting that “[p]unishing a defendant more severely after repeated
behavior that has escalated beyond the level of an unenhanced state jail felony
offense is neither absurd, nor is its application[,]” and that “[h]ad the Legislature
intended to exclude state jail felonies that received enhanced punishment under
section 12.42(a)(2) from being used for enhancement, it would have done so.”
Samaripas v. State, No. 13-11-00442-CR, (Tex. App—Corpus Christi 2013), aff’d
in part, rev’d in part on other grounds, Samaripas v. State, 446 S.W.3d 1, 13 (Tex.
6
Crim. App. Oct. 15, 2014). The Court of Criminal Appeals agreed, stating as
follows:
We agree with the court of appeals that the plain language of the
statute makes it clear that, at the time of Appellant’s offense, Section
12.42(e) focused on how the previous state-jail felony was actually
punished and precluded from use for enhancement only those state-
jail felonies that had not been punished under the range of a higher
felony. Here, [Samaripas] was not punished under Section 12.35(a).
His prior state-jail felony had been enhanced, and he was punished for
that offense under Section 12.42(a)(2). Therefore, the prior offense
was properly used for enhancement purposes, and the court of appeals
did not err in overruling this issue.
Samaripas, 2014 WL 5247434, at *6.
As Samaripas makes clear, we must look at how the underlying offense was
actually punished to determine whether it was proper to use it to enhance the
current, charged offense. Like the underlying offense in Samaripas, here the
underlying non-aggravated state jail felony had been enhanced, and appellant was
punished for that offense under section 12.42(a)(2). Because the underlying
offense was not punished under 12.35(a), the State was not precluded by section
12.42(e) from using that underlying offense for enhancement of the charged
offense.6
6
We note that the legislature repealed 12.42(e) and recodified it in 12.42(d) which
now provides that “A previous conviction for a state jail felony punishable under
Section 12.35(a) may not be used for enhancement purposes under this
subsection.” TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 12.42(d) (Vernon Supp. 2013) (emphasis
added). The legislature has changed the word used in the exclusion from
“punished” to “punishable.” This is a “significant” distinction because enhanced
7
Accordingly, we overrule points of error two and three and the portion of
appellant’s ineffective assistance of counsel claim that is based on the same
argument.
INEFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE OF COUNSEL
In the remaining issues raised in appellant’s first point of error, he contends
the trial court erred in denying his motion for new trial, which was based on
allegations of ineffective assistance of counsel.
Standard of Review and Applicable Law
We review the trial court’s denial of a motion for new trial for abuse of
discretion. See State v. Herndon, 215 S.W.3d 901, 907 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007).
Therefore, “when analyzing the trial court’s failure to grant a motion for new trial
on the basis of ineffective assistance of counsel, we view the relevant legal
standards through the prism of abuse of discretion.” Ramirez v. State, 301 S.W.3d
410, 415 (Tex. App.—Austin 2009, no pet.) (citing State v. Gill, 967 S.W.2d 540,
542 (Tex. App.—Austin 1998, pet. ref’d)). A trial court abuses its discretion only
when no reasonable view of the record would support the trial court’s ruling.
Holden v. State, 201 S.W.3d 761, 763 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006).
non-aggravated state jail felonies could be used for felony enhancement under
former 12.42(e) before the amendment, but now cannot. Samaripas, 2014 WL
5247434 at *6 n.5. “Had [appellant] committed the current offense after this
amendment, it would not have been proper for his prior state-jail felony to be used
for enhancement.” Id.
8
Appellant has the duty to bring forth a record that affirmatively demonstrates
the alleged ineffectiveness of his counsel by a preponderance of the evidence. See
Scheanette v. State, 144 S.W.3d 503, 509–10 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004). In order to
prevail on a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, a defendant must satisfy the
two-prong test set out in Strickland v. Washington. 466 U.S. 668, 687, 104 S. Ct.
2052 (1984); see also Hernandez v. State, 726 S.W.2d 53, 57 (Tex. Crim. App.
1986) (adopting Strickland standard for claims of ineffective assistance of
counsel). Under Strickland, a defendant must show (1) that the counsel’s
performance was deficient and (2) that the defendant was prejudiced by the
deficient performance. 466 U.S. at 687. Counsel’s performance is deficient when it
falls “below an objective standard of reasonableness” based upon “prevailing
professional norms.” Strickland, at 669, 688; see also Perez v. State, 310 S.W.3d
890, 893 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010). An accused is not entitled to errorless or perfect
counsel. See Robertson v. State, 187 S.W.3d 475, 483 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006).
Therefore, counsel’s effectiveness is assessed from the perspective at trial,
“without the distorting effects of hindsight.” Goodspeed v. State, 187 S.W.3d 390,
392 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005). Our review of counsel’s performance must be highly
deferential. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 689. We presume that counsel makes all
significant decisions in the exercise of reasonable judgment. Id.
9
Failure to Impeach with Inconsistent Evidence
When appellant’s house was searched pursuant to a “no knock” warrant,
Officers found a safe in the living room that contained crack cocaine and a large
amount of money. At trial, Officer Vela testified that appellant had claimed
ownership of the safe. However, another officer, Officer Roark, had filed an
affidavit in a civil forfeiture case arising from the same offense in which he
averred, “Ofc. Vela asked Mr. Golliday about the safe at which time he again
advised the safe did not belong to him. Officer Vela then asked appellant about the
safe. Mr. Taylor stated to Officer Vela that the safe did not belong to him even
though it was found in his house in the living room.” Appellant contends that trial
counsel was ineffective for failing to impeach Officer Vela with the statements
from Officer Roark’s affidavit.7 Specifically, appellant argues that “[t]he only
testimony linking Mr. Taylor to the safe came from Officer Vela.”
The State responds that even if trial counsel was deficient for failing to
question Vela about Roark’s affidavit, appellant cannot show that the outcome of
the trial would have been different had she done so. We agree. The State did not
7
At the hearing on the motion for new trial, it was appellant’s position that Roark
had committed perjury by testifying at trial that appellant admitted owning the
safe, and testifying to the contrary in his affidavit in support of the forfeiture
proceeding. However, on review of the transcript from the trial, which was
apparently not yet available at the time of the motion for new trial hearing, it is
clear that Officer Vela, not Roark, testified at trial about appellant’s admission that
he owned the safe. Thus, there was never an issue of perjured testimony, but, at
most, a conflict between the two officers’ testimonies.
10
have the burden of proving that appellant owned the safe; it had only to prove that
appellant had care, custody, control, or management of the drugs. See TEX.
HEALTH & SAFETY CODE ANN. § 481.002(38) (Vernon 2010) (defining
“possession”).
Here, there was overwhelming evidence linking appellant to the drugs. The
police conducted surveillance of Taylor’s house and saw several people go in and
leave within just a few minutes. This, the officers testified, was consistent with
drug dealing. The officers then stopped one of the men that had been seen entering
appellant’s house and then leaving a short time later. The man had cocaine, and
the officers believed that he had gotten the cocaine from appellant.
The officers then got a warrant and searched appellant’s house. A man,
Golliday, was on the couch in the living room. He was under the influence and
had a cigar dipped in narcotics in his hand. Appellant was found in his bedroom.
Appellant, too, was under the influence of drugs. The officers also found drug
paraphernalia in appellant’s bedroom.
In the living room, the officers also found a small safe. Golliday said the
safe was not his and he did not have the key. However, he did tell the officers
where the key was located. Inside the safe, the officers found more than cocaine
and $285 in cash. The officers found mail with appellant’s name on it indicating
that he lived in the house. They found nothing to indicate that Golliday lived in the
11
house. This evidence affirmatively linked appellant to the drugs. See Evans v.
State, 202 S.W.3d 158, 162 n.12 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006) (listing factors that may
be considered as affirmatively linking defendant to narcotics). Whether appellant
actually owned the safe is just one of many factors to be considered in determining
appellant’s link to the drugs.
In light of the substantial amount of other evidence linking appellant to the
drugs, appellant cannot meet the prejudice prong of the Strickland test. See Dennis
v. State, 151 S.W.3d 745, 752 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 2004, pet. ref’d) (holding
overwhelming evidence of appellant’s guilt negated reasonable probability that
outcome would have been different but for counsel’s alleged deficient
performance).
Failure to Question Officers Regarding “No Knock” Warrant
Appellant also argues that trial counsel was deficient for failing to question
the officers about the necessity of a “no knock” warrant. Specifically, the affidavit
in support of the warrant alleged that “there were several handguns inside the
residence,” but no weapons were found when the house was searched.
At the motion for new trial hearing, trial counsel testified that she was
extremely cautious when questioning the officers about the warrant because she
did not want to inadvertently “open the door” to the admission of appellant’s many
prior convictions. Trial counsel also testified that it was a part of her trial strategy
12
to keep appellant’s prior convictions out of evidence, and the trial court had
warned her that if she continued in her questioning regarding the necessity of a “no
knock” warrant, those priors might come in.
To establish deficient performance under the first prong, a defendant must
show that no reasonable trial strategy could justify counsel’s conduct. See
Strickland, 466 U.S. at 689; Andrews v. State, 159 S.W.3d 98, 102 (Tex. Crim.
App. 2005). In light of trial counsel’s reasonably articulated trial strategy
regarding her decision not to question the officers further about the “no knock”
warrant, appellant fails to meet the first prong of the Strickland test.
We overrule appellant’s first point of error.
ACCESS TO JUROR INFORMATION CARDS
In issue four, appellant contends that the trial court abused its discretion by
failing to allow his counsel access to juror information cards. Specifically,
appellant contends that (1) two jurors were not registered to vote, so they might not
have been qualified to serve as jurors, and (2) he wanted to explore whether he
could raise a Batson challenge.
Standard of Review and Applicable Law
A trial court abuses its discretion when it acts without reference to any
guiding rules and principles, or it acts in an arbitrary or capricious manner.
Montgomery v. State, 810 S.W.2d 372, 380 (Tex. Crim. App. 1990) (citations
13
omitted). A trial court does not abuse its discretion if its ruling is at least within the
zone of reasonable disagreement. Salazar v. State, 38 S.W.3d 141, 153–54 (Tex.
Crim. App. 2001); Montgomery, 810 S.W.2d at 391 (op. on reh’g).
By its terms, article 35.29 of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure protects
juror personal information. See TEX.CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 35.29 (Vernon
Supp. 2014). When a defendant files a post-trial motion seeking discovery of
jurors’ personal information, “[h]e is not entitled to such information unless he
shows good cause.” Valle v. State, 109 S.W.3d 500, 509 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003)
(citing TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 35.29); see Cyr v. State, 308 S.W.3d 19,
29 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2009, no pet.) (stating that article 35.29 “prohibits
personal information about jurors from being disclosed after trial unless good
cause is shown”). “What constitutes good cause must be based upon more than a
mere possibility that jury misconduct might have occurred; it must have a firm
foundation.” Id. at 30; Esparza v. State, 31 S.W.3d 338, 340 (Tex. App.—San
Antonio 2000, no pet.) (stating that “[w]hat constitutes good cause must
necessarily be based upon more than a mere possibility that jury misconduct might
have occurred”).
In Hooker v. State, the appellate court stated that article 35.29’s good-cause
showing “must be based upon sworn testimony or other sufficient supportive
evidence in the record.” 932 S.W.2d 712, 716 (Tex. App.—Beaumont 1996, no
14
pet.); see Valle, 109 S.W.3d at 509 (stating that appellant’s allegation “that he
needed [the jurors’] personal information to determine whether he should file a
motion for new trial . . . is not sufficient to establish good cause”), see also
Castellano v. State, No. 04–06–00524–CR, 2007 WL 2935399, at *3 (Tex. App.—
San Antonio Oct. 10, 2007, no pet.) (mem. op., not designated for publication)
(holding that defendant had “reason to believe” juror misconduct had occurred was
not sufficient to show good cause).
Analysis
In this case, appellant argued that he needed the juror information cards (1)
to determine whether two jurors, who were not registered voters, were qualified to
serve, and (2) to explore whether he could raise a Batson challenge. Regarding the
first issue, the trial court properly noted, “There, of course, is no requirement that a
Juror be a registered voter. So, there’s only a requirement that a Juror be qualified
and, in fact, expressly does not have to be registered[.]” See TEX. CODE CRIM.
PROC. ANN. art. 33.02 (Vernon 2006) (“Failure to register to vote shall not
disqualify any person from jury service.”). There is nothing in the record to
support appellant’s assertion that the jurors “might” have been disqualified.
Regarding the second issue, again, there is nothing in the record to support
appellant’s claim that he needed the cards “to determine if there was a basis for
Batson challenge.”
15
Appellant essentially argues that he needed the information cards “to present
a motion for new trial to develop issues that were outside the record, namely, to
determine if two people who served on the jury were qualified to serve, to review
all the challenges for cause, and to determine if there was a basis for a Batson
challenge.” However, requesting juror cards to decide whether there is a basis for
filing a motion for new trial is not a showing of good cause. Valle, 109 S.W.3d at
509.
Because appellant did not meet his burden of showing good cause to the trial
court so as to be entitled to the juror information sought, the trial court did not
abuse its discretion by denying appellant’s request.
We overrule appellant’s fourth point of error.
CONCLUSION
We affirm the trial court’s judgment.
Sherry Radack
Chief Justice
Panel consists of Chief Justice Radack and Justices Bland and Huddle.
Publish. TEX. R. APP. P. 47.2(b).
16